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Technical Manual
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Technical Manual
Wire Rope
www.cimaf.com.br
April 2013
Choose quality
Presentation
1 Wires
The wire ropes presented in this catalogue are manufactured with raw material provided by
Belgo Bekaert Arames, a joint venture between ArcelorMittal world reference in the steel
industry and Bekaert world reference in the manufacture of wires.
The Cimaf rope was the first wire rope manufactured in Brazil and consolidated itself
as the one of greater volume in Latin America. The Cimaf line of wire rope is the most
complete one in the continent.
Their products became renowned as a symbol of quality and trust, full technical support
being a differential of the brand.
Its manufacture counts with the most modern technology, following the highest standards
of quality.
Quality Assurance
Cimaf maintains a dynamic Quality Assurance System, in continuous enhancement,
seeking product constant improvement, through the essential element which is man.
This system is detailed in the Quality Manual and defines the inspection plans which
accompany the entire production, from the raw matter until the product. This process
certified by the ISO 9001:2008, by the American Petroleum Institute (API) and by the
Instituto Nacional de Metrologia [National Metrology Institute], includes gauging and
calibrating all the metering instruments and tests, including the internals audits of the
system, according to the national and international rules and standards.
1.1
Quality in material............................................................................9
2 Wire ropes
13
31
How to handle...............................................................................31
Winding in smooth drum or reel.....................................................33
27
5 Handling
5.1
5.2
23
35
39
8 Product characteristics
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
Spiral strands................................................................................43
Wire rope - Class 6x7 e 8x7...........................................................44
Wire rope - Class 6x7....................................................................45
Wire rope - Class 6x19..................................................................46
Wire rope - Class 6x36..................................................................47
Wire rope - Class 6x61 .................................................................48
Wire rope - Class 8X19 ................................................................49
Wire rope - Class 18x7 and 35x7
(Rotation Resistant).......................................................................50
High Performance wire ropes ErgoFlex........................................51
High Performance wire ropes ErgoFlexPlus.................................52
Wire rope - Class 6x7 e 6x19 Galvanized.......................................53
High Performance wire ropes - ProPac...........................................54
High Performance wire ropes - PowerPac .....................................55
High Performance wire ropes MinePac........................................55
9 Tables
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
43
57
74
10.1 Bulldozer.......................................................................................74
10.2 Bulldozer.......................................................................................75
10.3 Bulldozer.......................................................................................76
10.4 Crane on tracks.............................................................................77
10.5 Stationary crane............................................................................78
10.6 Overhead crane.............................................................................79
10.7 Suction dredge..............................................................................80
10.8 Transportation of wooden logs.......................................................81
10.9 Pile driver......................................................................................82
10.10 Mining - Inclined plane...................................................................83
10.11 Mining - Inclined well.....................................................................84
10.12 Vertical well...................................................................................84
10.13 Cableway .....................................................................................85
10.14 Blast furnace.................................................................................86
10.15 Passenger elevator........................................................................87
10.16 Work site winch - Work site elevator..............................................88
10.17 Percussion drilling.........................................................................89
10.18 Rotary drilling................................................................................90
10.19 Ropes for offshore.........................................................................91
7
Initial
1
1.1
Correspondence in N/mm2
PS
IPS
Wires
EIPS
EEIPS
QualitySHT
in material
1370 - 1770
1570 - 1960
1770 - 2160
1960 - 2160
2160 - 2350
The steel wires used in manufacturing a Cimaf rope are submitted to the strictest tests
corresponding to the most demanding specifications used in manufacturing wire ropes.
The materials approved by this testing ensure the safety and the good quality of the
finished product.
Conventionally, the wire ropes can be manufactured in some traction resistance
categories, namely:
Initial
Correspondence in N/mm2
PS
IPS
EIPS
EEIPS
SHT
1370 - 1770
1570 - 1960
1770 - 2160
1960 - 2160
2160 - 2350
Wire Strength Category
SHT
EEIPS
EIPS
IPS
PS
Graph showing the wire strength variations as a function of their respective diameters.
9
The initials PS, IPS, EIPS and EEIPS refer to the first stages of development of the wire
ropes and remain until today. The Plow Steel resistance curve forms the basis for
calculating the wire strengths.
As it can be observed in the graph, the wire traction resistance for each category is not
constant, varying inversely to their diameter.
The categories are also characterized by the quality of elasticity, resistance to traction and
to abrasion, which importance will depend on the application of the wire ropes.
However, the modern trend in manufacturing wire ropes is to obtain a product which
gathers all these characteristics in the highest possible degree.
The wire ropes manufactured in the SHT category are manufactured with steel core
(IWRC), being recommended for special applications, where a great resistance to traction
is required, having limitations of mass and diameter. It is a rope of maximum duration,
resistance and responsibility.
Note: The bright wire ropes in the gauges between 6.4 mm and 52 mm, have the
Faixa Amarela [Yellow Stripe] identification (a strand lubricated with yellow grease)
except for specific uses, such as, for instance: ropes for passenger elevators, high
performance cables and others.
Another current manufacture product is the wire rope for elevators. The quality of the steel
for this product is special, gathering the characteristics required to withstand the stresses
which take place in the elevator facilities.
1 - Rupture load 10% greater than the EEIPS category, enabling the increase of load
capacity, without increasing the diameter of the wire rope.
Cimaf manufactures the wire ropes galvanized with wires which have a uniform layer of
zinc, which can by applied by a process of fire or electrolytic zinc plating.
It is worthwhile to remember that resistance to traction is not the only factor to be taken
into account when specifying the ropes. Thus, Cimaf produces wire ropes especially
developed for such applications as: passenger elevator, overhead crane, oil rig, winch,
work site elevator, among others.
Galvanization of these wires can be done in the final gauge or in an intermediary gauge
and later, it is drawn again, providing an uniform zinc layer. The intermediary gauge
galvanized wires are called redrawn galvanized wires.
The Cimaf wire ropes produced with galvanized wires have the same resistance to traction
as the bright wire ropes on the strength range.
EIPS
EEIPS
SHT
0
500
1000
1500
2000
10
2500
kN
3000
3500
4000
11
Note: The types of ropes which are not present in these tables we will manufacture
under consultation
12
2
2.1
Wire ropes
Constructions and lay types
Construction is a term employed to indicate the number of strands, the number of wires in
each strand and its composition, as we will see next:
Ribbon with
Manufacturer
ID
Core
Centre Wire
Strand pitch: Distance, measured in parallel to the rope axis, necessary so that a strand
makes a full turn around the rope axis.
1 operation
2 operation
14
15
2.1.2
2.1.3
Core type
The core of a wire rope is a nucleus around which the strands are layed and are arranged in
a helix manner. Its main function is to make the strands be positioned in such a manner that
the stress applied in the wire rope is distributed uniformly between them. The core can be
comprised of either natural or synthetic fibre; it can also be formed by a single strand or by
an independent Wire rope.
