Na’Vi Language

Phonology & Orthography 1

Vowels 1
Consonants 2
Lenition 2
Grammar 3
Pronouns 3
Nouns & Prepositions 3-6
Plurals 3
Gender 4
Articles 4
Case 4-5
Adpositions 5-6
Adjectives 6
Numbers 6
Verbs 7
Questions & Demonstratives 9
Derivational Change 10
Phrases 10
Lexicon 11
http://www.learnnavi.org/
Version 3.5.1 Updated: 29 January 2010
 Phonology and orthography

Na‟vi is an unwritten language. Due to the tsaheylu that connects all life on Pandora, whereupon
memories are stored and accessed, there is no need for a writing system. That said, for the
purpose of humans learning Na‟vi, a standardized form was developed using Latin alphabet
letters coupled with diacritic marks on some vowels.

Orthography:

There are 22 consonants and 7 vowels that are written using Latin alphabet characters:

[a ä e i ì o u] [ ʹ f h k kx l ll m n ng p px r rr s t ts tx v w y z]
Phonology:
***Please note that all terms have been transcribed using IPA in the bilingual dictionaries.
Stress markings have been added in many of the terms until further clarification has been made
upon them.

Vowels:

There are seven simple vowels:

Front Central Back

Close [i]i [u]u
[ì] ɪ
Close-Mid [o]o
Open-Mid [e]ɛ
[ä]æ
Open [a]a

and four diphthongs [aw], [ew], [ay], [ey].

These vowels may occur in sequences, meaning there can be long strings of vowels within a
word. However, each vowel counts as a syllable, so that meuia (honor) has four syllables
[mɛ.u.i.a].

In addition, the syllabic consonants ll [l̩ ] and rr [r̩] behave as vowels, as in plltxe [pl̩ .t‟ɛ] "to
speak". The rr is strongly trilled, and the ll is "light", never a "dark" (velarized) *[ɫ̩ ]. These
may occur directly before another vowel, as in hrrap [hr̩.ap] "dangerous".

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Na‟vi does not have vowel length or tone, but it does have contrastive stress: túte [ˈtu.tɛ]
"person", tuté [tu.ˈtɛ] "female person". Although stress may move with derivation, as here, it is
not affected by inflection (case on nouns, tense on verbs, etc). So, for example, the verb lu "to
be" has stress on its only vowel, the u, and no matter what else happens to it, the stress stays on
that vowel: lolú [lo.ˈlu] "was" (l‹ol›u), lolängú [lo.læng.ˈu] "was (ugh!)" (l‹ol›‹äng›u), etc.

Consonants

There are twenty one consonants in Na‟vi. In transcriptions, the ejective consonants are written
with digraphs in x, a convention that appears to be unique to Na‟vi.

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Ejective [px] p‟ [tx] t‟ [kx] k‟
Plosive [p] p [t] t [k] k [„] ʔ
Affricate [ts] ʦ
Fricative [f]f [v]v [s] s [z] z [h] h
Nasal [m]m [n] n [ng] ŋ
Flap [r] ɾ
Trill [rr]r
Liquid/glide [w]w [l] l or [ll] l̩ [y]j

The fricatives, f v s z h, and the affricate, ts, are restricted to the onset of a syllable; the
other consonants may occur at either the beginning or at the end (though w or y in final position
are considered parts of diphthongs, as they only occur as ay ey aw ew and may be followed by
another final consonant, as in skxawng "moron"). However, in addition to appearing before
vowels, (f ts s) may form consonant clusters with any of the unrestricted consonants (the
stops and liquids/glides) apart from(’) making for 39 clusters.

Lenition:

For some Na‟Vi nouns with strong initial consonants, such as px, t, or k, adding either plural
marker ay- or me- with weaken that initial consonant. Theory behind lenition is largely thought
to be easier and smoother pronunciation for the mouth. Regardless, the following sounds when
found consonant initial are weakened to these following forms:

Before plural marker After plural marker

px, tx, kx p, t, k
p, t/ts, k f, s, h
„ Ø (deletion)
Examples:
tsmuk ‘sibling’ kelku ‘home’
aysmuk/smuk ‘siblings’ mehelku/helku ‘two homes/homes’
pxun ‘arm’
mepun/pun ‘two arms/arms’

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 Grammar
Pronouns

Na‟vi pronouns encode clusivity. That is, there are different words for "we" depending on
whether the speaker is including you or not. There are also special forms for the dual "the two of
us" (with or without you), and the trial "the three of us", etc. They do not inflect for gender;
although it's possible to distinguish "he" from "she", the distinction is optional.

sing. dual trial plural

Exclusive oe moe pxoe ayoe
Inclusive — oeng poeng (?) ayoeng
2nd person nga menga pxenga aynga
3rd person po mefo pxefo ayfo

The deferential, or ceremonial, forms of "I" and "you" are ohe and ngenga, respectively. "He"
and "she" can optionally be differentiated as poan and poé.

These pronouns utilize a system of attaching several different morphemes to articulate what they
mean.

me- dual marker oe 1st.singular

pxe- trial marker ng(a) 2nd.singular
ay- plural marker po(an/é) 3rd.singular

For example, the exclusive vs. inclusive dual really translates into “two me‟s (meaning myself
and someone else)” and “me and you”, respectively.

Pronouns are declined for case similarly to nouns (See Case below)
Nouns and prepositions

Nouns show greater number distinctions than human languages: besides singular and plural, they
not only have special dual forms for two of an item (eyes, hands, lovers, etc.), which are not
uncommon in human language, but also trial forms for three of an item, which on Earth are only
found with pronouns (***This has yet to yield any examples) However, gender is only
occasionally (and optionally) marked.

Plurals:

The plural prefix is ay-, and the dual is me- (nari "eye", menari "eyes"). Both trigger lenition
in Na‟vi words (See Lenition above) In nouns which undergo lenition, the plural prefix may be
dropped, so the plural of tokx "body" is either aysokx or just sokx.

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Gender:

Masculine nouns may be distinguished by the suffix -an, and feminine by -é, which is stressed:
tsmuk or tsmúktu "sibling", tsmúkan "brother", tsmuké "sister".

Articles:

There is no distinction between definite and indefinitie nouns; context is based largely on
demonstratives (see Questions and demonstratives).

Case:

Case Vowel Final Marker Consonant Final Marker

Intransitive N/A N/A
Ergative (Transitive Agent) -l -ìl
Accusative (Transitive Patient) -t(i) -it
Dative -ru -ìru
Genitive -yä - eyä
Topical -ri -ìri

One way nouns are conjugated for case is by transitivity. However, unlike most of the languages
spoken by humans, Na‟vi has separate markers for the subject of a transitive verb and the object
of the same transitive verb. An object is marked with the accusative suffix -ti, and an agent with
the ergative suffix -l, while an intransitive subject has no case suffix. For example:

Oe-l nga-ti kam‹ei›e

I-ERG you-ACC See‹LAUD›
"I See you" (a greeting)

For further explanation on Transitivity, please refer to the Crash course in linguistic terminology
used for Na'Vi found on the learnnavi.org website under Downloads.

