9/10/2015

Oliveboard|NumberSystem

NumberSystem
NumberSystem
i. OperationsOnNumbers
ii. Imp.RulesOfNumbers
iii. ClassificationOfNumbers
iv. RealNumbers(R)
v. ComplexNumbers
vi. NaturalNumbers
vii. ConsecutiveNumbers
viii. PrimeNumber
ix. CompositeNumber
x. CoPrimeNumbers
xi. PowerCycles
SolvedExamples
UnderstandingNumbers
Numberisameaningfulvaluearrivedatwhenameasurementofanyquantityiscarriedout.This
valuemaybepositiveornegativedependingonthedirectionofthemeasurement.
Numberline
Anumberlineisanimaginarylinewith0asitscenter.Numbersontherightofzeroaresaidtobe
positiveandnumbersontheleftofzeroarenegative.Numberlinehelpsdefinethedirectionof
measurement.

PositiveandNegativeNumbers
Ifoneconsidersthefillingofawatertankuptoalevelasatypicalexampletheconceptofdirection
ofmeasurementcanbebetterunderstood.Ifthetankisfilledupto2m,themeasurementoffilling
willbe2m.Further,ifwaterisusedupandthetankisemptied,themeasurementoffillingwillbe
2m.Ifoneismeasuringtheemptyingofatank,ifthetankisfilledupto2m,themeasurementof
emptyingwillbe2m.Furtherifwaterisusedupandthetankisemptied,themeasurementof
emptyingwillbe2m.
Therefore,onemustrealizethatpositivemeasurementandnegativemeasurementareinoppositionof
directionwithrespecttooneanother.
OperationsonNumbers
Addition
Thisisdenotedbythesymbol+andistheprocessoffindingthenumberwhichisequaltotwoor
morequantitiestakentogether.
Subtraction
Thisisdenotedbythesymbolandistheprocessoffindingwhatquantityisleftwhenasmaller
numberistakenfromagreateronce.
http://bec.oliveboard.in/myaccount/ila/plessons.php?lid=22&e=610a5d5b7bf9c1626e0513cc23fb1e18

1/9

9/10/2015

Oliveboard|NumberSystem

Multiplication
Thisisdenotedbythesymbolxandistheprocessoffindingthesumofagivennumberof
repetitionsofthesamenumber.
Division
Thisisdenotedbythesymbolandistheprocessoffindinghowoftenanumberiscontainedin
anothernumber.
Imp.RulesofNumbers
OperationsonPositiveAndNegativeNumbers
Operations

Addition

Rules

Examples

PositiveNumber+Positivenumber=
PositiveNumber

2+3

NegativeNumber+negativeNumber=
NegativeNumber

(2)+(3)=5

PositiveNumber+NegativeNumber=
PositiveNumberifPositiveNumberis
Larger

(3)+(2)=1

Positivenumber+NegativeNumber=
NegativeNumberifabsolutevalueofthe
NegativeNumberislarger

(2)+(3)=1

PositiveNumberpositiveNumber=
positiveNumberiffirstnumberislarger
thanthesecond

32=1

PositiveNumberPositiveNumber=
NegativeNumberiffirstnumberissmaller 23=1
thanthesecond

Subtraction

NegativeNumberNegativeNumber=
negativeNumberiftheabsolutevalueof
thefirstislargerthanthesecond

(3)(2)=1

NegativeNumberNegativeNumber=
PositiveNumberiftheabsolutevalueofthe (2)(3)=1
firstissmallerthanthesecond

http://bec.oliveboard.in/myaccount/ila/plessons.php?lid=22&e=610a5d5b7bf9c1626e0513cc23fb1e18

2/9

9/10/2015

Oliveboard|NumberSystem

PositiveNumberNegativenumber=
AlwaysPositiveNumber

Multiplication

2(3)=5

NegativeNumberPositiveNumber=
AlwaysNegativeNumber

(2)(3)=5

PositiveNumberxPositive=Positive
Number

2x3=6

NegativeNumberxNegativeNumber=
PositiveNumber

(2)x(3)=6

PositiveNumberxNegativeNumber=
NegativeNumber

2x(3)=6

NegativexPositive=NegativeNumber

2x3=6

PositiveNumberPositiveNumber=
PositiveNumber

62=3

NegativenumberNegativeNumber=
PositiveNumber

(6)(2)=3

PositiveNumberNegativenumber=
NegativeNumber

(6)(2)=3

NegativeNumberPositiveNumber=
NegativeNumber

(6)(2)=3

Division

ClassificationofNumbers

http://bec.oliveboard.in/myaccount/ila/plessons.php?lid=22&e=610a5d5b7bf9c1626e0513cc23fb1e18