Almas de fibra: Fibre cores in general provide greater flexibility to the wire rope. The Cimaf
wire ropes can have cores made of natural fibres (FC) or synthetic fibres (SFC). The natural
fibre cores are normally made of sisal, and the synthetic fibre cores are usually made of
polypropylene.
Almas de ao: The steel cores ensure greater resistance to kneading and increase
resistance to traction. The wire rope can be formed by a single strand of rope (WSC) or by
an independent wire rope (IWRC), this latter mode being preferred when greater flexibility is
required from the rope, combined with high resistance to traction. Wire ropes with diameter
equal to or above 6.4 mm, when provided with steel core, are the IWRC type.
A 6-strand rope with steel core presents approximately an increase of 7.5% in its load
capacity in the IPS category and approximately an increase of 12.5% in load capacity in the
EIPS category in relation to a rope with fibre core of the same diameter and construction.
Its mass also has an increase of approximately 10%.
Regular
right
16
Regular
left
Lang
right
17
Lang
left
2.2
A lubricant which is adequate for wire rope must have the following characteristics:
It is defined as lay length of a wire rope the distance, measured parallel to the rope axis,
required so that a strand makes a full turn around the rope axis.
LAY LENGTH
To be chemically neutral;
To have good adherence;
To have viscosity capable of penetrating between the strands and other wires;
To be stable under operational conditions;
To protect against corrosion;
To be compatible with the original lubricant.
Before re-lubrication, the rope must be cleaned with a steel brush to remove the old
lubricant and crusts containing abrasive particles. Never use solvents, for they remove the
internal lubrication, in addition to deteriorating the fibre core.
The rope must be re-lubricated just after being cleaned.
Due to the small space between the strand wires and the strands in the wire rope, during
re-lubrication, the lubricant being applied will have difficulty in fully penetrating the wire
rope.
2.3
Lubrification
Rope lubrication is very important for its protection against corrosion and also to reduce
wear by friction by the relative movement of its strands, the wires and the wire rope
against the equipment parts, such as, for instance, sheaves and drums.
The Cimaf wire ropes are lubricated during the manufacturing process as a lubricant
composed especially for each kind of application.
This lubrication is adequate only for a storage period and operations start-up of the
wire rope.
As a general rule, the most efficient and cost-effective form of re-lubrication is through
a method which applies the lubricant continuously during the rope operation, such as:
immersion, dripping and spraying.
It is recommended that the lubricant application point is preferably where the wire rope
passes through sheaves or drums, for at this moment, an opening occurs between the
strands on the top part of the wire rope, favoring lubricant penetration.
In the table below we suggest a few lubricants, for field re-lubrication.
Application
Specification
Properties
Supplier
Overhead Crane
ROCOL RD-105
GCA-2
ITW
Whinch
Work Site
Elevator
COSMOLUBE
HT 00 M3
Houghton
Rocker Arm
CHASSIS 1234
Calcium Soap
ESSO
As the wire rope wires move relatively against one another, during use, they are subject
to wear by friction. Lack of lubrication intensifies wear, causing loss of wire rope
capacity caused by loss of metal area;
Derrick
CHASSI Ca-2
Calcium Soap
Texaco
Loop
CHASSI 2
Calcium Soap
Ipiranga
Porosity also causes internal wear of the wires, resulting in loss of load capacity.
Cableway
2C
Calcium Soap
Manguinhos
Fishing
BIOFLUKE
Biodegradable
Fluke Tecnologia
Never use burnt oil to lubricate a Wire rope, for it contains small metal particles which will
cause friction with the rope, in addition to being an acid product and contain few of the
characteristics which a good lubricant must have.
Passenger
Elevator
QUIMATIC 20
TAPMATIC
Lubrax
notes:
The performance of the lubricants from the table was analyzed in the field. Other
similar specifications can be used.
These lubricants are not commercialized by Cimaf.
18
2.4
Preforming
2.5
The Cimaf wire ropes can be provided both preforming and non preforming; however,
in the majority of applications, preformed is more recommended than non preformed.
The difference between a preformed and a non preformed rope consists in that when
manufacturing the former, an additional process is applied, which makes the strands
and the wires stay laid in helical shape, remaining placed inside the rope in their natural
position, with a minimum of internal tensions.
The main advantages of the preforming rope can be numbered as follows:
1. In the non preformed rope, the wires and the strands have the tendency to straighten,
and the force required to keep them in position causes internal tensions to which are
added the tensions caused in service when the rope is curved in a pulley or in a drum.
The aggregate breaking force of the wire rope is obtained by means of the wire strength
multiplied by the total section area of all the wires.
The minimum breaking force of the wire rope is obtained by means of its aggregate
breaking force, multiplied by the spinning loss factor. This factor varies according to the
various classes of wire ropes.
The measured breaking force is determined in laboratory, by means of wire rope traction.
The internal tensions cause pressure between the wires in the region of contact between
layers and between strands which move reciprocally the moment the rope is curved,
causing a sharp internal friction. In the preforming rope the internal tensions are minimum,
and therefore, friction and consequently rope wear is minimal.
The preformed wire ropes, on account of having minimum internal tensions, have greater
resistance to fatigue than the non preformed ropes.
2. Handling is made much easier by the absence of internal tensions.
3. Rope balanced is ensured, each strand having equal tension equal to the other, dividing
the load into equal parts between the strands.
4. Handing is safer, the rope being free from tensions, not having the tendency to escape
from your hand. Secondly, if a wire ruptures by wear, it will remain lying down in its
normal position, not bending outwards, which would make it dangerous to handle.
Preformed rope
Rope class
0,96
0,94
0,86
0,825
0,80
0,73
0,72
.
The forces indicated on the tables of the Cimaf technical manual always
represent the ropes minimum breaking force.
20
21
2.6
The following must be pointed out when consulting or ordering wire ropes:
1. Diameter;
2. Construction (number of strands, wires e composition: Seale, Filler or other);
3. Core type (fibre or steel);
4. Lay (regular or Lang / right or left)
5. Preforming (preformed, non preformed or semi preformed);
6. Lubrication (with or without lubrication);
7. Category of resistance to traction of wires (PS, IPS, EIPS, EEIPS) or a Minimum
Breaking Force (Fmim);
8. Finishing (bright or galvanized);
9. Indication of application;
10. Length
Note: When the finish is not indicated, it is understood as bright.
Example of order:
Wire rope 19 mm, 6x41 Warrington-Seale + IWRC, Right Regular Lay, preformed,
lubricated, IPS resistance and length 500 m. Use in overhead crane.
In addition to the ABNT standards, our products fulfill the strictest international standards,
such as:
API - American Petroleum Institute
IRAM - Instituto Argentino de Racionalizacin de Materiales
FS - Federal Specification
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
BSI - British Standard Institution
CESA - Canadian Engineering Standard Association
DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung
ISO - International Organization for Standardization
EN - European Standard
among others
22
3
3.1
Note: The reference Minimum Breaking Force (Fmim) is also known as Minimum Breaking
Load (MBL).
Working load limit is the maximum load that the wire rope is authorized to support.