Genitive (-yä)

The genitive case refers to the possessive case, or a noun that modifies another noun. In
English, the Genitive marker that is typically used is the (‟s):
E.g. John’s cheese.
Charlotte’s book.

In the case of Na‟Vi, the genitive marker is typically suffixed to the end of the pronoun to
show possession over another noun.
E.g. Oe-yä tìmuntxa.
I-GEN mate
„My mate‟

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 Ayoeng-eyä Kelutrel
Pl.Incl.-GEN Hometree
„Our Hometree‟

Dative (-ru)

The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whom
something is given, or in other words, the recipient of something.
E.g. John gave Mary the book.
Mary was given the book from John.

Na’Vi: Amhul-ì1 Ralu-ru vul-ti tìng

Amhul-ERG Ralu-DAT treebranch-ACC give
„Amhul gives Ralu the treebranch‟

Topic Marker (-ri)

The topic marker is used to introduce the topic of the clause, and is somewhat equivalent
to (though much more common than) English "as for". It preempts the case of the noun: that is,
when a noun is made topical, usually at the beginning of the clause, it takes the -ri suffix.
***This is not a substitute for the possessive case. Instead it is used to gather focus from a
larger clause onto a single entity.
E.g. The play was not enjoyed by anyone.
As for John, the play was not enjoyable.

Na’Vi: tukru-ri lehrrap lu a krr oe taron

spear-TOP dangerous be SUB when I hunt
„The spear is dangerous while/when I hunt‟

Adpositions:

Besides case, the role of a noun in a clause may be indicated with adpositions. Any adposition
may occur either as a preposition before the noun, or as an enclitic after the noun, a greater
degree of freedom than human languages allow. For example, "with you" may be either hu nga
or ngahu. When used as enclitics, they are much like the numerous cases found in Hungarian
and Finnish. When used as prepositions, more along the lines of what English does, certain of
them trigger lenition. One of the leniting prepositions is mì "in", as in mì sokx "in the body".
This may cause some ambiguity with short plurals: mì sokx could also be short for mì aysokx
"in the bodies".

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äo under ’ìm behind, in back
’em over, above fa per, with/by means of
eo before, in front of ftu from (directional)
fpi for the sake of ìlä via, along, by
hu with, together with ne to (directional)
(accompaniment)
ka across ta from
kip among vay until
mì in

Adjectives

Na‟vi adjectives are inflected to show connection to their noun by using the syllabic vowel –a-,
which is attached on the side closest to the noun. For example, "a long river" can be expressed
either as,

ngim-a kilvan
long-ATTR river

or as,

kilvan a-ngim
river ATTR-long

The free word order holds for all attributives: Genitives (possessives) and relative clauses can
also either precede or follow the noun they modify. The latter especially allows for great freedom
of expression.

The attributive affix -a- is only used when an adjective modifies a noun. Predicative adjectives
instead take the "be" verb lu:

kilvan ngim lu
river long be
"The river is long"

Numbers

As the Na‟vi have four digits per hand, they have a base-eight number system. Only a few
numbers are attested:

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 ’aw 1
mune 2
tsìng 4
onmrr (?) 5
vofu 16
tsìvol 32

From this it would appear that the root for 4 is tsì, for 8 is vo, and that 32 is "4 eights".

Numerals form various derivatives, such as ’awpo "one" (an individual), (nì)’awve
"first", ’awsiténg "together" (one-make-same), kawtu "no-one" (negative k-), kawkrr "never"
(not-one-time), nì’aw "only", and nì’awtu "alone" from "one"; also nìmun "again" and
perhaps muntxa "to mate" from mun- "two".

Verbs

Verbs are conjugated for tense but not for person. That is, they record distinctions like "I am, I
was, I would", but not like "I am, we are, s/he is". Conjugation relies exclusively on infixes,
which are like suffixes but go inside the verb. "To hunt", for example, is taron, but "hunted" is
t‹ol›aron, with the infix ‹ol›.

There are two positions for infixes: after the consonant (onset) of the penultimate syllable, and
after the consonant of the final syllable. Because many Na‟vi verbs have two syllables, these
commonly occur on the first and last syllable, as in the examples below. In monosyllabic words
like lu "be" and tsun "can", they both appear after the initial consonant, keeping their relative
order, as in ts<ol><äng>un [ts‹ol›‹äng›un] "was able to (ugh!)".

 The first infix position (after the consonant of the penultimate syllable) is taken by infixes for
tense, aspect, or mood, as well as by participle and reflexive forms, which precede tense and
aspect when they co-occur.

Tense:

Future (FUT) <ay>

Immediate Future (IMM) <ìy>
Present (PRES) N/A (unmarked)
Recent Past (REC) <ìm>
Past (PST) <am>

t<am>aron t<ìm>aron taron t<ìy>aron t<ay>aron

“hunted” “just hunted” “hunts” “about to hunt” “will hunt”

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Aspect/Mood:

Perfective (PFV) <ol>

Imperfective (IMFV) <er>
Subjunctive (SJV) <iv>

t<ol>aron t<er>aron t<iv>aron

“has hunted” “was hunting” “hunts?”
The perfective is a completed or contained action whereas the imperfective is an unfinished,
ongoing or uncontained action. There is no clear subjunctive mood in English, but it essentially
expresses hopes, uncertainties, possibilities or opinions. A clear English example is the Past
Subjunctive of the verb “to be”:

PAST: I was a teacher.

L<am>u karyu.
PAST SJV: If I had been a teacher.
Txo l<a<v>m>u karyu.

Participle/Reflexive:

Participle <us>
Reflexive ?

The participial infix <us> is found in forms such as kérusey "dead", from ke "not" and rey "to
live" (that is, "not-living"), and txantslusam "wise", from txan "much" and tslam "to understand"
(that is, "much-understanding"). Like tense, aspect and mood, it falls under the first group of
infixes that are inserted after the consonant of the penultimate syllable.

 The second infix position is taken by infixes for affect (speaker attitude, whether positive or
negative) and for evidentiality (uncertainty or indirect knowledge). For example, in the
greeting in the section on nouns, Oel ngati kameie "I See you", the verb kame "to See"
is inflected positively as kam‹ei›e to indicate the pleasure the speaker feels in the meeting.
In the subsequent sentence, Oeri ontu teya längu "My nose is full (of his smell)",
however, the phrase teya lu "is full" is inflected negatively as teya l‹äng›u to indicate
the speaker's distaste at the experience.

Laudative <ei>
Pejorative <äng>
Evidential ?
Deferential <uy>

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 t‹ìm›ar‹ei›on [hunt‹REC ›‹LAUD›] "just hunted ": The speaker is pleased, whether
due to success or just the pleasure of the hunt.
t‹ay›ar‹äng›on [hunt‹FUT›‹PEJ›] "will hunt ": The speaker is dissatisfied, bored, or
not impressed.

The copular “be” vs. the locational “be”:

There are two "be" verbs, lu, which is "be" in the sense that "A is B" and is used with
adjectives (a copula), and tok, which is "be" in the sense of "A is in/at a place" (a verb of
existence).

Negation:

Negation is made with the particle ke. Various other grammatical particles such as
conjunctions join phrases and clauses: na "like, as", to "(more, less) than", sìk (unquote), sì,
últe "and", fu "or", slä "but".

