Chapter 8

T. 8.0
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Define salts
Give 3 examples of soluble salt.
Give 3 examples of insoluble salt
Describe an experiment to prepare a soluble salt.
Describe an experiment to prepare an insoluble salt

Synthesising salts
8.1
SALTS
Practising to be systematic and meticulous when carrying activities
8.2Synthesising qualitative analysis
8.3

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

State the meaning of qualitative analysis.

Describe the tests for Pb2+, Zn2+ and Mg2+.
Describe confirmatory tests for Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ and NH
Describe the test for SO42Plan qualitative analysis to identify a sample of salt.
Describe the test for oxygen gas.

T. 8.1

NaCl
CuI2
BaSO4
Pb(NO3)2
(NH4)2CO3

Salt

Solubility in water

Nitrate All soluble

Sulphateall except BaSO4 , PbSO4 , CaSO4
Chlorideall except Hg2Cl2, AgCl, PbCl2
Carbonate
non soluble except K2CO3, Na2CO3, (NH4)2CO3

Salts are an ionic compound where

H+ from an acid has been replace by metal
ion or ammonium ion.
Examples
Solubility of salts

Definition

Experiment to build ion equation

by continuous change method

Examples calculations
involving salts

*T.8.1.1

Preparation of salt

Crystal
1. Definition
Ionic equation

Examples
Method:

Experiment

Preparation of the soluble

salts

2. Properties

Preparation of insoluble
salts

Method:
1.Acid and alkali reaction
2.Acid and base reaction
3.Acid and metal reaction
4.Acid and carbonate reaction.

Double decomposition

Soluble salt + soluble salt

Method:

SALTS

soluble salt + insoluble salt

Double decomposition

Soluble salt + soluble salt

soluble salt + insoluble salt

Examples

8.0 SALTS
A. What is salt?
Students should be able to explain the meaning of salt.

Common table salt is also known as sodium chloride.

Do you know what is salt?
1. Complete the following diagram :

Sodium chloride

Formula :

Consist
Metal ion

anion

cation

Comes from

Non-metal

Do you still remember

that salt is formed
in neutralization?

Base/alkali

Comes from

Acid
Example

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

Definition :
Salts are _______ __________ formed when _________ ____, H+ from
acid is replaced with _______ ______ or an ___________ _____, NH4+
from base or alkali

2. The following diagrams show the formation of salt from an acid. Fill in the box with the
appropriate acid and salt produce.
a) Formation of salt from hydrochloric acid chloride salt
Na+
H

Na

Cl

NH4

Cl

Cl
NH4+

b) Formation of salt from _____________ nitrate salt

K+

H
NH4+
c) Formation of salt from sulphuric acid ____________ salt
Mg2+

NH4+
d) Formation of salt from carbonic acid ______________ salt
Na+

NH4+

B. Soluble and insoluble salt

Students should be able to identify soluble and insoluble salts.
SALT

soluble

insoluble

All K+, Na+ and NH4+ salts are soluble.

All nitrate salts are soluble.

ANaK

All sulphate salts are soluble

PCB

PbSO4, CaSO4 and BaSO4.

EXCEPT

All chloride salts are soluble

K2CO3, Na2CO3 and (NH4)2CO3
(soluble)

EXCEPT

PbCl2, AgCl and HgCl2

PAH

All carbonate salts are insoluble

** All metal oxides and hydroxides are insoluble in water except Na2O, K2O, NaOH, KOH
and NH4OH.
Ba(OH)2 and Ca(OH)2 are slightly soluble in water.
2. Write down the chemical formula of salts:
Metal ion
K+
Na+
Ca2+
Mg2+
Al3+
Zn2+
Fe2+
Pb2+
Cu2+
Ag+
Ba2+

Sulphate salt
(from H2SO4)

Chloride salt
(from HCl)

Nitrate salt
(from HNO3)

Carbonate salt
(from H2CO3)

NH4+
Table 8.1
3. From the above table (Table 8.1) name six examples of soluble salts and six examples of
insoluble salts.
SOLUBLE SALT

INSOLUBLE SALT

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Table 8.2

C. Preparing Salts
Students should be able to describe the preparation of soluble salts and insoluble salts.
1. Complete the diagram on next page

PREPARING SALT

SOLUBLE SALT
NH4+, Na+, K+
Neutralisation

Acid + alkali ______ + ______

Method I
titration

INSOLUBLE SALT
Method III

Other than
Double decomposition method/
+
+
+
NH4 , Na , K
Precipitation reaction
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaCl (aq) PbCl2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)
Acid + metal oxide ______ + ______
Acid + metal ______ + __________
Acid + metal carbonate ______ + ______ + _______
Add metal/
Method
II base oxide/ metal

Undissolved metal/
base oxide/ metal
carbonate

Salt
solution

carbonate until ___________

heat

Acid is titrated to alkali until

neutral by using an indicator.
Repeat without the indicator
to get _______ salt.

heat
Salt crystal

heat
_____________ the
filtrate until saturated
solution is formed.