3/9

9/10/2015

Oliveboard|NumberSystem

RealNumbers(R)
Thosenumberswhichareseentomeasuretangiblevariablesinthestrictlyphysicalsenseareknown
asRealnumbers.(Anynumberthatcanberepresentedonthenumberlineisarealnumber).Thesecan
befurtherclassifiedasrationalnumbersandirrationalnumbers.
(A)RationalNumbers:Numberswhichcanbeexpressedintheformofp/qwherepandqareboth
integersandq0arecalledRationalNumbers.Thesenumberswhenexpressedindecimalformare
eitherterminatingorrecurring.Theseareoffourtypes.
1.Fractions:Anumberwhichcanberepresentedastheratiooftwovaluesx/y,wherey0,iscalleda
fraction.Forex2/3,5/8,3/7
2.Integers:Allnumbersthatarenotfractionsareintegers.Thatisfromto+.Forex.5,0,2
3.Wholenumbers:Allnumbersthanarenotfractionsornegativenumbersarewholenumbers.That
isfrom0to+Forex.0,2,7
4.Naturalnumbers:Allnumbersthatarenotfractions,negativenumbers,orzeroarenaturalnumbers.
Thatisfrom1to+.Forex1,4,7
(B)IrrationalNumbers:Anirrationalnumberisthatnumberwhichgivesanapproximatenumberin
theformofafractionoradecimal.Thatis,thenumberswhosedecimalformsarenonterminating
andnonrecurringe.g2,

,., .

Thenumbersandearetheirrationalnumberswhicharenotoftheform
astheTransidentalIrrationalnumbers.

.Thesearealsoknown

Note:nonumbercanbebothrationalandirrational.
ComplexNumbers
Thesystemofrealnumbersisinadequateasitcontainsnonumberwhosesquareisanegative
number.Socomplexnumbersorimaginarynumberswereemployedtofindsolutionstoquadratic
equations.Thegeneralizedcomplexnumbernisoftheformn=abi,whereaandbareanyreal
numberandi=1(i2=1),isknownastheimaginaryunit,aistherealpartofnandbisits
imaginarynumberwhereasifb=0,thenthenumberispurelyarealnumber.
NaturalNumbers
OddandEvenNumbers
Allnumbersdivisibleby2areevennumbers,whicharenotdivisibleby2,areoddnumbers.
RULESTOREMEMBEROperationsOnOddAndEvenNumbers
Operation

Rules

Examples

Addition

Oddnumber+OddNumber=EvenNumber

3+5=8

EvenNumber+EvenNumber=EvenNumber

2+4=6

http://bec.oliveboard.in/myaccount/ila/plessons.php?lid=22&e=610a5d5b7bf9c1626e0513cc23fb1e18

4/9

9/10/2015

Oliveboard|NumberSystem

Subtraction

Multiplication

OddNumber+EvenNumber=Oddnumber

3+4=7

Oddnumberoddnumber=Evennumber

53=2

EvennumberEvennumber=Evennumber

64=2

OddnumberEvennumber=oddnumber

72=5

OddnumberxOddnumber=oddnumber

5x7=35

EvenNumberxEvennumber=EvenNumber

8x6=48

OddNumberxevennumber=EvenNumber

9x2=18

Oddnumber(divisible)OddNumber=Oddnumber

213=7

EvenNumberEvenNumber=OddnumberorevenNumber 102=5
Division
EvenNumberoddNumber=EvenNumber

205=4

OddNumberEvenNumber=notDivisible

ConsecutiveNumbers
ConsecutiveNumbers
Consecutivenumbersarenumbersdifferingby1inaseriesofnumbersinascendingorder.(e.g.13,
14,15)
ConsecutiveOddnumbers
Consecutiveoddnumbersarenumbersdifferingby2inaseriesofnumbersintheascendingorder,
startingwithanoddnumber.(e.g.5,7,9)
ConsecutiveEvenNumbers
Consecutiveevennumbersarenumbersdifferingby2inaseriesofnumbersintheascendingorder,
startingwithanevennumber(e.g.4,6,8).
Divisibility
Anumberissaidtobedivisibleby2ifitsunitdigitiseven(0/2/4/6/8).
Anumberissaidtobedivisibleby3ifthesumofitsdigitsisdivisibleby3.
http://bec.oliveboard.in/myaccount/ila/plessons.php?lid=22&e=610a5d5b7bf9c1626e0513cc23fb1e18