Questions and demonstratives

Yes-no questions are asked with the final question marker srak?

Question marker Demonstrative markers

pe- “what?” fì- “this”
fay “these”
tsa- “that”

peú, ’úpe "what? which fì’u "this, this tsa’u "that, that thing"
thing?" thing"
pesu, tupe "who?" tsatu "that person"
pefya, fyape "how?" fìfya "like this"
pehem, kempe "what? which fìkem "this (action)" tsakem "that (action)"
action?"
pehrr, krrpe "when?" tsakrr "then"
pelun, lumpe "why?"
peseng, "where?" fìtseng(e) "here" tsatseng "there"
tsengpe

These are merely the more common forms that pe, fì, fay and tsa combine with. However,
they may combine with any noun (e.g. tsana’rìng “that forest”). Likewise, other words may
combine with the morphemes in the table, such as tengfya "as" ('same way'), tengkrr "while"
('same time'), and ké’u "nothing".

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Derivational Change:

Derivation Rule Example

Noun→Adjective
Noun→Verb
Noun/Verb/Adj.→Adverb
Verb→Abstract Noun
Verb→Personified Noun
Verb→Specialised Person
Noun
le- + N le- + hrrap(danger) = lehrrap(dangerous)
N + si kelku(home) + si = kelku si(to live[dwell])
nì- + X nì- + ftúe(easy) = nìftúe(easily)
tì- + V tì- + rey(to live) = tìrey(life)
V + -tu spe‟é(to capture) + -tu = spe‟étu(captive)
V + -yu taron(to hunt) + -yu = taronyu(hunter)

Phrases

"Hello, how are you?"

Kaltxì. nga-ru lu fpom srak?

[ kaltʼì ngaru lu fpom srak ]
Greetings. You-DAT be well.being QUESTION

"It‟s a pleasure to be able to chat with you in Na‟vi"

Tsun oe nga-hu nì-Na’vi pivängkxo a fì-’u oe-ru prrte’ lu

[9]
be.able I you-with ADV-Na‟vi chat that this-thing I-DAT pleasure be

"I apologise for this moron"

Fì-skxawng-ìri tsapxalute s‹eng›i oe

this-moron-TOP apology make‹?› I

"These demons are forbidden here"

F-ay-vrrtep fì-tsenge lu kxanì

this-PL-demon this-place be forbidden

"My nose is full of his alien smell."

Oe-ri ta peyä fahew a-kewong ontu teya l‹äng›u

me-TOP from his smell ATTR-alien nose full be‹PEJ›

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 Lexicon
Na’Vi - English English – Na’Vi
‘ A
'ampi v touch across pr ka
/ʔam.‟pi/
'aw n one number again adv nìmun
/ʔaw/
agree v mllte
'awpo pn one one (person)
/ʔaw.‟po/ alarm cry n rawke
'awsiteng adv together
/ʔaw.si.‟tɛŋ/ alien n ketuwong
'awve adj first
/‟ʔaw.vɛ/ alien n kewong
'e'al adj worst Alien (i.e. non- faketuan
/‟ʔɛ.ʔal/ Na'vi) n
'efu v feel
/ʹ‟ɛ.fu/ all all (of),in to, nìwotx
'eko n attack to,completely pr
/‟ʔɛ.ko/
'ekong n beat (rhythmic) allow v tung
/‟ʔɛ.koŋ/
almost adv stum
'engeng n level
/‟ʔɛ.ŋɛŋ/ alone alone (as one nì'awtu
'eveng n child person) adj
/‟ʔɛ.vɛŋ/
'evi n kid (affectionate form of also, too part kop
/‟ʔɛ.vi/ "child")
among pr kip
'eylan n friend
/'‟ɛj.lan/ ancestor n pizayu
'eyng v answer
and conj sì
/‟ejŋ/
'ewan adj young and conj ulte
/'‟ɛ.wan/
'ì'awn v remain,stay animal,beast n ioang
/‟ʔɪ.ʔawn/
'ìheyu n spiral answer n tì'eyng
/‟ʔɪ.hɛ.ju/ answer v 'eyng
'ìnglìsì n English language
/‟ʔɪŋ.lɪ.sɪ/ apology n tsap'alute
'it n bit a small amount
/ʔit/ arm n pxun

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'itan n son arrive v pähem
/ʔi.‟tan/
'ite n daughter arrow n swizaw
/‟ʔi.tɛ/
art n tseo
'ok n remembrance
/ʔok/ as (= same way as) tengfya
'ong v unfold,blossom pr
/ʔoŋ/
'upe n what (thing) as we know i nìawnomum
/‟ʔu.pɛ/
'upxare n Message ask v pawm
/‟ʔu.p‟a.ɾɛ/ attack n 'eko
A
a pr subordinate clause avatar; uniltìrantokx
/a/ marker (wh_, that) dreamwalker body
n
alaksì adj ready
/al.‟ak.sɪ/ awake adj txen
alìm adj far away,at a distance
/‟al.ɪm/ away (direction) neto
Amhul n child's name pr
/‟am.hul/ away (position) pr mìso
Änsìt n child's name
/‟æn.sɪt/ B
apxa adj large
/ap‟a/ baby carrier/sling iveh k'nivi s'di
atan adj, n light n
/a.‟tan/
atokirina' n Seeds of the great tree back(direction) pr ne'ìm
/a.to.ki.ɾi.‟naʔ/ kawng
bad,evil adj
atxkxe n land
/‟at‟k‟.ɛ/ badge n pätsì
au n drum (made of skin)
/au/ be at,occupy a tok
aungia n sign,omen space v
/‟auŋ.i.a/
be (am,is,are) v lu
ayfo pn they (3rd person plural)
/‟aj.fo/ be responsible v kllfrivo'
aynga pn you, plural (2nd person
/aj.‟ŋa/ plural) beat (rhythmic) n 'ekong
ayoe pn we, excluding you (1st become v slu
/aj.‟o.ɛ/ person exclusive plural)
beetle larva(e) n teylu

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ayoeng pn we, including you (1st before,in front of eo
/aj.‟o.ɛŋ/ person inclusive plural) pr

aylaru conj to the others begin,start v sngä'i

/aj.la.‟ɾu/ (contraction of aylaberu)
beginning,start sngä'ikrr
aylì'ufa… i in the words of… time n
/aj.‟lɪ‟.u.fa/
aynga pn you beloved adj yawne
/‟aj.ŋa/
best adj swey
ayoe pn we (exclusive)
/aj.o.‟ɛ/ big (in stature) adj tsawl
ayoeng pn we (inclusive)
/aj.o.‟ɛŋ/ bind v yìm
Ä
bit a small amount 'it
äie n vision
n
/æ.‟i.ɛ/
äo pr under bit a small amount nì'it
adv
ätxäle n request
/‟æt‟.æ.lɛ/ blue adj ean
E
ean adj blue blue flower n seze
/‟ɛ.an/
Blue Flute Clan n Omatikaya
eltu n brain
/‟ɛl.tu/ body n tokx
eltu si v, c listen pay attention,quit
/‟ɛl.tu si/ goofing off bond (neural Tsaheylu
connection) n
eltungawng n brainworm
/‟ɛl.tu.ŋawŋ/ boom n kxangangang
emza'u v pass (a test)
/ɛm.‟za.ʔu/ bow and arrow n tsko swizaw
eo pr before, in front of bow (weapon) n tsko
/ɛo/
Eyaye n Plant species brain n eltu
/ɛ.‟ja.je/ (Warbonnet)
brainworm n eltungawng
eyk v lead
/ɛjk/ branch (of a tree) vul
eyktan n leader n
/‟ɛjk.tan/
brave adj tsteu
Eywa n World spirit guiding
/‟ɛj.wa/ force and deity bring v zamunge
(equivalent to Gaia)
brother n tsmukan
Eywa ngahu int good-bye (Eywa be with