Cool it at room
temperature until
__________ are
formed.

the to
salt
Filter_______
the mixture
crystal
with_________
separate
_____
_________ _______

2. Preparing insoluble salts by precipitation reaction

Aqueous solution + aqueous solution precipitate + aqueous solution
or
soluble salt solution + soluble salt solution insoluble salt + soluble salt solution
examples : Preparing lead (II) chloride salt
Choose any solution
containing Cl- ion

Choose any solution

containing Pb2+ ion

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaCl (aq) PbCl2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)

precipitate
(Insoluble salt)
Pb2+
NO3-

Na+
Cl-

NO3-

+
Aqueous solution
containing Pb2+

Cl-

Pb2+

Aqueous solution
containing Cl-

NO3-

Na+

Cl-

White precipitate of
lead (II) chloride

precipitate

Mix two ___________ __________

Stir with a ________ ________

Filter & wash with _______ ______

_____ the salts with filter paper

3. Complete the following table and write all the possible chemical equation and ionic equation to prepare salts :

Salt

Type of
salt

Chemical equation

Ionic equation
MgO + 2H+ + SO42- Mg2+ + SO42- + H2O

Magnesium
sulphate

MgO (s)+ H2SO4 (aq) MgSO4 (aq)+ H2O (l)

Soluble

Pottasium
nitrate

Soluble

Lead (II)
chloride

Insolubl
e

Copper (II)
sulphate

Lead (II)
nitrate
Ammonium
sulphate
Aluminium
carbonate

MgO + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2O

Mg (s) + H2SO4 (aq) MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)

MgCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) MgSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)+ CO2 (g)
H+ + OH- H2O
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaCl (aq) PbCl2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) PbCl2 (s) + 2HNO3 (aq)

Pb2+ + Cl- PbCl2

Salt

Type of
salt

Chemical equation

Silver chloride

Iron (II) nitrate

Zinc chloride

Barium
sulphate
Sodium
carbonate
Table 8.3

Ionic equation

4. Physical characteristics of crystals

_______ geometrical
shapes

Crystals have _______

surfaces, straight edges
and ________ angles.

Fixed ______ between

two neighbouring
surfaces

Crystals of the same

substance have same
_______ but may be in
different _______.

D. Constructing ionic equation using the continuous variation method.

The ionic equation for the formation of an insoluble salt can be constructed if we know the
number of _______ of cation and anion reacted together to form ______ of insoluble salt.
(Refer next page)
Examples :
1 mole of silver chromate (VI) is formed from 2 moles of Ag+ ions and 1 mole of CrO42- ions.
Ionic Equation : 2Ag+ (aq) + CrO42- (aq) Ag2CrO4 (s)
TRY THIS :
1 mole of lead (II) iodide is formed from 1 moles of Pb2+ ions and 2 mole of I- ions.
Ionic Equation :

*T. 8.1.1
Height of Precipitate (cm)

0
Test tube

potassium chromate 0.5 M (V cm3)

barium chloride 0.5 M (V cm3)

Height of precipitate (cm)

1.1

2.2

3.3

4.4

5.5

5.5

5.5

Experiment:
Precipitation of
barium chromate (VI)
The ratio of the number of moles of
cation and anion reacted together to
form 1 mole of insoluble salt.

IONIC EQUATION
(Using continuous variation method)

Writing ion equation:

1.

Vol. of BaCl2 (cm3)

From graph:
5 cm3 of K2CrO4 reacted equivalent to 5 cm3 BaCl2
No. of mole CrO42- = MV/1000 = 0.5 x 5/1000 = 0.0025 mole
No. of mole Ba2+ = MV/1000 = 0.5 x 5/1000 = 0.0025 mole
No. of mole Ba2+: No. of mole CrO420.0025 moles
: 0.0025 moles
Or
1
:
1
Therefore ionic equation is, Ba2+ + CrO42- BaCrO4
Chemical equation, K2CrO4 + BaCl2 BaCrO4 + 2KCl

Writing the ionic equation : 1.

2.

2.

