Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Research Report
Submitted to Professor Jos Miguel Costa on 20/05/2015
McKinney&Company
Where to go?
The West versus The East
Entering Chile or the Philippines
ABSTRACT
COOPERATE, a producer of copper wire and tubes, needs to relocate its production from
Portugal to one of two countries: either Chile or The Philippines, in order to reduce costs. Our team
performed an analysis concerning the most important features that can directly or indirectly influence
the company during and after its establishment. Subjects such as political relations and stability,
economic performance, labour market, institutions, culture, infrastructures, transportations, taxation
and incentives were analysed for both countries. Chile, as developed country, presented stronger
economic and legal systems accompanied by robust political relations as well as better institutions and
more skilled labour. On the other hand, the prospects for The Philippines are better, it is a growing
economy with cheap labour, more attractive incentives, and more stable exchange rate. Our team
reached the conclusion that The Philippines was more suitable for the investment due to two key
factors: cheaper labour force and the banishment of mineral ores export (applicable to the companys
suppliers).
Research Report by
Diva Oliveira, Associate, 12005
Joo de Arajo, Associate, 12607
Milton Figueira, Associate, 12048
Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................. 2
Methodology ................................................................................................................. 3
To the West: Chile ........................................................................................................ 4
o International Politics and Economic Ties ............................................................ 4
o Investment Opportunities ...................................................................................... 4
o Economic Overview................................................................................................ 5
o Labour Force .......................................................................................................... 5
o Institutions and Governance ................................................................................. 6
o Culture..................................................................................................................... 7
o Transports and Infrastructures ............................................................................ 7
o Taxation and Incentives ......................................................................................... 7
To the East: The Philippines ....................................................................................... 9
o International Politics and Economic Ties ............................................................ 9
o Investment Opportunities ...................................................................................... 9
o Economic Overview.............................................................................................. 10
o Labour Force ........................................................................................................ 10
o Institutions and Governance ............................................................................... 11
o Culture................................................................................................................... 12
o Transports and Infrastructures .......................................................................... 12
o Taxation and Incentives ....................................................................................... 13
Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 13
References ................................................................................................................... 15
Appendix ..................................................................................................................... 18
The Client
The client is called COPPERATE Inc., a large company established in southern Alentejo,
Portugal. The company is a producer of copper wire and tubes and currently sells half of its production
in Europe, 30% in Africa and 20% in Latin America. Moreover, it runs a sole unit of production, i.e.
factory, plus the regular administrative office, which comprises functions from finance to operations.
In total, it involves 358 employees, excluding the CEO.
The production process (Appendix A) is the following: mining firms extract copper ore from
mines, which afterwards is bought locally by COPPERATE. This raw material is then smelted and
refined
(purified)
and
finally
shaped
into
wires
and
tubes
of
different
diameters.
McKinney&Companys team was hired to advise its client COPPERATE into deciding whether to
move to Chile or the Philippines, countries previously selected by the company.
Introduction
In order to answer the clients demands, McKinneys team decided to macro and micro
analysing each selected country by the CEO. The objective was to compare and contrast both business
environments so as to help deciding which of the two countries would ultimately be the best option for
COPPERATE to expand to.
In this report, you may find mirrored information about the two countries regarding the
following topics: International Politics and Economic Ties, Investment Opportunities, Economic
Overview, Labour Force, Institutions and Governance, Culture, Transports and Infrastructures, and
Taxation and Incentives.
McKinney exerted the effort so as to find out the best location for COPPERATE to set up its
new manufacturing facility. Moreover, the CEO clarified that all production in the new location is to
be exported to different places all over the globe (keeping current sales distribution). He still added
that the company wants to set up a production unit with capacity for nearly trice its current employees,
at least a thousand (hired locally), from scratch. As observable, we are dealing with a green-field
investment.
Methodology
This chapter shall discuss the research methods used for the report and what is applicable for
us to use to decide between both business environments.
Our research was based on information collected from papers and several websites.
Moreover, our team contacted both Embassies so as to foster discussion and ask for their contribution.
Both of them respectfully answered us, providing us with a series of resources. The team went on a
meeting with Mr. Gines Gallaga, First Secretary and Consul General of The Philippines in Portugal,
on the 21st April of 2015.
In the name of McKinney&Company, the team recognizes their support and help, therefore
thanking them for its participation.
Investment Opportunities
The most attractive investment opportunities in Chile are in sectors such as mining, services,
food industry, construction, tourism and energy.