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/‟ɛj.wa „ŋa.hu/ you) burn,consume v nekx

F but conj slä

fa pr with (by means of)
butt,rear end n txìm
/fa/
faheu v smell by,via,following ìlä (also: ìlä)
/‟fa.hɛ.u/ pr
faketuan n Alien (i.e. non-Na'vi)
/fa.‟kɛ.tu.an/ C
fìfya pn this way,like this
/‟fɪf.ja/ call v syaw
fìkem pn this (action)
/‟fɪ.kɛm/ calm adj mawey
fìpo pn this one (person or can,be able v tsun
/‟fɪ.po/ thing)
captive n spe'etu
fìtseng(e) pn this, here,this place
/fɪ.‟ʦɛŋ(ɛ)/ capture v spe'e
fìtxan adv so (“exceedingly”)
/fɪ.‟t‟an/ center (or place in kxamtseng
fì'u pn this (thing) the middle) n
/‟fɪ.ʔu/
challenge fpeio
fkarut v peel
(ceremonial) v
/‟fka.ɾut/
fkeu adj mighty change v latem
/fkɛu/
fko adj one chat v pängkxo
/fko/
fmawn n news,something to child n 'eveng
/fmawn/ report
child's name Amhul
fmetok n test
child's name Änsìt
/‟fmɛ.tok/
fmi v try child's name Ralu
/fmi/
fngap n metal choose v ftxey
/fŋap/
fnu v, c quiet ("be quiet!") clan n olo'
/fnu/ clan leader n olo'eyktan
fo pn they
/fo/ clear,certain adj law
fpak v hold off,suspend action
/fpak/ clever (thing) adj sìlronsem
fpe' v send
/fpɛʔ/ close, close to adj lok

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fpeio v challenge (ceremonial) colleague n lertu
/fpɛ.‟i.o/
fpi i for the sake of come v za'u
/fpi/
continually adv nìtut
fpom n well-being, peace
/fpom/ cord n telem
fpxafaw n medusa (animal)
/‟fp‟a.faw/ create v ngop
fpxäkìm v enter
/‟fp‟æ.kɪm/ creature n swirä
frapo pn everyone cut v mun'i
/fɾapo/
fra'u pn everything D
/fɾaʔu/
ftang v stop daddy n sempu
/ftaŋ/
fte conj so that dance n sreu
/ftɛ/
danger n hrrap
fteke conj so that not,lest
/‟ftɛ.kɛ/ dangerous adj lehrrap
ftia v study
/‟fti.a/ daughter n 'ite
ftu pr from (direction)
/ftu/ day n trr
ftue adj easy dead adj kerusey
/‟ftu.ɛ/
ftxey v choose decide v pe'un
/ft‟ɛj/
fu conj or demon n vrrtep
/fu/
destroy v ska'a
faw conj that which
/faw/ die v terkup
fya'o n path, way
/‟fja.ʔo/ dig up v kllkulat
fyape conj how
/‟fja.pɛ/ dim dim (of a snumìna
fyawìntxu n guide person) adj
/fjawɪn.‟t‟u/
dinner,served meal wutso
H n
ha conj so (or "in that case")
/ha/ Direhorse n pa'li
hapxì n part
/ha.‟p‟ɪ/ dive v tawng
hasey adj done, finished
/‟ha.sɛj/

15
hawnu v protect,shelter do not, negative do rä'ä
/‟haw.nu/ v
hì'i adj small
/‟hɪ.ʔi/ do (aux. verb) v si
hiyìk adj funny, strange
/‟hi.jɪk/ doctor n toktor
hrrap n danger
done, finished adj hasey
/hrap/
hu adj with (accompaniment) dream n unil
/hu/
hufwe n wind Dream Hunt n Uniltaron
/‟huf.wɛ/
hum v leave, depart dreamwalker n uniltìranyu
/hum/
drive out v kurakx
I
i'en n stringed instrument drum (made of au
/i.‟ʔɛn/ skin) n
Iknimaya n Thundering
/ik.ni.ma.‟ja/ rocks,Stairway to duck n tawng
Heaven (floating
mountains) E

ikran n mountain banshee ear n mikyun

/ik.‟ɾan/ nìftue
easily adv
ìlä pr by,via,following
/‟ɪ.læ/ or /‟ɪl.æ/ easy adj ftue
ioang n animal,beast
/‟i.o.aŋ/ eat v yom
irayo n, i thank you
/i.‟ɾa.jo/ elbow n pxuntil
iveh k'nivi s'di n baby carrier/sling English language 'ìnglìsì
/‟i.vɛh „k‟ni.vi
s‟di/ enough adj nìtam
K
ka pr across enter v fpxäkìm
/ka/ everyone pn frapo
kä v go
/kæ/ everything pn fra'u
kaltxì n hello
/kal.‟t‟ɪ/ evil n tìkawng
kämakto v ride out
examine v steftxaw
/kæ.‟mak.to/
kame v See (spiritual sense) example n tìkenong
/‟ka.mɛ/
eye n nari

16
kangay adj valid eyes (two) n menari
/‟kaŋ.aj/
kar v teach F
/kar/
karyu n teacher false adj tsleng
/‟kaɾ.ju/ far away,at a alìm
kato n rhythm distance adj
/‟ka.to/
kawkrr adv never fast adj nìwin
/kaw.‟kr/
kawng adj bad,evil father n sempul
/kawŋ/
fear n txopu
kawtu pn no one
/kaw.‟tu/ feed v yomtìng
ke adv not
/kɛ/ feel v „efu
kea adj no (before a noun)
/‟kɛ.a/ female (person) n tuteé,
kehe adv no
finger n zekwä
/‟kɛ.hɛ/
kelku n home fire n txep
/‟kɛl.ku/
kelku si v live,dwell first adj 'awve
/‟kɛl.ku si/
Kelutrel n Hometree (tree for first adj nì'awve
/‟kɛl.u.tɾɛl/ living in) fly v tswayon
kempe pn what (action) for the sake of i fpi
/‟kɛm.pɛ/
kenong v model,represent,exempli forbidden adj kxanì
/‟kɛ.noŋ/ fy
forest n na'rìng
kerusey adj dead
/‟kɛ.ɾu.sɛj/ forgiveness n txoa
ketuwong n alien
/‟kɛ.tu.woŋ/ four adj tsìng,
ke'u n nothing fresh,appealing as pxasul
/‟kɛ.ʔu/ food adj
kewong n alien
/‟kɛ.woŋ/ friend n 'eylan
keye'ung n insanity
/kɛ.‟jɛ.ʔuŋ/ from above pr ta'em
kifkey n world (physical,solid)
from (direction) ftu
/kif.‟kɛj/
pr
kifkey Pandora (lit. “Children
Eywa'evengä n