The design factor (DF) is the ratio between the minimum breaking load (MBL) of the rope
and the working load limit (WLL), i.e.:
An adequate design factor will ensure:
- Safety in load movement operation;
- Performance and durability of the wire rope and, consequently, cost effectiveness.
The table below recommends the minimum design factors (DF) for various applications:
Design Factors
Applications
Static ropes and spiral strands
3 to 4
4 to 5
Overhead cranes
6 to 8
Electric hoists
Stationary crane
6 to 8
Slings
8 to 10
Passenger elevators
12
The values on the table are reference, being that each application has
normalized values.
23
3.2
Pre-stretched Ropes
There are two kinds of longitudinal stretches in wire rope, i.e.: constructional and elastic.
Constructional Stretches
Constructional stretches is permanent and starts just after a load is applied to the wire
rope. It is motivated by the adjustment of the wires in the rope strands and by the settling
of the strands in relation to its core.
Constructional stretches occurs in the first days or weeks of service of the wire
rope, depending on the applied load. On the conventional wire ropes, its value varies
approximately from 0.50% to 0.75% of the length of the wire rope under load.
Constructional stretches can be almost totally removed through pre-stretching of the wire
rope. The pre-stretching operation is done by a special process and with a load which
must be greater than the ropes working load limit, and lower than the load corresponding
to its elastic limit.
In certain installations, such as, for instance, in Blast Furnace Skip, the elongation of
the wire rope can not exceed a certain limit; it must be pre-stretched. It s also usual to
pre-stretch the rope to be used in suspension bridges or similar services.
Cimaf is capacitated to pre-stretch wire ropes with diameters up to 58 mm.
Elastic Stretches
A deformao elstica diretamente proporcional carga aplicada e ao comprimento do
cabo de ao, e inversamente proporcional ao seu mdulo de elasticidade e rea metlica.
= elastic stretches
L=
PXL
E X Am
P = applied load
L = length of rope
E = modulus of elasticity
Am = metal area
The metal area of a wire rope varies as a function of the construction of the wire rope. It is
comprised by the sum of the cross-section areas of the individual wires which compose it,
except for filler wires.
The calculation of the metal area of a wire rope or strand can be done by means of the
formula below. Although this calculation is not exact, its result is very approximate.
24
0,359
0,374
0,395
0,396
0,410
0,416
0,418
0,426
0,589
0,595
0,600
Notes:
For ropes with 6 strands with IWRC add 15% to metal area; with WSC add 20% and for
ropes with 8 strands with IWRC add 20% to its metal area.
In general, the elastic stretch of a wire rope can be estimated on 0.25% to 0.50%,
when the same is submitted to a tension corresponding to 1/5 of its breaking force,
depending on its construction.
Note:
Elastic stretch is proportional to the applied load as long as it does not exceed the
elastic limit value of the rope. This limit for usual wire rope is approximately 55% a 60%
of its minimum breaking load.
Modulus of elasticity of wire ropes: the modulus of elasticity of a wire rope increases
during its service life, depending on its construction and the conditions under which it is
operated, such as intensity of the applied loads, constant or variable, bends and vibrations
to which it is submitted.
The modulus of elasticity is smaller on the new or unused ropes, being that for used or
new pre-stretched ropes, the modulus of elasticity increases approximately 20%.
Next we provide the approximate modulus of elasticity of the usual constructions of new
wire ropes.
Where,
A = F x d2
F Factor
Spiral Strands
Class
E (Kgf/mm2)
6x7
9.000 a 10.000
6 x 19
8.500 a 9.500
6 x 36
7.500 a
8.500
8 x 19
6.500 a
7.500
6x7
10.500 a 11.500
6 x 19
10.000 a 11.000
6 x 36 9.500 a 10.500
7 wires
14.500 a 15.500
19 wires
13.000 a 14.000
37 wires
12.000 a 13.000
25
3.3
The nominal diameter for the rope is the one by which it is designated.
The actual diameter for the rope must be obtained measuring in a straight part of rope,
in 2 positions with minimum spacing of 1 m. Two measurements must be taken in each
position, with a 90offset, of the circumscribed circle diameter. The average of these 4
measurements must be the actual diameter.
Errado
Certo
4d<6
6d<8
8
Note:
Specific applications can have special tolerances of diameters, defined by the customer or
by Cimaf. In this case consult our technical assistance.
26
4
4.1
The flexibility of a wire rope is inversely proportional to the diameter of its external
wires, while the resistance to abrasion is directly proportional to this diameter. As a
consequence, a composition with fine wires can be chosen when the bend fatigue stress
prevails, and a composition of thicker external wires when the work conditions require
great resistance to abrasion.
The table below stands as a general rule.
Maximum
flexibility
Minimum
flexibility
6 x 41 Warrington-Seale
6 x 36 Warrington-Seale
6 x 25 Filler
6 x 21 Filler
6 x 19 Seale
6x7
Minimum resistance
to abrasion
Maximum resistance
to abrasion
By the table above, the 6x41 WS construction wire rope is the most flexible one, thanks
to the smaller diameter of its external wires; however, it is the least resistant to abrasion,
while the contrary takes place with the 6x7 construction wire rope.
4.2
There is a relation between the diameter of the wire rope and the diameter of the sheave or
drum which must be observed, so as to ensure a good wire rope performance.
The following table indicates the proportion recommended between the diameter of the
sheave or the drum and the diameter of the wire rope, for the various constructions.
Rope construction
6x7
6x19 S
19x7
6x25 F
8x19 S
6x36 WS, Propac
6x41 WS
PowerPac, MinePac
Ergoflex, Ergoflex Plus
6x71 WS
Note:
For some equipment, there is a regulating standard from the Ministry of Labor and
Employment which determines the diameter of the sheave or the drum
27
4.3
Tipe of equipment
Standard
ASME
B30.5
Crane
Derrick
ASME
B30.3
Bulldozer
ANSI
M11.1
According to the recommendations of the standards, the fleet angle of wire rope in the
segment between the sheave and the drum must not exceed;
D/d minimum
Application
Fleet angle
Drum
Sheave
Hoisting
18
18
Elevation of boom
15
15
Block
---
16
Hoisting
18
18
Hoisting
24
24
22
22
Rotating drill
API SPEC 9B
Drag
D
rilling
20
30
Offshore crane
API SPEC 9B
Hoisting
18
18
Passenger Elevator
ASME
A17.1
Traction
40
40
Compensation
32
a = 1 30 for conventional wire ropes (Classes: 6x7, 6x19, 6x36, 8x19, 8x36), with
winding in drums with no groove drums.
= 2 Rotation resistant wire ropes, with winding in drums with groove drums;
= 4 for conventional wire ropes (Classes: 6x7, 6x19, 6x36, 8x19, 8x36), with
winding in drums with grooved drums.
When a rope is coiling in multiple layers on the drum, the fleet angle at the flanges should
be greater than 0.5 to avoid rope pile-up.