Regarding the mining sector, Chile has gained the name of a mining country and it is the
worlds main producer of copper (32%) and accounts for 28% of global copper reserves. In terms of
investment attractiveness, mining companies are planning to invest beyond the huge amount that it
accumulates by now (CIE Chile, 2015).
Economic Overview
Chile is universally recognized for his solid economic growth. According to World Bank data,
its GPD was approximately US$ 278 billion in 2013 and there is an estimated GDP growth of 4.1%
annually (Ernst & Young, 2013). Chile, in 2014, had an inflation of 4.4% in terms of consumer goods
(World Bank, 2014). Regarding sovereign debt and credit rating, both are considered to be stable by
S&P (Trading Economics, 2015). As for exchange rates, 1 euro currently trades for 671,59 pesos
while 1 dollar trades for 603,89 pesos. Over the last 10 years it has been having an irregular behaviour
(against the euro) (XE, 2015) which does not provide much confidence to investors such as
COPPERATE (Appendix C) who seek long term stability.
According to the Doing Business ranking, Chile moved to the 27th position in 2012 thus
representing an interesting opportunity to start a business and to attract foreign investment. 18% of the
acceleration of GDP growth between 2010 and 2012 is due to the start of new businesses. Still
according to the World Bank, Chile currently ranks 41st for Ease of Doing Business, 59th for Starting a
Business and 40th for Trading Across Borders.
The flows of foreign direct investment in Chile had been growing since 2010 and have now
reached the countrys record levels (Appendix D). According to the UNCTAD, in 2014 Chile ranked
17th in terms of FDI attractiveness (11th in 2012) (Appendix E). Most of these positive perspectives
are explained due to Chiles macro-economic stability, its growth perspective, the low level of risk
(Appendix F) and openness to trade.
Regarding Chiles natural resources, copper has been attracting many investors, being the
reason for 44,9% of total FDI between 2009-2013 (Appendix G).
Labour Force
In 2005, 34,7% the Chilean workers were overqualified for its current work and 15% were
underqualified for their jobs (OECD, 2015). The unemployment rate in the industry sector is 5,7%
which means practically full employment (MacroPress, 2012).
Chiles minimum monthly wage is equivalent to 427,79 USD. Still, the minimum working age
is 18, so to contract 16-17 year-old employees, the company must sign contracts that guarantees the
safety and development of these workers. The ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker is
relatively low (0,23), indicating high productivity (World Bank, 2015).
Chile ranked 64th in Enforcing Contracts, which is important to assure labour contract are
respected, as well as other contracts such as supplying contracts (World Bank, 2014). There is no
premium for night work or for working at weekly rest days that allows the factory to operate 24/7 with
no extra costs. Moreover, the standard workday is 9 hours per day for a maximum of 6 days a week
(World Bank, 2015). (Appendix H)
The social security system in Chile is dominated by private fund chosen by the workers.
Nonetheless, employers are obliged to pay 10% of the workers gross salary to the pension fund
administrator. Workers can make voluntary contributions to boost their pension, if they wish
(InterNations, 2014). Besides pension funds, employees must also pay 7% (of gross salary) to the
workers health institution (Rodriguez, Droguett, & Posa, 2012).
Culture
Using the cultural dimensions identified by Geert Hofstede (Appendix I), Chile scored 63 out
of 100 in power distance which is lower than most of other Latin American countries but still an
intermediate to high position on this dimension. This can be explained by the hierarchical social
structure and common privileges for the power holders. For Individualism, it scored 23, which
indicates Chile is a more collectivist society. The Uncertainty Avoidance dimension is at 86,
indicating a strong preference to establish rules and structure life. It is also evident a feminine
character of Chilean society and a sense of belonging within the group (28 for masculinity). As for
long-term orientation, Chile scored 31 that represent a normative culture and its society is considered
to have a positive attitude and to be optimistic (Hofstede, 2012).
For investments over 2.500.000 USD (as in COPPERATEs case) the investment would enter
through the Foreign Investment Statute Decree Law 600 (DL600). This would allow choosing
between the aforementioned general tax regime and the special tax regime. The latter assures a
corporate income tax of 42% for 10 years (20 years if the investment exceeds 50.000.000 USD), on
distributed income only. This means (7%) higher but constant taxes (not amendable). If the special tax
regime has been chosen, it can be waived at any time, but once waived cannot be restored (KPMG,
2009) (PwC, 2014).