17
/ kif.‟kɛj of Eywa‟s world” from (various uses) ta
ɛj.wa.'’ɛ.vɛŋ.æ/ pr
kìm v spin
/kɪm/ full adj teya
kin v need
funny, strange adj hiyìk
/kin/
kinä n, adj seven G
/‟ki.næ/
kinam n leg get down! ne kllte!
/‟ki.nam/ (literally,"to the
kinamtil n knee ground!") i
/‟ki.nam.til/
kìng n thread give v tìng
/kɪŋ/
go v kä
kì'ong n species of fruit or
/‟kɪ.ʔoŋ/ vegetable good adj sìltsan
kip pr among good-bye,see you kìyevame
/kip/ again soon i
kìte'e n service
/kɪ.‟tɛ.ʔɛ/ good-bye (Eywa be Eywagahunt
kìyevame n good-bye,see you again with you) i
/kɪ.jɛ.‟va.mɛ/ soon
Got it. I tslolam
kllfrivo' v, c be responsible understand. i
/kl:.‟fri.vo/
kllkulat v dig up grab v niä
/kl:.‟ku.lat/ teswotìng
grant v
kllkxem v stand
/kl:.‟kɛm/ great leonopteryx toruk
kllpxìltu n territory last shadow n
/kl:.‟p‟ɪl.tu/
kllte n Ground great,much,many txan
/kl:.‟tɛ/ (in quantity) adj

great,noble adj nawm

kop part also, too
/kop/ ground n kllte
koren n rule
/ko.ʹɾɛn/ group of pongu
time people,party pn
krr n
/kr/ guide n fyawìntxu
krrnekx v take/consume time
/kr.‟nɛk‟/ gunship n kunsìp
krrpe adv when
/kr.‟pɛ/

18
kunsìp n gunship H
/‟kun.sɪp/
kurakx v drive out halt v txey
/ku.‟ɾak‟/
he pn poan
Kx
kxam n middle,midpoint he,she (3rd person po
/k‟am/ singular) pn
kxamtseng n center (or place in the
/‟k‟am.ʦɛŋ/ middle) heart n txe'lan

kxangangang n boom hello n kaltxì

/‟k‟aŋ.aŋ.aŋ/
kxanì adj forbidden help,assistance n srung
/k‟anɪ/ hexapede,hexapod Yerik
kxawm adv perhaps,maybe n
/k‟awm/
kxener n species of fruit or hold off,suspend fpak
/‟k‟ɛ.nɛɾ/ vegetable action v
kxetse n tail home n kelku
/‟k‟ɛ.ʦɛ/
L Hometree (tree for Kelutrel
lahe adj, pn other living in) n
/‟la.hɛ/ honor n meuia
lam v seem,appear
/lam/ hope v sìlpey
lapo pn other one (person or
/‟la.po/ thing) hot adj som

latem v change how conj fyape

/‟la.tɛm/
how adv pefya
law adj clear,certain
/law/ hunt v taron
lehrrap adj dangerous
/ lɛ.‟hrap/ hunter n taronyu
Lenay'ga n Slinger Slinger
/‟lɛ.naj.ʔga/ (predatory creature) I
lertu n colleague I (1st person oe
/‟lɛɾ.tu/ singular) pn
lì'u n word
/‟lɪ.ʔu/ I (deferential or ohe
lok adj close close to ceremonial form)
/lok/ pn
lonu v release,let go if conj txo
/‟lo.nu/

19
lrrtok v smile if not,or else conj txokefyaw
/‟lr.tok/
lu v be (am,is,are) in pr mì
/lu/
in the words of… i aylì'ufa
lumpe adv why
/‟lum.pɛ/ insanity n keye'ung
M
makto v ride interpret v ralpeng
/mak.‟to/
mawey adj calm J
/ma.‟wɛj/ joint,hinge n til
mefo pn they/those two (3rd
/‟mɛ.fo/ person dual) K
menari n eyes (two) kid (affectionate 'evi
/mɛ.‟na.ɾi/ form of "child") n
menga pn you two (2nd person
/mɛ.ʹŋa/ dual) kill v tspang

meuia n honor knee n kinamtil

/mɛ.‟u.i.a/
meyp adj weak know v omum
/mɛjp/
mì pr in L
/mɪ/ land n atxkxe
mikyun n ear
/mik.‟jun/ large adj apxa
mìn adj turn
/mɪn/ lead v eyk
mìso pr away (position)
leader n eyktan
/‟mɪ.so/
mllte v agree learn v nume
/ml:.‟tɛ/
moe pn we two (1st person leave, depart v hum
/‟mo.ɛ/ exclusive dual)
leave,abandon v txìng
mokri n voice
/‟mok.ɾi/ leg n kinam
muiä adj proper,fair,right
level n 'engeng
/mu.‟i.æ/
mune n, adj two life n tìrey
/‟mu.nɛ/
munge v take,bring light n atan
/‟mu.ŋɛ/
mun'i v cut like us adj Nìayoeg
/mun.‟ʔi/

20
muntxa adj mated like,as conj na
/mun.‟t‟a/
N like,as pr pxel
na conj like,as lip n seyri
/na/
nang i particle for surprise or listen v tìng mikyun
/naŋ/ exclamation
listen pay eltu si
attention,quit
goofing off v
nantang n viperwolf Caniferratus
/‟nan.taŋ/ costatus or “striped live v rey
armored wolf.”
live,dwell v kelku si
nari n eye
/‟na.ɾi/ long (period of yol
nari si c, v watch out,be careful time) adj
/‟na.ɾi si/
longer (time) adj nulkrr
na'rìng n forest
/‟na.ʔ.ɾɪŋ/ look v tìngari
Na'vi n the People (name for
/naʔ.‟vi/ themselves) look (at) v nìn

nawm adj great,noble love v tìyawn

/nawm/
ne kllte! i get down! (literally,"to M
/nɛ kl:.‟tɛ/ the ground!")
male (person) n tutean
ne pr to (direction)
/nɛ/ many adj pxay
ne'ìm pr back (direction) marker for yes-no srak(e)
/nɛʔɪm/ questions i
nekx v burn,consume
/nɛk‟/ mated adj muntxa
neto pr away (direction)
/‟nɛ.to/ matriarch n Tsahìk
neu v want
matter (subject) v txele
/‟nɛ.u/
nì'aw adj only matter,be of tsranten
/nɪ.‟ʔaw/ importance v
nì'awtu adj alone alone (as one
/nɪ.‟ʔaw.tu/ person) meaning n ral

nì'awve adj first medusa (animal) n fpxafaw

/nɪ.‟ʔaw.vɛ/
niä v grab meeting n ultxa
/‟ni.æ/

21
nìawnomum i as we know message n 'upxare
/nɪ.aw.ʹno.mum/
nìayoeg adj, i like us metal n fngap
/nɪ.‟aj.o.ɛg/
middle,midpoint n kxam
nìftue adv easily
/nɪ.‟ftu.ɛ/ mighty adj fkeu
nìftxavang adv passionately,with all
/nɪ.‟ft‟a.vaŋ/ heart mind n ronsem