These recommendations seek to prevent the wire rope from being damaged, for if the fleet
angle is greater that the maximum indicated, we will have two inconveniences:
The wire rope will maintain sharp
friction with the sheave flange
increasing the wear of both;
During o winding, the wire
rope will maintain sharp
friction with the adjacent turn
already wound in the drum
increasing its wear and
promoting damage which will
influence its service life, as well
as its safety.
Although a recommendation was
presented regarding the wire ropes
fleet angle on the sheave segment
with the smooth drum (with no
grooved drums), the standards
recommend that all the hoisting
equipment must be equipped with
a drum with grooved drums. This
recommendation is due to the
fact of the inconvenience of the
wire rope, when wound, it leaves
voids between the winding turns
on the drum, making the upper
layer go into these voids providing
a disordered winding and, as a
consequence, influencing its service
life and safety.
(ISO 4308) Sheave groove For optimum rope life, the sheave groove profile should be
correctly matched to the rope diameter. The groove radius, should lie within the range
0,525d to 0,550d, with 0,537d, where d is the nominal rope diameter.
30 - 60
GROOVE OF THE NEW OR MACHINED SHEAVE
WIRE ROPE
OF THE WORN GROOVE
OF THE SHEAVE
OF THE GROOVE
28
29
30
5
5.1
Handling
How to handle
The wire rope must be handled with care so as to avoid throttling (knot), causing a
harmful twist as show in the example below:
The wire rope must never be allowed to take the shape of a loop as shown in figure 1.
However, a knot can be avoided if the loop is promptly undone (opened).
As shown in figure 2, with the loop closed, the
damage is done and the load capacity of the wire
rope compromised, and the same being out of the
conditions for use.
31
5.2
It is important that the wire rope, to be well wound, is attached correctly during its
installation.
If this does not happen, the first winding layer can present faults, causing, consequently,
when the top layers are wound, kneading and warping in the wire rope, which will notably
reduce its service life.
The figures below present a practical rule for the correct attachment of the practical rule
for the correct attachment of the wire rope on smooth drums or reels.
Rope with lay direction to the right
Correct - Figure. 5
Wrong - Figure 6
32
Bottom winding
from left to right
33
34
The confection of a splice requires careful and skilful work. The perfect settling and
positioning of the strands in the splice segment is important.
It is recommended that a splice length is between 1,000 to 1,500 times the diameter of
the wire rope.
The essential basis of the splicing process is show in the following example:
The example refers to splicing two wire ropes with a diameter 20 mm, with 6 strands,
fibre cores and preformed. A splice length of 20 mm x 1,200, i.e., 24 m was adopted in
this example.
Phase 1: Both wire ropes will be well tied a distance about 12 m from their ends
(2x12 m = 24 m of length required for the splice).
Phase 2: The strands from the two wire ropes will be separated at their ends up to the tie
point. The strands from one of the wire ropes will be named successively A-F and from
the other a-f. The strands B,D,F and the a,c,d, will be shortened and the fibre core
will be cut at the tie height.
c
b
e
c
a
d
B
D
C
A
35
A
E
Phase 3: The ends of the wire ropes will be pushed one against the other for the strand A
to stay beside strand a, strand B beside strand b, and so on.
b
c
a
ae
DB
F
D
F
f
EA
B
b
B
dB
FD
B
f
E
F
e
f
Phase 5: Strands c and D shall twisted outwards from the ends of the respective wire
ropes,
counting from
e and F aclength of 2 meters,
a
b in a length ofd6 meters, and fstrands e
the point of joining the wire rope, and the respective strands will be twisted into the spaces
previously emptied.
b
d
Bd
Df
D
B
F
D
E
F
a C
C
E
A
C
Phase 6: The figure above shows the part corresponding to the splice when ready.
Care is required with the splices. A badly done splice represents a great hazard.
37
38
Inspection in wire ropes is of the utmost importance for an adequate and safe service life.
The first inspection to be done in a wire rope is the Receival Inspection, which must
assure that the material is as requested and has a certificate of quality issued by the
manufacturer.
In addition to the Receival Inspection, two other inspections must be carried out, the
Visual Inspection and the Periodic Inspection.
The Visual Inspection must be performed on a daily basis on the wire ropes used in load
movement equipment and before each use for the loops. The purpose of this inspection is
a visual analysis to detect damages on the wire rope which can cause hazards during the
use. Any suspicion regarding the material safety conditions must be informed and the wire
rope inspected by a qualified person.
The frequency of the Periodic Inspection must be defined by factors such as: type of
equipment, environmental conditions, operating conditions, results of previous inspections
and time of service of the wire ropes. For the wire ropes slings, this inspection must
be done at intervals not in excess of six months, having to be more frequent when it
approaches the end of its service life. It is important that the results of the inspections are
recorded.
Whenever an incident occurs which may have caused damages to the rope or when it has
been out of service for a long time, it must be inspected before the beginning of the job.
On inspecting a wire rope, several factors which can affect its performance must be
considered. The factors to be checked for during the inspection are:
7.1
The broken of wires normally occurs by abrasion or by bending fatigue. It can occur both
in the external and internal wires, if the wire rope has a steel core. The external ruptures
can occur on top of the strands or in the region of contact between the strands (valley)
this one being, together with the ruptures of the core wires, the most critical.
The location of the rupture and the number of wires in a lay length must be recorded. It
must be observed that if the ruptures are distributed evenly or if they are concentrated in
just one or two strands. In this case, the danger exists of the strands breaking.
7.2
External wear
The abrasion of the external wires is caused by friction of the rope, under pressure,
with the channels of the sheavess and the drum and it can be sped up by lubrication
deficiencies.
Even if the wire does not break, it wear will promote the loss of the load capacity of the
wire rope by reducing the metal area, making its use dangerous.
A form of evaluating the wear of a wire rope is by measuring its diameter.
39
7.3
Corrosion
Corrosion decreases the load capacity by reducing the metal area of wire rope, in addition
to accelerating fatigue.
When this deformation is sharp, they can change the original geometry of the wire rope
causing imbalance of stresses between the strands and, consequently, its rupture.
The most common deformation are:
It can be detected visually, when it shows up on the external part of the wire rope.
a) Waviness
Detection of internal corrosion is more difficult; however, a few indications can point out
its existence:
Occurs when the longitudinal axis of the wire rope takes on the shape of a helix. In
situations where this anomaly is sharp, it can transmit a vibration on the wire rope which,
during work, will cause premature wear, as well as broken wires.
7.4
Variation in rope diameter: the decrease of diameter usually takes place in the
folding points of the wire rope. In wire ropes or strands for static use, the increase of
diameter is common due to the increase of oxidation.
Approximation between strands: frequently combined with broken wires in the
valleys
b) Crush
Crush on the wire rope is normally caused by the disorderly winding on the drum. In
situations where the disorderly winding can not be avoided, the use of wire rope with steel
core must be chosen.