TRY THIS :
10 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solutions react completely with 10cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
pottasium chloride solution. A white precipitate of lead (II) chloride is formed. Construct the
ionic equation for the formation of lead (II) chloride.
Solution :
Number of moles of Pb2+ ions in lead (II) nitrate solution :
n = MV
1000
=
= ___________ mol
Number of moles of Cl- ions in potassium chloride solution :
n = MV
1000
=
= ___________ mol
From the calculation the ratio of Pb2+ ions : Cl- ions = _________ : _________
So, the simplest ratio of Pb2+ ions : Cl- ions = ________ : ________

Number of particles
Mass
Volume
of gas reactions in the
Ionic equation : E. Numerical problems involving
stoichiometric
preparation of salts
Do you still remember..
The relationship between the number of moles, mass, the
Concentration
number of particles, volume of gas and concentration of
reactants and products?

Complete the relationship in the following diagram :

HOW TO SOLVE THE NUMERICAL PROBLEM ????

Calculation steps :
S1 :
S2 :
S3 :
S4 :
S5 :
S6 :

Write the balanced equations

Write the information from the question below the equation
Write the information from the equation below the chemical involved
Change S2 information into mol using the mole concept
Compare the mole ratio between the reactants and the products involved in the reaction.
Change the information into the required unit using the appropriate formula.

Example :
A student prepares copper (II) nitrate by reacting copper (II) oxide powder with 100cm3 of 1.5
mol dm-3 nitric acid. Calculate the mass of copper (II) oxide needed to react completely with
the acid. [Relative atomic mass : Cu, 64; O, 16]
S1 : CuO + 2HNO3
Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
S3 : 1 mol
2 mol
S2 :
V=100cm3
M=1.5 mol dm-3
S4 : the number of moles of HNO3 ==> n = M V
1000
= 1.5 x 100
1000
= 0.15 mol
S5 : From the chemical equation, 2 mol of HNO3 reacted with 1 mol of CuO
Therefore, 0.15 mol of HNO3 reacted with 0.075 mol of CuO
S6 : The mass of CuO = 0.075 mol x (64 + 16) gmol= 6.0 g

TRY THIS :
1. Acid reacts with calcium carbonate in limestone to form a salt and carbon dioxide. A piece of
limestone reacted completely with 50cm3 0.1moldm-3 hydrochloric acid.
[Relative atomic mass : H, 1; C, 12; Cl, 35.5; O, 16; Ca, 40;
Molar volume: 24dm3 mol-1 at room temperature]
a) Calculate the mass of salt produced.

b) What is the volume of carbon dioxide liberated at room conditions?

T. 8.2
Green Fe2+, CuCO3 Brown Fe3+
Blue Cu2+
White most of salts

Refer
T.8.1
Colour of salts

Solubility
Gas test

Carbonate
Carbonate salts
metal oxide + CO2
Nitrate
(i) Nitrate salts
metal oxide + NO2 + O2
(ii) Potassium & sodium nitrate
metal Nitrite + O2
(iii) Ammonium nitrate
N2O + H2O
Sulphate
(i) Sulphate salts
metal oxide + SO3 and/ SO2
(ii)Sulphate salts of Group 1 and 2 are not decompose
Chloride
Not decompose except the ammonium chloride
Effect of heat on salts

Early observation
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SALTS

Using NaOH and NH4OH in excess

Cation test

*T.8.2.1
To know the unknown salt

Experiment
Anion confirmation test:

The ion test

Confirmation test

Anion test
Anion introduction test:

Qualitative Analysis
1.

Qualitative analysis is a series of tests conducted on a chemical substance to identify

the salt component or components in it.

2.

Through qualitative analysis, the cation and anion present in a salt are determined.

3.

To identify the cation and anion in a salt, the following tests are usually conducted.
Complete the diagram.
UNKNOWN SALT

1. Physical properties

3. Add distilled
water

4. Effect of
heat

2. Observed colour
of salts

5. Test for gases

Gas
released

Soluble?

Inference :
Presence of

CO32-

CO2

Yes

Cl2

Ion in aqueous
solution

Damp blue litmus

paper

SO42NO2

6. Confirmatory
tests for ions

7. Test for
anions

Reagent

8. Test for
cations

8.a)
Using
NaOH

8 b)
Using
NH3 (aq)

9. Test for
specific cations

NO3 -

4. Colour of Salts
a.

Most salts are colourless aqueous solution or white salts.

b.

Salts of transition metals are coloured because they form coloured ions.
Examples :
(a)
(b)
(c)

c.