5/9

9/10/2015

Oliveboard|NumberSystem

Anumberissaidtobedivisibleby4ifitslasttwodigitsare0eachorthenumberformedbythemis
completelydivisibleby4.
Anumberissaidtobedivisibleby5ifitslastdigitis0or5.
Anumberissaidtobedivisibleby6ifthenumberisdivisibleby2and3.
Anumberissaidtobedivisibleby8ifitslastthreedigitsare0eachorthenumberformedbythem
iscompletelydivisibleby8.
Anumberissaidtobedivisibleby9ifthesumofitsdigitsisdivisibleby9.
Anumberissaidtobedivisibleby10ifitsunitdigitis0.
Anumberissaidtobedivisibleby11ifthedifferenceofthesumofitsdigitsintheoddplaceand
thesumofitsdigitsintheevenplaceiseither0oramultipleof11.
Anumberissaidtobedivisibleby16ifitslastfourdigitsare0eachorthenumberformedbythem
isdivisibleby16.
Note:itisveryimportanttomemorizetheaboverulesastheybecomeveryhandywhenoneis
dealingwithtestsonnumbershavingmanydigits.
Primenumber
Aprimenumberisanumbergreaterthan1whichhasnofactorotherthanitselfandunity.E.g.
2,3,5,7,11,13,17,..
CompositeNumber
Acompositenumberisanumberwhichhasotherfactorsbesidesitselfandunity.e.g14and36
Numbersfactors
141x14,2x7
361x36,2x18,3x12,4x9,6x6
CoprimeNumbers
Twonumbersarecoprimetooneanotheriftheyhavenootherfactorscommonexceptunity.e.g.35
and12
Numbersfactors
35:1,5,7,25
12:1,2,3,4,6,12
RULESTOREMEMBERPrime,CompositeAndCoprimeNumbers
Rules

Examples

Thenumber1isneitherprimenorcomposite

http://bec.oliveboard.in/myaccount/ila/plessons.php?lid=22&e=610a5d5b7bf9c1626e0513cc23fb1e18

6/9

9/10/2015

Oliveboard|NumberSystem

2isonlyevennumberwhichisprime

Anumberissaidtobeafactorwhenitdividestheothernumber
exactly.

4&.9arefactorsof36

Anumberissaidtobeamultiplewhenitisexactlydivisibleby
thatnumber

35isamultipleof5and7

Anytwoconsecutivenaturalarecoprime

27&.28arecoprime

DecimalFractions
Thefractionsinwhichthedenominatorsarepowersof10,arecalleddecimalfractionssuchas3/10,
7/100etc.3/10represent3tenthsofaunit,denotedby0.3.
Example:64.379(readassixtyfourpointthreesevennine)contains6tens,4units,3tenths,7
hundredthsand9thousandths.64.379=60+4+.3+.07+.009.
PowerCycles
2,4,8,16,3264,128,256,512,.Theseriesisnothingbutpowersof2inascendingorder.If
youobservecarefullyweseethatthereisrepetitionofunitdigitafterregularintervalsorunitdigits
alwayshavedefinitepattern.Theunitdigitalwaysfollowsacyclewhichistermedaspowercycles.
Thiscycleisfollowedbyeachandeverynumberalthoughthefrequencyofrepetitionofcycleisnot
thesame,fore.g.powercycleof2hasfrequencyof4whereas5hasafrequencyof1.
Illustrationpowercycles:
Expandingthepowerseriesforeachnumberisasfollows
11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Thenumber1isrepeatingitselfineachunitplaceofthenextnumber
21

22

23

24

25

26

27

16

32

64

128

34

35

36

37

Theunitdigitfollowsapatternof2,4,8,6
3

31

32

33

http://bec.oliveboard.in/myaccount/ila/plessons.php?lid=22&e=610a5d5b7bf9c1626e0513cc23fb1e18

7/9

9/10/2015

Oliveboard|NumberSystem

27

81

243

729

2187

Theunitdigitfollowsapatternof3,9,7,1
4

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

16

64

256

1024

4096

16384

Theunitdigitfollowsapattern4,6
5

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

25

125

625

3125

15625

78125

Theunitdigitfollowsapatternof5
6

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

36

216

1296

7776

46656

279936

Theunitdigitfollowsapattern6
71

72

73

74

75

76

77

49

343

2401

16807

117649

823543

Theunitdigitfollowsapattern7,9,3,1
81

82

83

84

85

86

87

64

512

4096

32768

262144

2097152

94

95

96

97

Theunitdigitfollowsapattern8,4,2,6
91

92

93

9
http://bec.oliveboard.in/myaccount/ila/plessons.php?lid=22&e=610a5d5b7bf9c1626e0513cc23fb1e18

8/9

9/10/2015

Oliveboard|NumberSystem

81

729

6561

59049

531441

4782969

Theunitdigitfollowsapattern9,1
Summarizingwecansay,thatthefollowingisthepatterninwhichtheunitdigitrepeatsitselfina
powerseries.
1:everytimethenumberintheunitdigitwillbealways1.
2:2,4,8,6,afterthisagaintherepetitionofcyclestarts.
3:3,9,7,1
4:4,6
5:5
6:6
7:7,9,3,1
8:8,4,2,6
9:9,1
PowerCycleandRemainderTheorem:
Whenanumberaismultipliedbyitselfntimes,theproductiscallednthpowerofa.If'a'leavesa
remainderof'x'whendividedbym,anwillleavearemainderxnwhendividedbym.
Foreg,findremainderwhen82101isdividedby3:Notethat82=1(mod3)=>82101=1101(mod3)
=1

http://bec.oliveboard.in/myaccount/ila/plessons.php?lid=22&e=610a5d5b7bf9c1626e0513cc23fb1e18

9/9