In conventional wire ropes, normally with 6 or 8 strands with fibre core, a typical damage
can happen which is a ripple of the wire rope cased by the sinking of 1 or 2 of its strands
and it can be caused by a few motives:
a) Poor attachment, which allows a few strands to slide, the remaining ones being
overtensioned.
b) Fibre core of reduced diameter.
c) Fibre core which deteriorate, giving no support to the strands of rope.
On ropes with several layers of strands, as in the resistant to rotation ropes and ropes
with steel core, the danger of birdcaging and raised core exists, defects which can be
caused by the following motives:
c) Birdcaging
This warping is typical in wire rope with steel core in situations where a sudden release of
tension takes place. This irregularity is critical and prevents the wire rope from continuing
to be used.
7.5
Deformation*
Deformation in the wire ropes occurs mainly due to misuse or irregularities in the
equipment or, further, by inadequate methods of handling and attaching.
40
d) Core protusion
It is a characteristic also caused by the sudden release of tension of the wire rope, causing
an imbalance of tension between the strands, preventing it from continuing to be used.
41
7.6
Replacement criteria
Even if the wire rope works in optimum conditions, a moment comes in which, after
reaching the end of its service life, it needs to be replaced by virtue of its natural
degeneration.
In any installation, the problem consists in determining what is the maximum efficiency
which can be obtained from a wire rope before replacing it, to keep it working in complete
safety, since, in the greater portion of the installations, the breaking of a wire rope puts
human lives at risk.
There isnt a precise rule to determine the exact moment for replacing a wire rope. The
decision of a wire rope remaining in service will depend on the evaluation of a qualified
person, who must compare its conditions, carrying out an inspection based on disposal
criteria contemplated in standards. The following standards are recommended:
NBR ISO 4309, for equipment.
NBR 13541-2 for slings.
42
8
8.1
Product characteristics
Spiral strands
Construction
Characteristics
Table
Page
57
19 wires
(1+6/12)
37 wires
(1+6/12/18)
58
7 wires
1+6
Used in the automobile industry to breaks,
clutches and other mechanical purposes.
58
19 wires
1+6/12
57
Used in the automobile industry and similar
purposes.
37 wires
(1+6/12/18 )
43
8.2
8x7+AA
1+6
Characteristics
8.3
Table
Page
58
6x7+AF
1+6
6x7+AA
or 7x7
1+6
6x7+AA
or 7x7
1+6
Characteristics
6x7+AACI
1+6
44
45
Table
Page
59
8.4
8.5
Characteristics
Table
Page
Characteristics
Table
Page
6x36+AF
Warrington-Seale
1+7+(7+7)+14
6x19+AF
Seale
1+9+9
Wire ropes of 6 strands with 15 to 26 wires in
each strand.
They have good resistance to bending and
good resistance to abrasion.
This class is one of the most used, offering
the most adequate constructions for the
greater portion of the applications in the most
common diameters.
Special care must be taken with
6x19 M construction wire ropes. They are
reccomended for static application only.
6x19+AACI
Seale
1+9+9
60
and
61
6 x 41+AF
Warrington-Seale
1+8+(8+8)+16
6 x 41 + AACI
Warrington-Seale
1+8+(8+8)16
6x25+AACI
Filler
1+6+6+12
46
47
62
to
63
8.6
8.7
Characteristics
Table
Page
64
8x19+AF
Seale
1+9+9
48
Characteristics
49
Table
Page
65
8.8
Construction
Characteristics
8.9
Table
Page
The ropes of this class twist a little in the beginning of applying the
load, until it stays in balance.
The rotation resistant wire ropes must be used with great care and
with design factors higher than the other classes.
Special care recommended in the use of Rotation Resistant
ropes:
19 x 7
1+6
35xK7
1+6
50
Table
Page
Characteristics
51
70
8.10
Construction
Characteristics
8.11
Table
Page
Characteristics
Table
Page
6x7+AFA
1+6
71
6x19+AFA
Seale
1+9+9
52
53
59
and
67
8.12
Construction
Characteristics
8.13
Table
Page
Construction
Characteristics
Table
Page
68
8.14
Construction
Characteristics
Table
Page
EP8xK36+AACI
Warrington-Seale
1+7+(7+7)+14
54
69
55
72
56
Tables
9.1
19 wires
1+6/12
Diameter
mm
12,7
14,3
15,9
19,0
20,2
22,2
25,4
28,6
in.
1/2"
9/16"
5/8"
3/4"
13/16"
7/8"
1"
1.1/8"
37 wires
1+6/12/18
Construction
Approx. Mass
(kg/m)
1x19
1x19
1x19
1x37
1x37
1x37
1x37
1x37
0,77
0,98
1,22
1,76
1,98
2,40
3,12
3,96
Minimum Breaking
Force (tf)
EHS
13,00
17,00
21,00
29,00
32,80
40,00
50,00
66,00
9.2
Diameter
mm
Spiral Strand
Construction
1,5
1,2
1,5
2,0
2,5
2,8
3,0
3,2
3,5
9.3
19 wires
1+6/12
6x7
1+6
Minimum Breaking
Force (tf)
Approx. Mass
(kg/m)
1x7
1x19
1x19
1x19
1x19
1x19
1x19
1x19
1x19
9.4
IPS
0,22
0,14
0,22
0,39
0,62
0,78
0,89
1,01
1,20
0,011
0,007
0,011
0,020
0,520
0,580
0,046
0,052
0,062
Diameter
mm
1,6
2,4
3,2
4,0
4,8
6,4
8,0
9,5
in.
1/16
3/32
1/8
5/32
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
14,5
9/16
Approx. Mass
(kg/m)
Minimum Breaking
Force (tf)
0,008
0,018
0,031
0,046
0,065
0,145
0,235
0,376
IPS
0,16
0,35
0,61
0,96
1,38
2,50
3,80
5,50
0,725
12,30
8x7+AA
1+6
6x7
1+6
215
kgf/mm
235
kgf/mm
250
kgf/mm
1,5
6x7
0,011
0,28
1,5
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,4
8x7
6x7
6x7
6x7
6x7
0,011
0,011
0,011
0,020
0,021
0,36
0,28
0,32
0,37
-
0,27
-
The value for mass indicated on the table refers to the internal standard of BBA;
it can vary as a function of the wire rope lay length tolerance.
58
Diameter
mm
in.
2,4
3,2
4,0
4,8
3/32"
1/8"
5/32"
3/16"
Approx. Mass
(kg/m)
0,024
0,034
0,065
0,085
Minimum Breaking
Force (tf)
IPS
0,37
0,66
1,04
1,49
The value for mass indicated on the table refers to the internal standard of BBA;
it can vary as a function of the wire rope lay length tolerance.
59
9.6
6x19 Seale
1+9+9
Diameter
mm
in.