Ion
copper (II) ions, Cu2+
iron (II) ions, Fe2+
iron (III) ions, Fe3+

Colour

Complete the following table :

Solid

Aqueous
Colourless

Green

K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Pb2+, NH+

Insoluble
Fe2+ example: FeSO4 ,FeCl2 ,Fe(NO3)2

Light green
Blue

Salts/Metal oxide

Blue
Brown

Black

Fe3+
CuO

Yellow when hot

white when cold

Insoluble

Brown when hot

yellow when cold

Insoluble

ZnO

5. Comfirmatory test for several gases.

a) Complete the following table :

Gas

Colour

Smell

Hydroge Colourles
n
s

Oxygen

Odourles
s

Carbon
dioxide

Odourles
s

Effect on
Reagen
damp
Confirmatory test
t used
litmus
paper
Lighted Method : Bring a lighted splinter to
splinter the mouth of test tube.
Observation : Gives '______'
sound
Glowin Method :
g
splinter Observation :
Lime
water

Method : Bubble the gas produced

into ________________
Observation :

Ammoni Colourles
a
s
Blue to red,
Greenish
Pungent then
Chlorine yellow
_______
Nitrogen
dioxide

Pungent

Sulphur Colourles
Pungent Blue to red
dioxide s

Hydroge Colourles
Pungent Blue to red
n
s
chloride

Method :
Observation :
Method : Dip a glass rod in
concentrated ammonia solution an
insert into the test tube
Observation : White fumes formed

6. Effect of Heat on Salts

a) Most compounds which decompose leave behind oxides.

Salt

metal oxide
(residue identification
refers to specific cation
only)

gas
(gas identification
refers to anion)

b)
Type og gas released

Colour of residue

Can predict the identity of ______ presence in salt

salt
Can predict the identity of ________ presence in salt
heat

c) Draw the correct labeled diagram for the set-up to test carbon dioxide gas liberated when
the carbonate salt is heated strongly.

d) Write down the chemical equations for the reactions that occur :
Ion

Carbonate salt

Nitrate salt

Is not decomposed by heat

Decompose into O2 gas and metal

nitrite
2KNO3 2 KNO2 + O2

K+

No reaction

Na+

No reaction

Decompose into metallic oxide

and CO2
Ca2+

Sulphate salt
Sulphate salts usually do not
decompose

Chloride salt
Chloride salts do not
decompose except NH4Cl

No reaction

No reaction

No reaction

No reaction

No reaction

No reaction

No reaction

No reaction

No reaction

No reaction

Decompose into metal oxide,

NO2 and O2

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

Mg2
+

A13+

ZnSO4, CuSO4 and Fe2(SO4)3

decompose when heated to
produce metal oxide and SO3

Zn2+

No reaction

Fe3+

No reaction

Pb2+

No reaction

Cu2+

No reaction
No reaction

Decompose into metal, NO2

and O2
Ag+

No reaction

No reaction

Decompose into NH3, CO2 and water

Decompose into nitrous oxide

N2O and water

Sublimes when heated to produce

NH3 (g) and H2SO4 (g)

Sublimes when heated to

produce NH3 (g) and HCl (g)

NH4
+

Carbonate + acid
Chloride + H2SO4
Nitrate + conc.H2SO4

gas CO2
gas HCl
gas NO2

7. Confirmatory test for anions

a) Complete the following diagram :

Unknown Salt
solution

+ dilute
acid

Gas turns
limewater
___________

_________
precipitate
formed

________ ion
confirmed

________ ion
confirmed

+ H2SO4 dilute
+ _______
+ _____________

+ ______
+ ______

+ HNO3
+ ______

________ ring
formed

SO42- ion
confirmed

_________ ion
confirmed

8. Confirmatory test for cations

a) The presence of cation can be detected by using two common alkalis
i)

Sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH and

ii)

Ammonia solution, NH3.

The function of the alkalis is to produce a precipitate, that is

__________ ________________.
Metal ion + hydroxide ion metal hydroxide

c) Complete the diagram below :

d) Complete the diagram below :

c) Confirmatory tests for Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ and NH4+

damp

d) Complete the following diagram to summarises the qualitative analysis of cations in salts.

e. If a salt X is given as zinc nitrate, how can we test the compound to confirm the presence of
Zn2+ and NO3- ions in that salt?
Conduct the experiment as follows :
Experiment
1. Observed the colour of salt X

2. _______ some solid X in a test tube and

observe :
(a) the colour of gases released
(b) the effect on damp _____ litmus

(c) the effect on _________ splint

d) observed the colour of residue when hot
and cool.

3. Add _________ _________ to X to make

solution.

Observation
White salt
_________
gas.
_____ litmus
turns _____.
_________
_________ splint.

Inference

______ gas
released.
Acidic gas.
O2 released.
Probably NO3present.

Probably ______
Residue
present.
colour :
Hot : ____________
_________
X is soluble salt
in water

4. Add ________ _______ solution, followed _________ _______

by ________. Mix. Slowly, add 5-6 drops of formed.
_____________ ________ along test tube
side. (Do not shake)

Confirms presence
of ________, ____

5. To salt solution, ________ a little

NaOH(aq), then add it to_________.

Maybe ____, ____,

or Al3+.