Investment Opportunities
In 2013, its Gross Domestic Product was equal to 272.2 billion US$ (BOI, 2014). As a
member of Next Eleven, a group of eleven emerging countries identified by Jim ONeil, it is capable
of matching smaller G7 countries, if it keeps growing at an average 5% rate (Goldman Sachs, 2013).
According to the World Bank (2014), it currently ranks 95th for Ease of Doing Business, 161st
for Starting a Business and 124th for Trading Across Borders. When asked to rank the ease to do
business in the Philippines from 1 to 10, the Consul gave it a 7.5 (Gallaga, 2015). (Appendix K)
Economic Overview
Philippines was part of the East Asian growth miracle, emerging as a leading destination for
inward investment, mainly because of the countrys strong business process outsourcing (BPO) due to
its English speaking people (MarketLine, 2014) and the several business opportunities that
materialized along the way. Regarding the exchange rate, one US Dollar currently prices 44,29
Philippine Pesos while one Euro is worth 48,76. Over the last 10 years the exchange rate has been
relatively stable and it has been following an appreciating trend (Appendix L). As COPPERATE
exports more to America and Africa, there are other currencies to take into consideration besides these
two.
The Philippines has also been attracting a lot of Foreign Direct Investment. FDI flows
increased almost 100% from 2011 to 2013 (Appendix M), and the main invested sectors in 2013 were
manufacturing sector (28,3%) and electricity, water and gas (27,2%) (Export Entreprises SA, 2015).
According to the World Bank (2015), the country won investment grade ratings from major
credit rating agencies as a result of sound macroeconomic fundamentals as sustained growth, inflation
of 4,1% and sound fiscal management (Appendix N). Not only it keeps building up its economy but it
has also proved to be resistant to food and fuel price hikes, the impact of typhoons and El Nio. Its
highly skilled, tech-savvy and educated work force made the Philippines a favoured investment
destination in 2013, according to the countrys Board of Investment (2014).
Labour Force
The Philippian Consul in Portugal (Gallaga, 2015) confirmed that it is unquestionably easy to
find skilled workers. The literacy rate is really high, reaching 95,4% (CIA, 2014). According to him, it
is one of the main reasons to do business in Philippines, using the motto Your Business, Our People.
The unemployment in the Philippines ranged from 6% to 8% in the last few years (Trade Economics,
2015). It seems a considerably low percentage but there is no unemployment protection scheme,
which worsens the situation.
10
The minimum wage for a full-time worker is around 304,93 US$, which is considerably low.
Still, according to the Consul, we have to consider that minimum wage depends on the regions. The
standard workday is 8 hours per day for a maximum of 6 days a week. The ratio of minimum wage to
value added per worker is considerably high (0,69) (World Bank, 2015). As for social security, the
employer is demanded to pay 7,37% and the employee pays 3,63%. Moreover, each one is demanded
to contribute with 1.25% of monthly salary credit for National Health Insurance Programme (First Life
Financial Company, 2015).
Due to its Latin and American heritage, the labour laws are strongly based in the Western
system. There are court sections specialized in labour disputes (World Bank, 2015). There is strong
protection of whistle-blowers; people that are an informant or that have knowledge of information that
constitutes of corruption. Although it seems to be on the right track, Philippines ranked a poor 124th
place in Enforcing Contracts, according to World Bank (2014).
Regarding property, the Philippian constitution does not allow foreign ownership of land; 50year leases are one way to solve the problem, according to the Consul (Gallaga, 2015). As for
environmental laws, the Environmental Management Bureau IX (2009) defined a document
explaining the importance of such laws in protecting and aiding people from all walks of life in pursuit
of balance and healthful ecology (Philippine Environmental laws).
Furthermore, Aquino, the current President, proposed legislative bills on priority basis
covering business, and pushing the economy to deal with its issues mainly to tackle limitations for
foreign investments and to boost the ease to do business (MarketLine, 2014).
Once known as the sick man of Asia, due to bad management, corruption and poverty, it is
now
getting
better
since
Aquino
took
the
steering
wheel
(MarketLine,
2014).
The current market conditions as high commodity prices, low real interest rates, solid global growth
and low market volatility favour the Philippian market (MarketLine, 2014).
11
In terms of market development, namely equities, interest rates and foreign exchange, it is
rated as relatively limited liquidity for the first two and there are still some capital restrictions in place
for foreign exchange but recently announced reforms and liberalizations might change this figure
(Goldman Sachs, 2007).