3,2
4,8
6,4
8,0
9,5
11,5
13,0
14,5
16,0
19,0
22,0
26,0
29,0
32,0
35,0
38,0
45,0
52,0
1/8"
3/16"
1/4"
5/16"
3/8"
7/16"
1/2"
9/16"
5/8"
3/4"
7/8"
1"
1.1/8"
1.1/4"
1.3/8"
1.1/2"
1.3/4"
2"
9.7
6x25 Filler
1+6+6+12
Approx. Mass
(kg/m)
0,036
0,082
0,142
0,230
0,343
0,479
0,608
0,775
0,933
1,298
1,805
2,442
3,055
3,733
4,529
5,328
8,368
9,740
6x19 Seale
1+9+9
Minimum Breaking
Force (tf)
IPS
EIPS
0,61
1,37
2,50
3,90
29,50
38,50
60,10
86,50
-
2,73
4,30
6,10
8,30
10,80
13,60
16,80
24,00
32,60
42,60
53,90
66,50
80,50
95,80
130,40
170,30
The value for mass indicated on the table refers to the internal standard of BBA;
it can vary as a function of the wire rope lay length tolerance.
60
Diameter
mm
3,2
4,0
4,8
6,4
8,0
9,5
11,5
13,0
14,5
16,0
19,0
22,0
26,0
29,0
32,0
38,0
42,0
45,0
52,0
in.
1/8"
5/32
3/16"
1/4
5/16"
3/8"
7/16"
1/2"
9/16"
5/8"
3/4"
7/8"
1"
1.1/8"
1.1/4"
1.1/2"
1.5/8"
1.3/4"
2"
6x25 Filler
1+6+6+12
Approx. Mass
(kg/m)
0,040
0,063
0,096
0,142
0,268
0,352
0,519
0,685
0,868
1,058
1,496
2,036
2,746
3,447
4,192
6,009
7,120
8,368
10,921
Minimum Breaking
Force (tf)
IPS
0,65
1,02
1,46
2,68
-
EIPS
0,73
1,13
1,64
3,10
4,80
6,86
9,30
12,10
15,20
18,70
26,80
36,10
47,00
59,00
72,60
103,30
122,00
141,00
183,70
The value for mass indicated on the table refers to the internal standard of BBA;
it can vary as a function of the wire rope lay length tolerance.
61
9.8
6x36 Warrington-Seale
1+7+(7+7)+14
Diameter
mm
6,4
8,0
9,5
11,5
13,0
14,5
16,0
19,0
22,0
26,0
29,0
32,0
35,0
38,0
45,0
52,0
in.
1/4"
5/16"
3/8"
7/16"
1/2"
9/16
5/8"
3/4"
7/8"
1"
1.1/8"
1.1/4"
1.3/8"
1.1/2"
1.3/4"
2"
6x41 Warrington-Seale
1+8+(8+8)+16
Approx. Mass
(kg/m)
0,150
0,228
0,353
0,479
0,580
0,786
0,919
1,359
1,842
2,376
3,064
3,770
4,687
5,530
7,628
9,978
9.9
6x47 Warrington-Seale
1+6/8+(8+8)+16
Minimum Breaking Force (tf)
IPS
2,50
3,90
5,55
7,88
10,10
12,50
15,20
22,00
29,50
38,50
50,10
60,10
73,00
86,50
117,70
153,80
EIPS
2,72
4,26
6,10
8,27
10,80
13,60
16,80
24,00
32,60
42,60
53,90
66,50
80,50
95,80
130,40
170,30
The value for mass indicated on the table refers to the internal standard of BBA;
it can vary as a function of the wire rope lay length tolerance.
62
6x36 Warrington-Seale
1+7+(7+7)+14
Diameter
mm
6,4
8,0
9,5
11,5
13,0
14,5
16,0
19,0
22,0
26,0
29,0
32,0
35,0
38,0
42,0
45,0
52,0
57,2
63,5
69,9
76,2
85,7
95,3
102,0
108,0
in.
1/4"
5/16"
3/8"
7/16"
1/2"
9/16"
5/8"
3/4"
7/8"
1"
1.1/8"
1.1/4"
1.3/8"
1.1/2"
1.5/8"
1.3/4"
2"
2.1/4"
2.1/2"
2.3/4"
3"
3.3/8"
3.3/4"
4"
4.1/4"
6x41 Warrington-Seale
1+8+(8+8)+16
Approx. Mass
(kg/m)
0,173
0,266
0,399
0,538
0,695
0,879
1,044
1,520
2,073
2,610
3,456
4,230
5,086
5,918
7,368
8,387
11,159
13,821
16,980
19,166
24,549
29,744
37,606
44,000
46,919
6x47 Warrington-Seale
1+6/8+(8+8)+16
EIPS
3,10
4,79
6,86
9,30
12,10
15,20
18,70
26,80
36,10
47,00
59,00
72,60
87,20
103,30
122,00
141,00
183,70
232,50
274,00
333,10
389,00
487,00
585,00
595,00
667,00
EEIPS
301,00
360,00
437,20
529,00
640,00
647,00
725,10
The value for mass indicated on the table refers to the internal standard of BBA;
it can vary as a function of the wire rope lay length tolerance.
63
9.10
9.11
8x19
Seale
1+9+9
Diameter
6x71
Warrington-Seale
1+6+8+(8+8)+16+24
Diameter
mm
114,0
121,0
127,0
in.
4.1/2
4.3/4
5
Approx. Mass
(kg/m)
EIPS
806,0
891,0
978,0
55,700
62,000
68,700
mm
8,0
9,5
11,0
13,0
16,0
Approx. Mass
(kg/m)
in.
5/16
3/8
1/2
5/8
Minimum Breaking
Force (tf)
TS
2,86
4,10
5,42
7,60
11,55
0,223
0,315
0,445
0,560
0,880
9.12
8x19
Seale
1+9+9
Diameter
The value for mass indicated on the table refers to the internal standard of BBA;
it can vary as a function of the wire rope lay length tolerance.
64
mm
in.
Approx. Mass
(kg/m)
6,4*
6,4
8,0
1/4
1/4
5/16
0,140
0,145
0,223
6x19
Seale
1+9+9
* 6x19S+AF
The value for mass indicated on the table refers to the internal standard of BBA;
it can vary as a function of the wire rope lay length tolerance.
65
9.13
9.14
6x19
Seale
1+9+9
19x7
1+6
Diameter
mm
6,4
8,0
9,5
11,5
13,0
14,5
16,0
19,0
22,0
26,0
29,0
32,0
in.
1/4"
5/16"
3/8"
7/16"
1/2"
9/16
5/8"
3/4"
7/8"
1"
1.1/8"
1.1/4"
Approx. Mass
(kg/m)
0,170
0,260
0,358
0,523
0,699
0,821
1,054
1,492
2,050
2,639
3,295
4,121
EIPS
42,30
53,60
66,10
The value for mass indicated on the table refers to the internal standard of BBA;
it can vary as a function of the wire rope lay length tolerance.
66
Diameter
mm
9,5
13,0
14,5
16,0
19,0
in.
3/8"
1/2"
9/16"
5/8"
3/4"
Approx. Mass
(kg/m)
0,340
0,590
0,770
0,940
1,298
The value for mass indicated on the table refers to the internal standard of BBA;
it can vary as a function of the wire rope lay length tolerance..