6. To salt solution, add a little ______ (aq),

then add it to _________.

________ _________, Confirms presence

soluble in excess NH3. of ______ ion.

CONCLUSION : The ions present in salt X are confirmed as _____ and _____ ions.

EXECISES
1.

2.

Among the following cation solutions, which will produce precipitate when mixed with excess ammonia
solution ?
I
II
III
IV

Aqueous solution Zn 2+
Aqueous solution Pb 2+
Aqueous solution Mg 2+
Aqueous solution Al 3+

A
B
C
D

I only
I and IV only
I,II and IV only
II, III, and IV only

Among the following compounds, which is solube in water?

A
B
C
D

3.

4.

lead(II) chloride
zinc carbonate
lead(II) nitrate
Barium sulphate

Among the following ions, which will produce precipitation when added with hydrochloric acid solution ?
I
II
III
IV

Ca 2+ ion
Pb 2+ ion
Ag + ion
Al 3+ ion

A
B
C
D

I and II only
II and III only
I, II and III only
I, II, III and IV

Figure 3 shows a flow chart for a series of reactions.

X
Heated up

Black
solid

Hot
hydrochloric
acid is added

Blue
solution

Among the following, which may be compound X ?

A
B
C
D
5.

copper(II) oxide
iron(III) nitrate
copper(II) carbonate
lead(II) nitrate

The reaction between silver nitrate solution and potassium carbonate produces an insoluble salt X. Among

the following solutions, which can dissolve salt X ?

A
B
C
D
6.

ammonia solution
sodium hydroxide solution
dilute sulphuric acid
barium chloride solution

Figure 5 shows tests performed on compound G.

G
Added with dilute
hydrochloric acid and filtered

Precipitation

solution
Added with ammonia
solution until in excess
White precipitate
dissolve

Figure 5
G is a mixture of two types of salts. Among the following, which is found in G ?
A
B
C
D
7.

8.

silver sulphate and copper(II) carbonate

lead(II) nitrate and zinc carbonate
lead(II) nitrate and aluminium nitrate
magnesium sulphate and lead(II) carbonate

Which of the following ions form a white precipitate that dissolves in excess sodium hydroxide solution ?
I
II
III
IV

Al 3+
Mg 2+
Pb 2+
Zn 2+

A
B
C
D

I and III only

II and IV only
I,II and III only
I,III and IV only

A precipitate is formed when solution X is added to solution Y. Among the following, which represents
solution X and Y ?

Solution X
A
B
C
D
9.

solution Y

sulphuric acid
silver nitrate
zinc nitrate
aluminium sulphate

sodium carbonate
hydrochloric acid
potassium iodide
sodium chloride

Table 2 shows the results of tests performed on a compound Y.

Test
Hydrochloric acid is added.
Product formed is heated up
slowly
Barium hydroxide solution is
added

Observation
White precipitate formed dissolves when heated up
White precipitate formed

What is compound Y ?
A
B
C
D

10.

zinc sulphate
lead(II) chloride
silver nitrate
lead(II) sulphate

Test

Observation

Sodium hydroxide solution is

slowly added until excess.

White precipitate formed.

The white precipitate dissolves in excess
sodium hydroxide solution.

A few drops of sulphuric acid is added

White precipitate formed.

The table above shows the observations made for a test conducted on a colorless solution. Among
the ions below, which ion will probably exist in the solution?
A

Al 3+

Mg 2+

Pb 2+

Zn 2+

11. 10 g of magnesium carbonate powder, MgCO3 is reacted with 100 cm3 of sulphuric acid, H2SO4 1 mol dm-3.
What is the mass of magnesium carbonate that is not reacted?
[Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; C, 12; O, 16]
A 0.84 g
B 1.60 g
C 8.40 g
D 9.16 g
12. Which of the following method is suitable for preparing silver chloride in the laboratory?

A
B
C
D

Heating silver metal with chlorine gas

Adding silver powder to dilute hydrochloric acid
Adding silver oxide to dilute hydrochloric acid
Adding silver nitrate solution to dilute hydrochloric acid

13. Which of the following equations represents the reaction that can produce
lead(II) iodide crystal?
A PbO + 2KI PbI2 + K2O
B PbSO4 + 2KI PbI2 + K2SO4
C Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI PbI2 + 2KNO3
D PbCl2 + 2KI PbI2 + 2KCl
14. When solid R is heated strongly, the residue produced is yellow in colour when
cold. What is solid R?
A Lead(II) carbonate
B Calcium carbonate
C Sodium carbonate
D Zinc carbonate
15. The table below shows the results of the tests carried out on an unknown colourless solution.
Test
Sodium hydroxide solution is added
gradually to the solution until in excess.
Aqueous ammonia is added gradually to the
solution until in excess.
Sulphuric acid is added to the solution.

