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lOMoARcPSD
Figure 0.1 LB: Transport (operation), RB: Transport system, LO: Transport system, RO: Transport
lOMoARcPSD
Lecture
3
ULD
=
Unit
Load
Device.
Standardized
unit
(container,
pallet,
box
etc.),
used
to
load
goods
(luggage,
mail,
general
cargo,
livestock).
Largest
advantage:
the
dimensions
and
characteristics
are
standardized
which
allows
for
example
automation
of
the
transport
process
and
ease
multimodal
transport
IKEA
boxes
are
also
standardized:
when
you
open
them
up,
a
lot
of
space
is
filled
with
piepschuim.
So
there
are
a
lot
of
different
sizes,
but
all
standardised.
Continuous
and
discontinuous
transport
Transport
there
is
a
requirement
to
move
something
from
a
well-defined
point
A
to
a
well
defined
point
B
within
a
certain
period
of
time.
!!However,
whether
a
transport
system
is
continuous
or
discontinuous
may
be
a
matter
of
perception
and
perspective!!
Continuous
transport
system
offers
transport
capacity
continuously
in
time
Discontinuous
transport
system
offers
transport
capacity
at
discrete
moments
in
time
Ld
=
transport
distance
between
A
and
B
[m]
Vc
=
continuous
velocity
[m/s]
Td
=
the
time
it
takes
to
travel
from
A
to
B
[s]
Md
=
the
transport
mass
that
moves
from
A
and
B
[kg]
The
consequence
of
assuming
this
is
that
there
is
no
option
to
stop
The
capacity
of
the
transport
system
moving
mass
Md
from
A
to
B
If
the
load
Md
is
distributed
over
the
total
length
of
the
transport
system
(i.e.
on
a
belt
conveyor)
then
the
capacity
can
be
defined,
where
Md
is
in
[kg/m]
lOMoARcPSD
Discontinuous
conveyor
- Offers
capacity
in
one
way
only
- Transport
capacity
changes
depending
on
the
state
of
the
system
- Since
carriers
are
mostly
used
on
conveyors,
the
system
is
classified
discontinuous
Reasons
to
use
it
Advantages
-
To
accumulate
loads
-
Normally
ULDs
are
used
-
To
allow
temporary
storage
-
You
can
easily
automate
the
-
To
allow
for
differences
in
the
production
rates
system
because
you
only
deal
between
adjacent
areas
with
one
type
of
loading
-
To
smooth
production
when
cycle
times
vary
at
-
You
have
no
unnecessary
stations
along
the
conveyor
empty
return
part
-
To
allow
different
conveyor
seed
along
the
path
Discontinuous
conveyor
Formula
Traveltime
=
distance
between
AB/velocity
Disadvantages
You
create
a
flow
of
empty
ULDs
in
our
system
that
need
to
be
handled
lOMoARcPSD
Flow rate
Two
problems
with
continuous
conveyors
using
ULDs
- The
possibility
that
no
empty
carriers
are
immediately
available
at
the
loading
station
when
needed
- The
possibility
that
no
loaded
carriers
are
immediately
available
at
the
unloading
station
when
needed
1. Speed
rule
2. Capacity constraint
3. Uniformity
principle
This
principle
states
that
part
(loads)
should
be
uniformly
distributed
throughout
the
lengths
of
the
conveyor
so
that
no
parts
are
fully
loaded
while
others
are
empty
Moving
objects
with
a
relatively
small
force
is
only
possible
by
1. converting
an
available
smaller
force
in
a
larger
force
(lever,
wedge,
impact
force,
hydraulic
transmission)
2. Reducing
the
frictional
resistances,
by
applying
a
roll,
liquid
or
air
layer,
walking
or
jumping,
magnetic
forces
!!
FORMULES
TOEVOEGEN
!!
(general
introduction
2)
Lecture
4
Public
transport
system
=
a
system
of
vehicles
such
as
buses,
trains,
ferries
and
aircraft
that
operate
at
regular
times
according
to
a
timetable
on
fixed
routes
and
that
are
used
by
public.
Can
be
operated
by
a
private
or
public
company.
Private
transport
systems
=
such
as
cars,
taxi/cab,
car
pooing
or
hired
buses
which
are
not
shared
by
strangers
without
private
arrangement.
Operated
by
a
private
company.
Industrial
transport
=
internal
and
external
transport,
depending
on
the
area
in
which
the
conveyance
occurs
and
its
relationship
to
the
production
process
Internal
transport
=
within
a
production
shop
(intrashop)
and
between
shops
(inter-shop).
Mining
industry
it
encompasses
underground
transport,
surface
transport
and
quarry
transport
(in
open-pit
mining)
lOMoARcPSD
lOMoARcPSD
Kinetic
energy
Where
in
the
previous
part
the
speed
V
was
constant,
that
doesnt
hold
for
discontinuous
transport
modes
such
as
trucks.
So
the
TLF
has
to
be
extended
to
account
for
this
effect.
lOMoARcPSD
Energy
consumption
The
energy
use
of
the
truck
and
belt
conveyor
will
be
compared
with
the
help
of
the
TLF.
To
calculate
the
energy
consumption,
the
motor
and
engine
efficiencies
of
belt
conveyors
and
trucks
are
required.
The
amount
of
used
of
primary
energy
must
be
calculated
to
compare
the
energy
use
of
an
electrical
powered
belt
conveyor
and
a
diesel
powered
truck.
Primary
energy
=
energy
that
has
not
been
converted
by
an
energy
conversion
system
or
upgrading
process.
The
amount
of
primary
energy
Ep
is
calculated
by
Ep
=
rp
x
Es
rp
=
ratio
of
the
used
utilized
energy
and
the
used
primary
energy
Emissions
of
transport
systems
The
calculate
the
mass
of
the
emission
output,
the
specific
emission
factors
of
electricity
and
diesel
are
required
calculated
by
(the
emissions
of
the
Dutch
national
electricity
production)
/
(Dutch
national
electricity
output)
lOMoARcPSD
Truck
performs
better
than
conveyor
when
- Using
TLF:
if
the
transport
distance
exceeds
the
3
km
- Using
primary
energy
consumption:
if
the
transport
distance
exceeds
about
8
km
using
a
new
truck
- Using
the
CO2
emission:
if
the
transport
distance
exceeds
about
8
km
using
a
new
truck
- Using
the
NOx
emission:
never!
- Using
the
particulate
matter
emission:
never!
Conclusions
1. The
TLF
allows
the
comparison
of
primary
energy
use
and
emissions
between
transport
modalities.
The
effect
of
loss
of
kinetic
energy
is
taken
into
account.
2. The
influence
of
loss
of
kinetic
energy
on
the
TLF
of
the
diesel
powered
truck
is
significant
3. Only
using
the
TLF
as
a
basis
for
the
assessment
whether
or
truck
fleet
or
a
belt
conveyor
should
ne
used
for
a
transport
job
leads
to
incorrect
solutions
from
an
environmental
point
of
view.