nìhawng adv too,excessively model,represent, kenong

/nɪ.‟hawŋ/ exemplify v
nì'it n bit a small amount
/nɪ.‟ʔit/ moment n swaw
nìltsan adv well mommy n sa'nu
/nɪl.‟ʦan/
nìmun adv again more adj nì'ul
/nɪ.‟mun/
nìn v look (at) moron n skxawng
/nɪn/
mother n sa'nok
nìngay adv truly
/nɪŋ.‟aj/ mountain banshee ikran
nìtam adj enough n
/nɪ.‟tam/
nìteng adv too/as well move,shift position rikx
/nɪ.ʹtɛŋ/ v
nìtut adv continually
/nɪ.‟tut/ much adj nìtxan
nìtxan adj much
music n pamtseo
/nɪ.‟t‟an/
nì'ul adj more must v zene
/nɪ.‟ʔul/
nìwin adj fast N
/nɪ.‟win/
nìwotx pr all all (of),in to, need v kin
/nɪ.‟wot‟/ to,completely
need n tìkin
nulkrr adj longer longer (time)
/nul.‟kr/ never kawkrr
nume v learn news,something to fmawn
/nu.‟mɛ/ report n
Ng
nga pn you (2nd person singular) night n txon
/ŋa/
no i kehe
ngawng n worm
/ŋawŋ/

22
ngay adj true no (before a noun) kea
/ŋaj/ adj

ngenga pn you (honorific form) no one pn kawtu

/‟ŋɛ.ŋa/
nose n ontu
ngop v create
/ŋop/ not adv ke

nothing n ke'u

now adv set

O
oe pn I (1st person singular) O
/‟o.ɛ/
oeng pn We two, including you offence,insult n zoplo
/‟o.ɛŋ/ (1st person inclusive
dual) one adj fko

ohe pn I (deferential or one (number) n 'aw

/‟o.hɛ/ ceremonial form)
one (person) pn 'awpo
olo’ n clan
only adj nì'aw
/‟o.loʔ/
olo'eyktan n clan leader or conj fu
/‟ol.o.‟ʔɛjk.tan/
Omatikaya n Blue Flute Clan other adj lahe,
/om.a.ti.‟kaj.a/
omum v know other one (person lapo
/‟o.mum/ or thing) pn
ontu n nose outside adj wrrpa
/‟on.tu/
P P
pähem v arrive
/‟pæ.hɛm/ Pandora (lit. kifkey
pak i particle for surprise or “Children of Eywa'evengä
/pak/ exclamation Eywa’s world”

pa'li n Direhorse part n hapxì

/‟paʔ.li/
particle for nang
palulukan n Thanator Dry Mouth
surprise or
/‟pa.lu.‟lu.kan/ Bringer of Fear
exclamation
(Thanator)
particle for pak
pam n sound
surprise or
/pam/
exclamation
pamtseo n music
/‟pam.ʦɛ.o/

23
pängkxo v chat particle used in te pa
/‟pæŋ.k‟o/ fullames

pass (a test) v emza'u

pänutìng v promise (a thing to
/pæ.‟nu.tɪŋ/ someone) passionately,with nìftxavang
all heart adv
pätsì n badge
/pæ.‟ʦɪ/ path, way n fya'o
pawm v ask
/pawm/ pattern n renu
pe'un v decide
peel v fkarut
/ʹpɛ.‟un/
the People (name Na'vi
pe pn, adv what (before a noun) for themselves) n
/pɛ/
pehem pn, adv what (action) perhaps,maybe kxawm
/‟pɛ.hɛm/ adv
pehrr adv when
/‟pɛ.hr/ person n tute
pelun adv why place n tseng(e)
/‟pɛ.lun/
peng v tell Plant species Eyaye
/pɛŋ/ (Warbonnet) n
peseng adv where
/‟pɛ.sɛŋ/ please v rutxe
pesu pn who
poison n txum
/‟pɛ.su/
peu pn, adv what what (thing) pretty adj sevin
/‟pɛ.u/
pey c, v wait promise (a thing to pänutìng
/pɛj/ someone) promise
pefya adv how (a thing to
/‟pɛf.ja/ someone) v
pizayu n ancestor
/‟pi.za.ju/ proper,fair,right muiä
plltxe v speak adj
/pl:.‟t‟ɛ/ hawnu
protect,shelter v
po pn he,she (3rd person
/po/ singular) protection n tìhawnu
poan pn he pull v za'ärìp
/‟po.an/
poé pn she
/po.‟ɛ/
poeng pn we three, including you
/‟po.ɛŋ/ (1st person trial

24
 inclusive) Q
quiet ("be quiet!") fnu, c
v
pongu pn group of people,party
/‟poŋu/ R
Px
pxan adj worthy rain n tompa
/p‟an/
pxasul adj fresh fresh,appealing as ready adj alaksì
/‟p‟a.sul/ food receive v tel
pxay adj, pn many release,let go v lonu
/p‟aj/
pxel pr like,as remain,stay v 'ì'awn
/p‟ɛl/
pxi adj sharp remembrance n 'ok
/p‟i/
we three, excluding you request n ätxäle
pxoe pn
/ʹp‟o.ɛ/ (1st person exclusive rhythm n kato
trial)
ride v makto
pxenga pn you three (2nd person
/ʹp‟ɛŋ.a/ trial) ride out v kämakto
pxefo pn they/those three (3rd rock,stone n tskxe
/ʹp‟ɛ.fo/ person trial)
rule n koren
pxun n arm
/p‟un/ run v tul
pxuntil n Elbow
/‟p‟un.til/ S
R sacred n swok
rä'ä v do not negative (do not)
/‟ɾæ.ʔæ/ sacred place n swotu
ral n meaning
/ɾal/ safe place,refuge n zongtseng
ralpeng v interpret
save v zong
/‟ɾal.pɛŋ/
Ralu n child's name saying; quote n san
/‟ɾa.lu/
rawke n alarm cry see (physical sense) tse'a
/ɾaw.‟kɛ/ v
renu n pattern
/‟ɾɛ.nu/ See (spiritual kame
rey v live sense) v
/ɾɛj/

25
rikx v move,shift position seed n rina'
/ɾik‟/
Seeds of the great atokirina'
tree n
rim adj yellow
/ɾim/ seem,appear v lam
rina' n seed
/‟ɾi.naʔ/ send v fpe'
riti n stingbat
service n kìte'e
/ɾiti/
rol v sing seven n kinä
/ɾol/
ronsem n mind sharp adj pxi
/‟ɾon.sɛm/
rutxe v please she pn poe
/ɾu.‟t‟ɛ/ wintxu
show v
S
san n saying; quote sibling n tsmuk,tsmuktu
/san/
sa'nok n mother sign,omen n aungia
/‟saʔ.nok/
sing v rol
sa'nu n mommy
/‟saʔ.nu/ sister n tsmuke
sänume n teaching,instruction
/sæ.‟nu.mɛ/ sixteen n vofu
sat pn that (after ftu only)
/sat/ sky n taw
sempu n daddy Sky Person n Tawtute
/‟sɛm.pu/
sempul n father Slinger (predatory Lenay'ga
/‟sɛm.pul/ creature) n
set adv now
/sɛt/ small adj hì'i
sevin adj pretty
smell v faheu
/sɛvin/
seyri n lip smile v lrrtok
/sɛjɾi/
seze n blue flower so (“exceedingly”) fìtxan
/‟sɛ.zɛ/ adv
sì conj and
/sɪ/ so ("in that case") ha
si v do,make (auxillary verb) conj
/si/ so that conj fte
sìk v unquote
/sɪk/