Observation
A white precipitate is formed.
The precipitate is soluble in excess sodium
hydroxide solution.
A white precipitate is formed.
The precipitate is insoluble in excess aqueous
ammonia.
No changes.

Which of the following ions may be present in that solution?

A Al3+
B Mg2+
C Pb2+
D Zn2+
15.

1994

Lead(II) nitrate can be prepared by adding

A lead(II) sulphate to dilute nitric acid.
B lead(II) oxide to dilute nitric acid.
C lead(II) chloride to potassium nitrate solution.
D lead(II) carbonate to sodium nitrate solution.

16. The reaction between sulphur dioxide and potassium manganate(VII) solution can be represented by the
following equation:
2KMnO4 + 5SO2 + 2H2O K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4
What is the mass of sulfur dioxide that reacts completely with 1.0 dm3
potassium manganate(VII) solution 0.02 mol dm-3?
[Relative atomic mass: O, 16; S, 12]
A

16.

Solution Y contains two anions. A series of test is carried out on solution Y and the results are shown below.

Solution Y

Add dilute
nitric acid

Add barium
chloride
solution
Colourless
solution

White
precipitate

Add silver nitrate solution

White
precipitate

The ions present in solution Y are

A sulphate ion and carbonate ion
B nitrate ion and carbonate ion
C sulphate ion and chloride ion
D nitrate ion and chloride ion
17. According to the equation below, what is the volume of copper(II) sulphate solution
1 mol dm-3 required to react with 0.92 g metal Q?
[Relative atomic mass: Q, 23]
2Q + CuSO4 Q2SO4 + Cu
A 15 cm3
B 20 cm3
C 30 cm3
D 60 cm3
18. When aqueous ammonia is added to copper(II) sulphate solution, a blue precipitate is formed. What happens to
the blue precipitate when aqueous ammonia is added until in excess?
A Cannot dissolve in excess aqueous ammonia
B Dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to produce a dark blue solution
C Dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to produce a colourless solution
D Cannot dissolve in excess aqueous ammonia but changes to a dark blue
precipitate

19. Which of the following schemes is used to identify sulphate ion in soluble salt?
A

Sulphate
salt

dissolve in dilute

Sulphate
salt

dissolve in dilute

hydrochloric acid

Solution
formed
Solution
formed

Add barium
chloride solution
Add barium

White
precipitate
White
precipitate

sulphuric acid
C

Sulphate
salt
Sulphate
salt

dissolve
In water
dissolve
In water

chloride solution
Solution
formed acid
Solution
formed acid

Add dilute
sulphuric
Add dilute
hydrochloric

Solution
formed
solution
Solution
formed
solution

Add barium
chloride
Add barium
chloride

White
precipitate
White
precipitate

20. Which of the following solid salts can be prepared by double decomposition reaction?
A Lead(II) nitrate
B Silver chloride
C Magnesium sulphate
D Sodium carbonate
21 A dilute acid Q is added to a base R until in excess and then shaken. A white precipitate is
formed. Which of the following pairs of Q and R represents the reaction?
Q
R
A Hydrochloric acid
Lead(II) oxide
B Sulphuric acid
Zinc oxide
C Sulphuric acid
Copper(II) oxide
D Nitric acid
Magnesium oxide
22. The reaction between barium chloride and silver nitrate can be represented by the equation
below.
BaCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) 2AgCl(s) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)
Which of the following barium chloride solution can exactly react with 20.0 cm3 silver nitrate solution
0.5 mol dm-3?
A 20.0 cm3 barium chloride solution 1.0 mol dm-3
B
10.0 cm3 barium chloride solution 0.5 mol dm-3
C
20.0 cm3 barium chloride solution 0.5 mol dm-3
D
40.0 cm3 barium chloride solution 0.5 mol dm-3
23. When substance T is heated in air, a brown gas which can turn moist blue litmus
paper red is produced. The residue formed is a yellow solid when hot and turn to
white when cold. Substance T may be
A Lead(II) carbonate
B Lead(II) nitrate
C Zinc carbonate
D Zinc nitrate
24. Which of the following substances are most suitable for preparing lead(II) chloride salt?
A Lead(II) nitrate solution and sodium chloride solution
B Solid lead(II) sulphate and sodium chloride solution
C Solid lead(II) carbonate and hydrochloric acid
D Solid lead(II) oxide and hydrochloric acid
25. The table below shows the observation of the tests carried out on an unknown
solution Z.
Experiment
Observation
Add lead(II) nitrate solution to solution Z.
A white precipitate is formed.
Pass ammonia gas into solution Z until in
A white precipitate is formed. The precipitate
excess.
dissolves when ammonia gas is in excess.

