Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1) Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Similarities:
Both have cell surface membrane
Both have cytoplasm
Both possess DNA as genetic material
Both have ribosomes
Differences:
Features
Presence of nucleus
Nature of DNA
Presence of
membrane bound
organelles
Size or ribosomes
Cell and nuclear
division
Prokaryotes
No true nucleus, DNA
lie freely in
cytoplasm in a region
called nucleoid
Circular DNA with
with non-histone
scaffolding proteins
Absent
Eukaryotes
True nucleus,
surrounded by
nuclear envelope (2
layers of
phospholipid bi-layer)
Linear DNA
associated with
histone proteins
Present
70S
Binary fission
80S
Mitosis or meiosis
Differences:
Features
Presence of cell wall
Presence of vacuole
Presence of
Choloroplasts
Presence of
Centrioles
Energy Storage
Plant Cells
Present
Large central vacuole
Present
Animal Cells
Absent
Small numerous
temporary vacuoles
Absent
Absent
Present
Starch grains in
Glycogen granules in
Presence of
lysosomes
chloroplasts
Absent
mitochondria
Present
3) Mitochondria vs Chloroplasts
Similarities:
Both are bound by double membrane
Both synthesize ATP
Both are cylindrical in shape
Both contain ribosomes
Both contains circular DNA
Inner membrane both contain embedded stalked particles
containing ATP Synthase
Differences:
Feature
Inner membrane
Synthesised ATP
usage
Energy storage
particles
Organelle function
Found in?
Mitochondria
Inner membrane
folded extensively
folded into cristae
Used for cellular
metabolic functions
Glycogen granules
Chloroplasts
Inner membrance
folded into thylakoids
Site for
photosynthetic
reactions
Found only in plant
cells
To drive Calvins
cycle
Starch grains
Synthesis of viral
compounds
Phage DNA,
directs
synthesis of
phage
proteins via
transcription
and
translation
as well as
the
replication
of the phage
DNA. First
genes
expressed
code for
enzymes
that
degrade
host cells
DNA
Viral assembly
Viral DNA
genome is
packaged
into capsid
head. Tail
fibres and
capsid head
endosomal
membrane,
exposing the
capsid protein
for
degradation
by cellular
enzymes,
releasing the
viral RNA,
proteins and
enzymes into
the cytoplasm
Lamda
Negative
phade,
sense RNA is
expresses
used to
genes that
synthesize
code for
positive sense
integrase
RNA via action
that cuts
of viral RNA
host
dependent
chromosomal RNA
DNA and
polymerase
inserts phage which
DNA,
functions as
creating
mRNA. mRNA
prophage.
will be
translated into
viral
glycoproteins,
capsid
proteins as
well as other
viral proteins.
It will also be
used as
template for
replication of
new negative
sense RNA
that serve as
viral genome
Phage DNA is Capsid protein
excised when enclose viral
transtioning
RNA genome
to lytic cycle and viral
due to
proteins.
environment Capsid then
al signals.
assembles
Reverse
transcriptase
synthesizes
single stranded
DNA strand from
the viral single
stranded RNA
genome. The
viral RNA
genome is
degraded and
reverse
transcriptase
catalyses the
synthesis of
another DNA
complementary
to the first
strand. Newly
synthesized DNA
is then
integrated into
the host
chromosomal
DNA as provirus
Capsid protein
enclose viral
RNA genome
and viral
proteins. Capsid
then assembles
with
are
assembled.
Transcribe
and translate
phage
proteins,
replicate
phage DNA.
Package
phage DNA
into capsid
head. Tail
fibres and
capsid head
assembled
into phage.
Viral DNA
Viral DNA
code for
code for lytic
lytic
enzyme,
enzyme,
damage
damage
bacterial cell
bacterial cell wall, fluid
wall, fluid
enter, swell
enter, swell
and lyse,
and lyse,
release 100release 100- 200 new
200 new
phages
phages
Release
with
glycoproteins
during
budding
glycoproteins
during budding
Virus buds
from cell,
surrounded by
host cell
surface
membrane,
studded with
haemagglutini
n
Differences:
Feature
Number of daughter cells
Identicality of daughter cells
Mitosis
2
Genetically identical
Crossing over
Meiosis
4
Genetically dissimilar due to
crossing over and independent
assortment
Crossing over occurs in prophase
1 of meiosis where chiasmata
formation between non identical
sister chromatids occurs in a
Reduction division
For growth of
organism, repair of
tissues by replacing
worn out or old cells
with genetically
identical ones and for
asexual reproduction
Respiration
Animal cells and Plant cells
Photosynthesis
Plant cells ONLY
Catabolic process
Anabolic process
Oxygen is liberated
Carbohydrates are synthesised
Type of
phosphorylation
Location of reactions
Oxidative phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation
Glycolysis-cytoplasm
Link reaction- mitochondrial matrix
Krebs cycle- mitchondrial matrix
Oxidative phosphorylation- inner
mitochondrial membrane
Enzymes involved
Alcoholic fermentation
2; Decarboxylation of
pyruvate to produce CO2
and ethanal
Reduction of ethanal by
reduced NAD to ethanol
catalysed by alchol
dehydrogenase to
regenrate oxidised NAD
Decarboxylase and alcohol
dehydrogenase
Lactate fermentation
1; Direct conversion of
pyruvate to lactic acid
catalysed by lactate
dehydrogenase
Lactate dehydrogenase