Culture
For this part, we assessed the 6 dimensions defined by Geert Hofstede, which you can find in
Appendix I. Regarding power distance, The Philippines was considered to be a hierarchical society,
where everyone has a place and there is no justification for things being that way. In terms of
individualism, it is considered to be a collectivistic society. The society is also considered to be
relatively pessimistic (indulgence). Moreover, it was classified as a masculine society, where
managers need to be assertive and decisive. As for long-term orientation, Philippines scored poorly.
There is a great respect for traditions and small propensity to save for the future (Hofstede, 2012).
12
Conclusion
Starting with a general analysis of each countrys environment, Chile has advantage regarding
institutions, ease of doing business and is legally more suited to investment. It has a stronger economy,
however, since the Philippines is a developing country it might outperform Chile in the long run.
Furthermore, the Philippines have more attractive incentives to FDI and a stable and appreciating
exchange rate (against the Euro). This makes COPPERATEs investment in Philippine Peso increase
value over time.
Analysing the specific case of COPPERATE, though Chile has the greatest raw materials
market in the world, the Philippines raw material market is closed, cannot export. This is one of the
most important points, as COPPERATE is going to be a big facility negotiating with suppliers that
must sell their production intranationally (inside the country). Therefore its bargaining power will be
much greater than in Chile, where suppliers are huge exporting companies. Intranational transport
costs are also lower in the Philippines, justified by lower fuel costs and suitable infrastructures that
better connect COPPERATEs facility with suppliers.
Although Chile has more skilled workers, wages are considerably lower in the Philippines,
which turns out to be an interesting advantage for COPPERATE. As more than 1000 new employees
will be hired, these lower costs are of great importance in the decision-making process. Besides that,
social security contributions are lower in the Philippines.
Finally, regarding taxation, if COPPERATEs intention is to have high pay-outs, Philippines
taxation system is more favourable. If the opposite applies, Chile will be a better option. Finally,
although Chile has more trade agreements, the costs to export are lower in the Philippines, which are
considerably important taking into consideration that COPPERATE wants to export all of its
production.
13
All in all, our team has considered The Philippines to be the right choice, mainly due to the
banned exports of mineral ore, low labour cost and lower exportation cost. For a detailed analysis of
the decision-making process, we advise you to consult Appendix O, P and Q. Plus, the proposed way
to export and the tariffs under the most-favoured-nation are presented in Appendix R.
14
References
BBC. (2015, April 17). Q&A: South China Sea dispute. BBC. Retrieved from
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13748349
BOI. (2014). Basic Facts for Investors. Retrieved from
http://investphilippines.gov.ph/incentives/board-of-investments/
CIA. (2014, July). Library: The World Factbook. Retrieved from Central Intellegence
Agency: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/
CIE Chile. (2015). Retrieved from CIE Chile: http://www.ciechile.gob.cl/en
Corbo, V., Hernndez, L., & Parro, F. (2005). INSTITUTIONS, ECONOMIC POLICIES AND
GROWTH: LESSONS FROM THE CHILEAN EXPERIENCE. Central Bank of Chile.
Retrieved from http://www.bcentral.cl/estudios/documentos-trabajo/pdf/dtbc317.pdf
Cruz, E., Francisco, R., & Pullin, R. (2014, September 8). Philippine committee approves bill
banning mineral ore exports. Reuters. Retrieved from
http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/08/philippines-miningidUSL3N0R91O720140908
Environmental Management Bureau IX. (2009). PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS.
Retrieved from Academia.edu.
Export Entreprises SA. (2015, May). PHILIPPINES: FOREIGN INVESTMENT. Retrieved
from Stantader Trade: https://en.santandertrade.com/establishoverseas/philippines/foreign-investment
Export.gov. (2012). Retrieved from Export.gov:
http://export.gov/chile/static/CCG%20Chile%202012_Latest_eg_cl_050006.pdf
First Life Financial Company. (2015). Employee Benefits Reference Manual 2015-2016.
Retrieved from
https://www.swisslife.com/content/dam/id_corporateclients/downloads/ebrm/Philippin
es.pdf
Gallaga, G. (2015, April 21). (Group representative, Interviewer)
GlobalPetrolPrices.com. (2015). Retrieved from GlobalPetrolPrices.com:
http://www.globalpetrolprices.com
Goldman Sachs. (2013). Goldman Sachs N-11 Equity Portfolio. Goldman Sachs. Retrieved
from
http://www.goldmansachs.com/gsam/docs/funds_international/brochures_and_sales_a
ids/fund_literature/advisor_brochure_n-11_en.pdf
15
16
Simoes, A. (2011). Learn More About Trade in Chile. Retrieved from The Observatory of
Economic Complexity: https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/chl/
Too Far To Export. (2013). Chile: Exporting and the Challenges of Domestic Transport
Costs.