The observation shows that Z may be

A zinc sulphate
B calciun chloride
C magnesium nitrate
D aluminium chloride
26. When copper(II) carbonate is heated, it decomposes according to the equation below.
CuCO3 CuO + CO2
What is the mass of copper(II) carbonate used to produce 600 cm3 carbon dioxide gas at room temperature and
pressure?
[Relative atomic mass: Cu, 64; C, 12; O, 16;
1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure]
A
B
C
D
27.

2.3 g
3.1 g
6.2 g
25.0 g

Solution E contains three anions. A series of test is carried out on solution E and the results are shown below.

Solution E

Add dilute
nitric acid

Effervescence
occurs.
A colourless
solution is formed.

Add silver
nitrate solution

White
precipitate

Add barium chloride solution

White
precipitate
The ions present in solution E are
A nitrate ion, sulphate ion and carbonate ion
B sulphate ion, carbonate ion and chloride ion
C hydroxide ion, sulphate ion and chloride ion
D sulphate ion, hydroxide ion and carbonate ion
28. The reaction between barium chloride solution and sodium carbonate produces an insoluble salt. The salt
produced can be dissolved by adding
A sodium hydroxide solution
B potassium chloride solution
C aqueous ammonia
D nitric acid
29. The equation below represents the reaction between barium hydroxide and potassium chromate(VI) .
Ba(OH)2 + K2CrO4 BaCrO4 + 2KOH
Barium hydroxide solution reacts with 10 cm3 of potassium chromate(VI) solution to produce 0.63 g of barium
chromate. What is the concentration of potassium chromate solution?

[Relative atomic mass: O, 16; Cr, 52; Ba, 137]

A 0.025 mol dm-3
B 0.05 mol dm-3
C 0.25 mol dm-3
D 0.50 mol dm-3
30. The figure below shows the test on X. X is a mixture of two salts with the same cation.
XAdd distilled water and filter

Precipitate

Solution
+ sodium chloride solution
White precipitate
when heated
Precipitate dissolves

Which of the following substances are present in X?

A Zinc carbonate and zinc chloride
B Magnesium carbonate and magnesium nitrate
C Lead(II) carbonate and lead(II) nitrate
D Lead(II) sulphate and lead(II) chloride
31.
A
B
C
D

Which of the following salt is not decomposed by heat?

Zinc nitrate
Lithium nitrate
Potassium carbonate
Lead(II) carbonate

32. 5.0 cm3 lead(II) nitrate solution requires 25.0 cm3 sodium chloride solution
0.2 mol dm-3 to complete the reaction according to the equation below:
Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) PbCl2(s)
What is the molarity of lead(II) nitrate solution?
A 0.01 mol dm-3
B 0.10 mol dm-3
C 0.20 mol dm-3
D 0.50 mol dm-3

33. Which of the following ions produces a precipitate when sodium sulphate solution is added ?
I Al3+ ion
II Ca2+ ion
III Cu2+ ion
IV Pb2+ ion

A
B
C
D

I and III only

II and IV only
I, II and IV only
II, III and IV only

34. The equation below shows the action of heat on the carbonate salt of metal X.
XCO3 XO + CO2
How many moles of XCO3 are needed to produce 4.0 g of oxide X?
[Relative atomic mass: C,12; O, 16; X, 64]
A 0.03
B 0.05
C 0.08
D 0.09
35. The diagram below shows the crystalline structure of salt, NaCl.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the crystal of NaCl?

A
B
C
D

It has sharp corners.

It has flat surfaces.
It has an acute angle between the two adjacent surfaces.
It has straight edges between two adjacent surfaces.

36 Which of the following ions form a white precipitate that dissolves in excess sodium
hydroxide solution?

37.

I
II
III
IV

Al3+
Mg2+
Pb2+
Zn2+

A
B
C
D

I and II only
II and IV only
I, II and III only
I, III and IV only

3.2 g of copper(II) oxide powder is reacted with excess dilute nitric acid. What is the mass of copper(II) nitrate
formed in the reaction?
Use the information that the relative atomic mass of N = 14, O = 16 and Cu = 64.
A
B
C
D

38.

3.76 g
4.96 g
5.04 g
7.52 g

Gas X is passed into an acidic dichromate solution.

The colour of the solution changes from orange to green.
What is gas X?
A Sulphur dioxide
B Hydrogen chloride

C Nitrogen dioxide
D Chlorine
39. The formula for a sulphate ion is SO42- and for a nitrate ion is NO3-.
If the formula of the sulphate salt of M is MSO4, what is the formula of the nitrate
salt of M?
A
B
C
D
40.