67
9.15
ProPac
9.16
PowerPac
Diameter
Diameter
mm
12
15
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
29
30
32
34
35
36
38
40
42
in.
1/2"
9/16"
5/8"
3/4"
1"
1.1/8"
1.1/4"
-
Approx. Mass
(kg/m)
0,690
0,800
0,930
1,070
1,220
1,540
1,730
1,740
1,930
2,340
2,780
3,020
3,240
3,680
3,940
4,029
4,220
4,800
4,906
5,420
5,869
6,209
6,918
7,665
8,451
kN
12,00
14,10
16,30
18,80
21,30
27,00
30,00
30,60
33,90
41,00
48,70
52,90
55,50
65,40
70,10
71,50
75,10
85,40
86,40
96,40
102,10
108,10
120,30
133,40
147,10
118
138
160
184
209
265
294
300
332
402
478
519
544
641
687
701
736
837
847
945
1.001
1.060
1.180
1.308
1.442
The value for mass indicated on the table refers to the internal standard of BBA;
it can vary as a function of the wire rope lay length tolerance.
68
mm
in.
Approx.
Mass
(kg/m)
12
13
14
16
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
29
30
32
35
36
38
40
42
46
48
50
52
54
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
75
1.3/4"
-
0,673
0,810
0,939
1,226
1,513
1,730
1,865
2,319
2,728
3,239
3,698
4,029
4,240
4,906
5,869
6,082
6,918
7,475
8,451
9,487
10,138
11,038
11,977
12,955
13,970
16,117
17,247
18,416
19,624
20,869
22,153
23,476
24,836
26,949
1960 N/mm2
tf
kN
tf
kN
2160 N/mm2
tf
kN
11,70
14,00
16,10
21,10
26,50
29,80
32,70
40,00
47,40
55,00
64,20
69,00
74,10
84,40
100,30
106,10
118,60
131,10
145,00
158,70
174,90
189,70
202,90
218,10
238,60
272,20
292,70
310,00
324,30
346,70
367,10
387,50
411,00
441,10
115
137
158
207
260
292
321
392
465
539
630
677
727
828
984
1.040
1.163
1.286
1.422
1.556
1.715
1.860
1.990
2.139
2.340
2.669
2.870
3.040
3.180
3.400
3.600
3.800
4.030
4.325
12,50
15,40
17,80
23,50
29,50
33,00
36,40
44,30
52,00
62,00
71,20
75,80
80,90
92,90
111,20
117,60
132,40
145,20
158,00
174,90
190,30
209,10
226,80
245,40
264,60
305,40
326,60
348,80
371,70
395,30
419,50
444,60
466,60
505,20
123
151
175
230
289
324
357
434
510
608
698
743
793
911
1.090
1.153
1.298
1.424
1.549
1.715
1.866
2.050
2.224
2.406
2.595
2.995
3.203
3.420
3.645
3.876
4.114
4.360
4.575
4.954
13,80
16,90
19,90
25,30
32,00
35,90
39,60
48,30
56,10
67,80
77,80
82,80
87,90
102,20
114,60
128,20
142,80
156,70
175,00
195,20
211,10
229,50
250,50
269,90
289,90
334,20
357,10
384,30
406,20
433,20
459,80
488,90
517,20
551,70
135
166
195
248
314
352
388
474
550
665
763
812
862
1.002
1.124
1.257
1.400
1.537
1.716
1.914
2.070
2.250
2.456
2.647
2.843
3.277
3.502
3.768
3.983
4.248
4.509
4.794
5.072
5.410
The value for mass indicated on the table refers to the internal standard of BBA;
it can vary as a function of the wire rope lay length tolerance.
69
9.17
ErgoFlex
Nominal Diameter
9.18
Nominal Diameter
mm
in.
Approx.
Mass
(kg/m)
10
0,438
tf
9,40
kN
91,70
tf
10,10
kN
98,60
12
13
14
15
16
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
29
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
45
7/8"
1"
1.1/8"
-
0,638
0,750
0,862
1,013
1,141
1,418
1,633
1,777
2,148
2,150
2,529
2,910
3,021
3,466
3,670
3,731
4,025
4,578
5,168
5,829
6,476
7,138
7,940
8,960
13,60
15,90
18,50
21,20
24,30
30,40
34,10
37,70
46,10
46,20
54,00
60,50
63,90
73,90
76,50
79,20
84,60
96,30
108,20
121,50
135,30
150,00
165,30
189,80
133
156
181
208
238
298
334
370
452
453
530
593
627
725
750
777
830
944
1.061
1.191
1.327
1.471
1.621
1.861
14,70
17,10
19,70
22,90
26,00
32,20
37,00
40,30
48,60
48,70
57,10
65,70
68,30
78,20
82,30
83,90
90,90
103,30
116,40
130,50
145,30
160,90
178,00
201,90
144
168
193
225
255
316
363
395
477
478
560
644
670
767
807
823
891
1.013
1.141
1.280
1.425
1.578
1.745
1.980
1960N/mm2
2160N/mm2
The value for mass indicated on the table refers to the internal standard of BBA;
it can vary as a function of the wire rope lay length tolerance.
70
ErgoFlex Plus
mm
in.
Approx.
Mass
(kg/m)
22
2,490
tf
45,50
kN
446
tf
46,00
kN
451
24
26
28
29
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
45
1"
-
2,963
3,332
3,478
3,920
4,184
4,482
5,134
5,751
6,380
7,428
7,899
8,739
10,417
54,60
61,10
63,90
73,90
79,20
84,60
96,30
108,20
121,50
135,30
150,00
165,30
189,80
535
599
627
725
777
830
944
1.061
1.191
1.327
1.471
1.621
1.861
55,60
62,20
65,10
75,20
80,90
86,70
98,70
111,40
123,30
137,20
152,40
168,40
193,60
545
610
638
737
793
850
968
1.092
1.209
1.345
1.494
1.651
1.898
1960N/mm2
2160N/mm2
The value for mass indicated on the table refers to the internal standard of BBA;
it can vary as a function of the wire rope lay length tolerance.
71
9.19
MinePac
Diameter
mm
in.
Approx. Mass
(kg/m)
38
6,17
tf
108,10
kN
1.060
1770N/mm2
1.3/4"
9,23
148,48
1.456
48
10,68
171,53
1.682
58
15,53
249,75
2.449
60
16,41
265,04
2.599
2.1/2"
18,70
302,06
2.962
71
22,99
346,01
3.393
74
24,97
375,89
3.686
The value for mass indicated on the table refers to the internal standard of BBA;
it can vary as a function of the wire rope lay length tolerance.
72
73
10
10.1
10.2
Bulldozer
Bulldozer
B
A
B
A
C
C
A) Bucket hoisting rope
MinePac, lang lay, bright, 1770 N/mm2.