26
sìlpey v hope so that not,lest fteke
/sɪl.ʹpɛj/ conj
sìlronsem adj clever (thing)
/sɪl.‟ɾon.sɛm/ son n 'itan
sìltsan adj good
song n tìrol
/sɪl.‟ʦan/
ska'a v destroy song n way
/‟ska.ʔa/
skxawng n moron songchord n waytelem
/skʔawŋ/
slä conj but soon adv ye'rìn
/slæ/ sound n pam
slu v become
/slu/ speak v plltxe
sngä'i v begin,start
/‟sŋæ.ʔi/ spear n tukru
sngä'ikrr n beginning,start time
species of fruit or kì'ong
/‟sŋæ.ʔi.kr/
vegetable n
snumìna adj dim (of a person)
/‟snu.mɪ.na/ species of fruit or kxener
som adj hot vegetable n
/som/
spaw v believe spin v kìm
/spaw/
spe'e v capture spiral n 'ìheyu
/spɛ.‟ʔɛ/
spirit n tirea
spe'etu n captive
/spɛ.‟ʔɛ.tu/ spirit animal n tireaioang
srak(e) marker for yes-no
/sɾak(ɛ)/ questions spirit path n tireafya'o

srane adv yes spread,proliferate virä

/‟sɾa.nɛ/ v
sreu v dance
/‟sɾɛ.u/ stand v kllkxem
srung n help,assistance star n tanhì
/sɾuŋ/
stawm v hear still/not yet (used vay set
/stawm/ with negated verb)
steftxaw v examine i
/stɛf.‟t‟aw/
stum adv almost stingbat n riti
/stum/
stop v ftang
sutx v track,lock up
/sut‟/ stopping n tìftang

27
swaw n moment straight adj yey
/swaw/
swey adj best strength n tìtxur
/swɛj/
strike v takuk
swirä n creature
/‟swi.ɾæ/ stringed i'en
swizaw n arrow instrument n
/‟swi.zaw/
swok n sacred strong adj txur
/swok/
swotu n sacred place study v ftia
/‟swo.tu/ sturmbeest n talioang
syaw v call
/sjaw/ Subordinate clause a
marker (wh_, that)
T pr
ta pr from (various uses)
/ta/ suffice,"do" v tam
ta'em pr from above sun n tsawke
/‟ta.ʔɛm/
täftxu v weave T
/tæ.‟ft‟u/
täftxuyu n weaver tail n kxetse
/tæ.‟ft‟u.ju/
takuk v strike take,bring v munge
/‟ta.kuk/
take/consume time krrnekx
talioang n sturmbeest
v
/‟tal.i.‟o.aŋ/
tam v suffice,"do" teach v kar
/tam/
tangek n trunk (of a tree) teacher n karyu
/‟taŋ.ɛk/
tanhì n star teaching, sänume
/tan.‟hɪ/ instruction
taron v hunt tell v peng
/‟ta.ɾon/
taronyu n hunter territory n kllpxìltu
/‟ta.ɾon.ju/
taw n sky test v fmetok
/taw/
test n tìfmetok
tawng n duck
/tawŋ/ than; comparative to
tawng v dive mark conj
/tawŋ/
Tawtute n Sky Person Thanator n palulukan

28
/‟taw.tu.tɛ/ thank you i irayo
te pa particle used in full
/tɛ/ names that pn tsnì

tel v receive that (action) pn tsakem

/tɛl/
that (after ftu only) sat
telem n cord
pn
/‟tɛ.lɛm/
tengfya adj, conj as (= same way as) that (as object) pn tsat
/‟tɛŋ.fja/
tengkrr conj, pr while (= same time as) that (thing) pn tsa'u
/tɛŋ.‟kr/
terkup v die that which conj faw
/‟tɛɾ.kup/ that person pn tsatu
teswotìng v grant
/tɛ.‟swo.tɪŋ/ then,at that time tsakrr
teya adj full pn
/tɛja/
teylu n beetle larva(e) there,that place tsatseng
/tɛj.‟lu/ pn
tì'eyng n answer
they pn ayfo, fo
/tɪ.ʹ ɛjŋ/
tìfmetok n test they, those two (3rd mefo
/tɪf.‟mɛ.tok/ person dual) pn
tìftang n stopping
/tɪ.‟ftaŋ/ they (those three) pxefo
tìhawnu n protection pn
/tɪ.‟haw.nu/
tìkangkem n work thirty-two thirty- tsìvol
/tɪ.ʹkaŋ.kɛm/ two (octal: 40) n
tìkawng n. evil this (action) pn fìkem
/tɪ.‟kawŋ/
tìkenong n example this (thing) pn fì'u
/tɪ.‟kɛ.noŋ/
tìkin adj necessary this one (person or fìpo
/tɪ.‟kin/ thing) pn
til n joint,hinge
/til/ this way,like this fìfya
pn
tìng mikyun v listen
/tɪŋ „mik.jun/ this here,this place fìtseng(e)
tìng nari v look pn
/tɪŋ „na.ɾi/
tìng v give thread n king
/tɪŋ/
tìngay n truth
/‟tɪŋ.aj/

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tìran v walk Thundering rocks Iknimaya
/tɪ.‟ɾan/ (floating
tirea n spirit mountains) n
/ti‟ɾɛ.a/
tireafya'o n spirit path time n krr
/tiɾ.‟ɛ.a.‟fja.ʔo/
to (direction) pr ne
tireaioang n spirit animal
/ti.‟ɾɛ.a.i.‟o.aŋ/ to the others aylaru
tìrey n life (contraction of
/tɪ.‟ɾɛj/ aylaberu) conj
tìrol n song
/tɪ.‟ɾol/ together adv 'awsiteng
tìtxur n strength
/tɪ.‟t‟uɾ/ too, as well adv nìteng
tìyawn v love too much, nìhawng
/tɪ.ʹjawn/ excessively adv
to conj than; comparative mark
/to/ touch v 'ampi
tok v be at,occupy a space
/tok/ track,lock up v sutx
toktor n doctor
training,exercise n tskxekeng
/tok.‟tor/
tokx n body tree n utral
/tok‟/
tompa n rain Tree of voices n Utral Aymokriyä
/‟tom.pa/
toruk n great leonopteryx last true adj ngay
/‟to.ɾuk/ shadow (great
truly adv nìngay
leonopteryx)
trunk (of a tree) n tangek
trr n day
/tr/ truth n tìngay
tukru n spear
/tuk.‟ɾu/ try v fmi
tul v run
/tul/ turn adj mìn
tung v allow two n mune,
/tuŋ/
tupe adv who U
/tu.‟pɛ/
tute n person under pr äo
/‟tu.tɛ/
tutean n, adj male (person) understand v tslam
/tu.tɛ.‟an/
unfold,blossom v 'ong
tuteé n, adj female (person)
/tu.tɛ.‟ɛ/