Trade Economics. (2015). Philippines Unemployment Rate. Retrieved from Trade Economics:
http://www.tradingeconomics.com/philippines/unemployment-rate
Trading Economics. (2015, May). Credit Rating - Countries - List. Retrieved from Trading
Economics: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/country-list/rating
World Bank. (2014). Cost to export (US$ per container). Retrieved from World Bank:
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IC.EXP.COST.CD
World Bank. (2014, June). Economy Rankings. Retrieved from Doing Business:
http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings
World Bank. (2014). Inflation, consumer prices (annual %). Retrieved from World Bank:
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG/countries
World Bank. (2015). Labor Market Regulation. Retrieved from Doing Business:
http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/labor-market-regulation
World Bank. (2015). Philippines Overview. Retrieved from World Bank:
http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/philippines/overview
XE. (2015). CLP - Chilean Peso. Retrieved from XE: http://www.xe.com/currency/clpchilean-peso
17
Appendix
Appendix A Value Chain of the Copper Wire and Tube Markets
LAUNCH TO
THE
MARKET
Refined copper
COPPERATE
Copper wire/
tube
COPPERATE
Copper ore
Mining firms
(suppliers)
18
APEC
Economic
Alliances
Mercosur
Pacific Alliance
BrettonWoods
Institutions
WTO
WB
IMF
UN
Other
international
organizations
OAS
OECD
UNASUR
CELAC
China
Japan
South Korea
Hong Kong
2011
2012
2013
23,444
28,542
20,258
172,699
206,021
215,452
72
84
96
(million USD)
FDI Stock (million
USD)
Number of greenfield
Investments
Source: https://en.santandertrade.com/establish-overseas/chile/foreign-investment
19
A+
AA-
Moodys
Aa3
20
Source: http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/chil
21
Source: http://geert-hofstede.com
22
ASEAN
Economic
Alliances
APEC
ADB
WTO
BrettonWoods
Institutions
Political
Relationships
WB
IMF
UN
China
Japan
South Korea
United States
Source: http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/philippines
23
2011
2012
2013
2,007
3,215
3,860
25,480
28,687
32,547
74
90
100
(million USD)
FDI Stock (million
USD)
Number of Greenfield
Investments
Source: https://en.santandertrade.com/establish-overseas/philippines/foreign-investment
BBB-
BBB
Moodys
Baa2
MARKET OPPORTUNITY
BANNED EXPORT OF
COPPER ORE
INCREASED
BARGAINING POWER
OVER SUPPLIERS
MINING SECTOR ON
THE RISE
LOWER COSTS
VISION
LOWER WAGES
BETTER INCENTIVES
LOWER SOCIAL
SECURITY
CONTRIBUTIONS
LOWER TAXATION
24
EMERGING COUNTRY
FAST GROWING
ECONOMY
ECONOMIC REFORMS
Appendix P Face-to-face 1
25
Appendix Q Face-to-face 2
Chile
The Philippines
17,363,894
92.23 million
$277.2 billion
$272.1 billion
15,732.3
2,765.1
4.1%
7.2%
32.6%
27.9%
4.4%
4.1%
20,258
3,860
215452
32,547
Democratic Republic
Democratic Republic
Free Trade/Capitalist
Free Trade/Capitalist
AA+
BBB
AA-
BBB
T&C Assessment
AA+
BBB+
Mining, energy,
industry, construction,
electronics and
tourism, energy
semiconductors sector
RANKINGS
Ease of Doing Business
41
95
Starting a Business
59
161
40
124
26
Enforcing contracts
64
124
IMD Competitiveness
31
48
20
105
34
86
427,79
304,93
Railways
7,082 km
995km
Airports
481
247
19%
12%
22.5%
30%
40%
5%-32% (progressive)
Scoreboard 2013
225 (fixed)
The World Competitiveness Scoreboard presents the 2014 overall rankings for the 60 economies
covered by the WCY. The economies are ranked from the most to the least competitive
b
http://www.transparency.org/cpi2012/results
The Networked Readiness Index measures, on a scale from 1 (worst) to 7 (best), the performance of
27
http://www.kpmg.com/global/en/services/tax/tax-tools-and-resources/pages/corporate-tax-ratestable.aspx
28
TEAM
Name:
Diva
Oliveira
Date
of
entry:
9th
September
2012
Background:
BSc
in
Management
Areas
of
expertise:
Marketing,
Strategy