B) Boom hoisting rope
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
A) Bucket hoisting rope
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), lang lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
B) Boom hoisting rope
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
D) Mobile arm command rope
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
74
75
10.3
Bulldozer
10.4
Crane on tracks
B
C
B
A) Hoisting rope
6x25 Filler, fibre core (FC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
B) Boom hoisting rope
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
C) Boom holding cable
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
C) Drag rope
PowerPac, regular lay, bright, 1960 N/mm
76
77
10.5
10.6
Stationary crane
Overhead crane
D
A
A
1
A) Hoisting rope
6x41 Warrington-Seale, fibre core (FC), regular lay, bright, preformed, IPS.
PowerPac, regular lay, bright, 1960 N/mm2.
ProPac, regular lay, bright, .1960 N/mm2.
B) Rope for raising hot loads
6x41Warrington-Seale, fibre core (FC), regular lay, bright, preformed, IPS,
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
C) Crane rotation rope
6x41 Warrington-Seale, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, IPS.
D) Tie rods
6x7, steel core (WSC), regular lay, bright/galvanized, preformed, IPS or EIPS.
78
10.7
Suction dredge
10.8
D
A
A) Stake rope
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), Lang lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
6x41 Warrington-Seale, steel core (IWRC), Lang lay, bright, preformed, IPS.
6x41 Warrington-Seale, steel core (IWRC), Lang lay, bright, preformed, IPS
A) Winch rope
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
B) Slings
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS
B) Direction rope
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
C) Hoisting rope
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
D) Tie rod ropes
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
80
81
10.9
Pile driver
B
A
A) Traction rope
6x7, fibre core (FC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
6x19 Seale, fibre core (FC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
6x25 Filler, fibre core (FC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
ProPac, regular lay, bright, 1960 N/ mm2.
A) Hammer rope
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
B) Guide tube rope
6x25 Filler, fibre core (FC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
C) Block rope
6x25 Filler, fibre core (FC) regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
6x41 Warrington-Seale, fibre core (FC), regular lay, bright, preformed, IPS.
82
83
10.13 Cableway
A
A
A) Hoisting rope
6x19 Seale, fibre core (FC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
6x25 Filler, fibre core (FC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
ProPac, regular lay, bright, 1960 N/mm2
A) Track rope
Full-locked coil
B) Tractor rope
6x25 Filler, fibre core natural, regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
6X19 Seale, synthetic fibre core (SFC), Lang lay, bright, preformed, IPS.
A) Hoisting rope
6x25 Filler, fibre core (FC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
Note:
The following ropes are recommended in installations in which the cabin are not guided:
Ergoflex or ErgoflexPlus
84
Note:
By virtue of rope wear on the bucket engagement bridges, it is recommended to
always choose the tractor rope with external wires as thick as possible, according to
the diameters of the sheaves on the installation.
For diameters below 1 inch, the construction 6x25F+FC, regular lay and EIPS wire
resistance can be used.
85
A) Traction ropes
8X19 Seale, fibre core (FC), regular lay,
bright, preformed, controlled lubrication
and special wires resistance for
elevators.
B) Compensation rope
8X19 Seale, fibre core (FC), regular lay,
bright, preformed, special wires
resistance for elevators.
A
A
A) Hoisting rope
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
B) Cone ropes
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
Note:
These ropes are usually pre-stretched before placed into use,
Lay right and left can be used simultaneously in installations which have two or
more independent ropes.
86
87
B
B
A
A) Drilling rope
6x19 Seale, fibre core (FC), regular left lay, bright, preformed, dual tensile wire
resistance.
B) Auxiliary rope
A) Winch rope
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS,
6x25 Filler, fibre core (FC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
6x41 Warrington-Seale, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, IPS.
Note:
If the which drum has grooves, the wire rope can be used with fibre core (FC).
88
89
A) Anchoring rope
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, preformed, galvanized, EIPS.
A
A) Drilling ropes
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, preformed, galvanized, EIPS.
6x19 Seale, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS,
Note:
Fibre core (FC) is recommended only in shallow wells.
B) Auxiliary ropes
6x7, fibre core (FC), regular lay, bright, preformed, IPS or EIPS.
90
91
A
A
B) Cargo rope
6x19 Seale, fibre core (FC), regular lay, preformed, galvanized, PS.
6x41 Warrington-Seale, fibre core (FC), regular lay, galvanized, preformed, IPS.
6x25 Filler, fibre core (FC), regular lay, bright, preformed, IPS.
A) Real rope
6x7, fibre core (FC), regular lay, galvanized, preformed, IPS.
C) Vangs
6x7, fibre core (FC), regular lay, galvanized, preformed, PS,
6x19 Seale, synthetic fibre core (SFC), regular lay, galvanized, preformed, IPS.
D) and E) Backstays
6x7, fibre core (FC), regular lay, galvanized, preformed, IPS.
6x19 Seale, fibre core (FC), regular lay, galvanized, preformed, IPS.
6x41 Warrington-Seale, fibre core (FC), regular lay, galvanized, preformed, IPS.
92
93
A
A
B
A) Main rope
1x19, galvanized, pre-stretched, EIPS.
6x7, steel core (WSC), preformed, galvanized, regular lay, pre-stretched, EIPS.
6x19 Seale, steel core (IWRC), preformed, galvanized, pre-stretched regular lay,
EIPS.
6x19 Seale, steel core (IWRC), preformed, galvanized, pre-stretched regular lay,
IPS/EIPS.
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), preformed, bright, pre-stretched regular lay, EIPS.
B) Suspension ropes
1x19, galvanized, pre-stretched, EIPS.
1x37, galvanized, pre-stretched, EIPS.
6x7, steel core (WSC), pre-stretched, regular lay, EIPS.
6x19 Seale, steel core (IWRC), preformed, galvanized, pre-stretched
regular lay, EIPS.
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), preformed, bright, pre-stretched regular lay, EIPS.
94
95
10.24 Electricity
A
A
A) Hoisting rope
PowerPac, regular lay, galvanized, 1960 N/mm2
A) Ground rope
Strand 7 wires, galvanized, HS or EHS.
B) Messenger rope and tie rods
Strand 19 wires, galvanized, HS or EHS.
Strand 37 wires, galvanized, HS or EHS.
C) Aluminum ropes
Strand 7 wires, galvanized, HS or EHS.
Strand 19 wires, galvanized, HS or EHS.
96
97
10.26 Tirfor
10.28 Derrick
A) Hoisting rope
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
A) Tie Rod
1x19 wires, galvanized, IPS.
A) Spiral Strand
Spiral Strand 19 wires, galvanized, HS.
98
99
10.30 Tensostructure
A) Hoisting rope
6x25 Filler, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright, preformed, EIPS.
6x19 Seale, steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright or galvanized, preformed, EIPS.
100
101
A) Hoisting rope
6x25 Filler, fibre core (FC) or steel core (IWRC), preformed, bright, pre-stretched
regular lay, EIPS.
6x41 Warrington-Seale, fibre core (FC) or steel core (IWRC), regular lay, bright,
preformed, IPS.
B) Slings
6x25 Filler, fibre core (FC), preformed, bright, pre-stretched regular lay, EIPS.
103
9A - 0014
104
105