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Ts unquote v sìk
tsaheylu n bond (neural
until pr vay
/ʦa.‟hɛj.lu/ connection)

tsahìk n matriarch, spiritual V

/‟ʦa.hɪk/ guide
valid adj kangay
tsakem pn that (action)
viperwolf nantang
/‟ʦa.kɛm/
Caniferratus
tsakrr conj then, at that time
costatus or
/ʦa.‟kr/
“striped armored
tsam n war wolf.” n
/ʦam/
tsampongu n war party vision n äie
/‟ʦam.poŋ.u/
tsamsiyu n warrior voice n mokri
/‟ʦam.si.ju/
tsap'alute n apology W
/ʦa.‟p‟a.lu.tɛ/
wait v pey
tsat pn that (as object)
/ʦat/ walk v tìran
tsatseng adv there,that place
/‟ʦa.ʦɛŋ/ want v neu
tsatu pn that person
/‟ʦat.u/ war n tsam
tsa'u pn that (thing tsampongu
war party n
/ʦa.‟ʔu/
tsawke n sun warrior n tsamsiyu
/‟ʦaw.kɛ/
tsawl adj big (in stature) wash v yur
/ʦawl/
tse'a v see (physical sense) watch out,be nari si c,
/‟ʦɛ.ʔa/ careful v
tseng(e) n place we, excluding you ayoe
/ʦɛŋ(ɛ)/ (1st person
tsengpe conj where exclusive plural)
/‟ʦɛŋ.pɛ/ pn
tseo n art
/‟ʦɛ.o/ we, including you ayoeng
tsìng n, adj four (1st person
/ʦɪŋ/ inclusive plural)
tsìvol n, adj thirty-two thirty-two pn
/‟ʦɪ.vol/ (octal: 40)
we two (1st person moe
tsko n bow (weapon) exclusive dual) pn
/ʦko/

31
tsko swizaw n bow and arrow
/ʦko „swi.zaw/
tskxe n rock,stone we two, you and I oeng
/ʦk‟ɛ/ (2nd person
tskxekeng n training,exercise inclusive dual) pn
/‟ʦk‟ɛ.kɛŋ/
we three, excluding pxoe
tslam v understand you (1st person
/ʦlam/ exclusive trial) pn
tsleng adj false
/ʦlɛŋ/ we three, including poeng
tslolam i Got it. I understand. you (1st person
/‟ʦlo.lam/ inclusive trial) pn
tsmuk,tsmuktu n sibling
/ʦmuk/ /‟ʦmuk.tu/ weak adj meyp
tsmukan n brother
weave v täftxu
/‟ʦmuk.an/
tsmuké n sister weaver n täftxuyu
/ʦmuk.‟ɛ/
tsnì pn that well adv nìltsan
/ʦnɪ/
tspang v kill well-being, peace fpom
/ʦpaŋ/ n
tsranten v matter,be of importance
what (thing) pn 'upe
/‟ʦɾan.tɛn/
tsteu adj brave what (action) adv kempe
/‟ʦtɛ.u/
tsun v can,be able what (action) adv pehem
/ʦun/
tswayon v fly what (before a pe
/‟ʦwaj.on/ noun) pn
tsyal n wing what (thing) pn peu,
/ʦjal/
Tx when adv krrpe
txan adj great,much, (in quantity
/t‟an/ when adv pehrr
txantslusam adj wise,much-knowing where adv peseng
/‟t‟an.ʦlu.sam/
txe'lan n heart where conj tsengpe
/‟t‟ɛʔ.lan/
txele v matter (subject) while (= same time tengkrr
/‟t‟ɛ.lɛ/ as) conj
txen adj awake
who pn pesu
/t‟ɛn/
txep n fire who adv tupe
/t‟ɛp/

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txey v halt why adv lumpe
/t‟ɛj/
txìm n butt,rear end why adv pelun
/t‟ɪm/
wind n hufwe
txìng v leave,abandon
/t‟ɪŋ/ wing n tsyal
txo conj if
/t‟o/ wise,much- txantslusam
txoa n forgiveness knowing adj
/‟t‟o.a/
txokefyaw conj if not,or else with hu
/‟t‟o.kɛ.fjaw/ (accompaniment)
txon n night conj
/t‟on/ with (by means of) fa
txopu n fear pr
/‟t‟o.pu/
txum n poison work n tìkangkem
/t‟um/
txur adj strong word n lì'u
/t‟uɾ/
World spirit Eywa
U guiding force and
ulte conj and deity (equivalent to
/‟ul.tɛ/ Gaia); Eywa n
ultxa n meeting
/‟ul.t‟a/ world kifkey
unil n dream (physical,solid) n
/‟un.il/
Uniltaron n Dream Hunt worm n ngawng
/‟un.il.ta.ɾon/
worst adj 'e'al
uniltìrantokx n avatar; dreamwalker
/un.il.tɪ.‟ɾan.tok‟/ body worthy adj pxan
uniltìranyu n dreamwalker Y
/un.il.tɪ.‟ɾan.ju/
Utral Aymokriyä Tree of Voices year n zìsìt
n
/‟u.tɾal yellow adj rim
aj.‟mok.ɾi.jæ/
yes i srane
utral n tree
/‟u.tɾal/ you, plural (2nd aynga
V person plural) pn
vay pr until
/vaj/ you (2nd person nga
vay set i still/not yet (used with singular) pn
/vaj sɛt/ negated verb)

33
virä v spread,proliferate you (honorific ngenga
/‟vi.ɾæ/ form) pn
vofu n, adj sixteen
/vo.‟fu/ you two (2nd menga
vrrtep n demon person dual) pn
/‟vr.tɛp/
vul n branch (of a tree)
/vul/ you three (2nd pxenga
W person trial) pn
way n song
/waj/ young adj 'ewan
waytelem n songchord
/‟waj.tɛ.lɛm/
wintxu v show
/win.‟t‟u/
wrrpa adj outside
/‟wr.pa/
wutso n dinner dinner,served
/‟wut.so/ meal

Y
yawne adj beloved
/ʹjaw. ɛ/
Yerik n hexapede,hexapod
/‟jɛ.ɾik/
ye'rìn adv soon
/‟jɛʔ.ɾɪn/
yey adj straight
/jɛj/
yìm v bind
/jɪm/
yol adj long (period of time)
/jol/
yom v eat
/jom/
yomtìng v feed
/‟jom.tɪŋ/
yur v wash
/juɾ/
Z
za'ärìp v pull
/zaʔ.‟æ.ɾɪp/
zamunge v bring
/za.‟mu.ŋɛ/
za'u v come

34
/‟za.ʔu/
zekwä n finger
/zɛk.‟wæ/
zene v must
/‟zɛ.nɛ/

zìsìt n year
/‟zɪ.sɪt/
zong v save
/zoŋ/
zongtseng n safe place,refuge
/zoŋ.‟ʦɛŋ/
zoplo n offence,insult
/‟zo.plo/

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