MNO3
M2NO3
M(NO3)2
M(NO3)3

0.12 g of magnesium reacts with excess hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas.
[Given that the relative atomic mass of H=1, Mg=24, Cl=35.5 and 1 mol of gas
occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure]
Which of the following is true about the reaction?
I
II
III
IV

Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2
Volume of gas released is 120 cm3
Mass of the salt formed is 0.30 g
This is a redox reaction

A
B
C
D

I and II only
I and III only
I, II and IV only
II, III and IV only

41. Which of the following ions form precipitate that dissolves in excess ammonia solution?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Al3+
Cu2+
Pb2+
Zn2+
I and II only
Heated up
II and IV only
I, II and III only
I, III and IV only

Solid T

+ dilute nitric acid

42. You are asked by your teacher to verify the cation and anion in a sample of ammonium chloride salt solution,
What substance can you use to verify the cation and anion?
A
B
C
D

Solid U
+ Cation
Gas V
Nessler reagent
Nessler reagent
Potassium thiocyanate
Potassium
thiocyanate
+ dilute
hydrochloric acid

Anion
Gas V
Solution Y
+ silver
Dilute nitric acid and
nitrate
Dilute hydrochloric acid and barium chloride
Dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate
Dilute
hydrochloric
acid and barium chloride
Heated
up

Structural question
1.

+
Solid U
+
Gas Y
Solution W
Figure 2 shows a flow chart summarizing the series of changes for a compound T.
+ ammonia solution

White precipitate soluble in excess

Gas Z

Solid U is yellow in colour when hot and white in colour when cooled.
(a)
(b)
(c )

(d)
(e)

What is solid U?
[ 1 mark ]
Name the cation and anion in solid T.
[ 2 marks ]
(i)
Name gas V.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii)
What is observed when gas V is passed through limewater? [ 1 mark ]
(iii)
Write the chemical equation for reaction between gas T with limewater.
[ 3 marks]
Write the chemical equation to represent the effect of heat on solid T. [ 1 mark ]
(i)
(ii)
(f)

Name solution Y.
[ 1 mark ]
Describe briefly a chemical test to identify the anion in solution Y.
[ 3 marks ]
Name the type of reaction which occurs when solid U reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form
solution W.
[ 1 mark ]
What are gas Y and gas Z ?
[ 2 marks ]
Write the balance chemical equation for the effect of heat on solution Y.
[ 1 mark ]

(g)

(i)
(ii)

2.

Figure 3 summarises the series of reactions that involves lead compounds.

Lead(II)
nitrate

Heated up
Solid J

Mix of gases K and L

Add dilute
hydrochloric
acid

Add dilute
nitric
acid

White
precipitate M

Solution N

Figure 3
(a)
(b)
(c )
(d)

(e)
(f)
(g)

What is solid J ?
[ 1 mark ]
What is the colour of solid J when hot and cooled ?
[ 1 mark ]
Write a balance chemical equation to represent the effect of heat on lead(II) nitrate to form solid J and a
mixture of gas K and N.
[ 3 marks ]
(i)
Name precipitate M.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii)
State a way to test compound M.
[ 1 mark ]
(iii)
Write the ionic equation to show then formation of precipitate M.
[ 1 mark ]
Sodium hydroxide solution is added little by little into solution N until there is no more change. What can be
observed ?
[ 1 mark ]
How can you obtain dry crystal salt, N , from solution N ?
[ 3 marks ]
A piece of zinc is put into solution N.
(i)
Predict the observation.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii)
Write the chemical equation to represent the reaction which has occurred.
[ 1 mark ]

Gas K
[Brown colour
and acidified]
+

Compound J

Heat

Gas L
[Colourless]
+
Solid M

Dissolved in
water

White
precipitate Q
Dissolved in
excess sodium
hydroxide
solution

Reaction I
+ NaOH (aq)

Colourless J
solution

Reaction II
+ Na2SO4 (aq)

White
precipitate R

Figure 3
3.

Figure 3 shows a series of process done by a student to identify a compound J.

(a)

With refer to reaction I, white precipitate Q is formed which is soluble in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
Name all the ions which are probably presence in solution J.
[ 1 mark ]

(b)

Referring to reaction I and II, name the cation presence in solution J.[ 1 mark ]

(c )

Write down the ionic equation for the reaction forming the white precipitate, R.
[ 3 marks ]

(d)

1.

(i)

Name two cations which produced white precipitate that will not dissolve
in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
[ 1 mark ]

(ii)

State one confirmatory test for one cation presence in (d)(i). [ 3 marks ]

(a)
(b)

Essay questions
What is the meaning of salt ?
[ 1 mark ]
(i)
State four types of preparation reaction for insoluble
iron(II) chloride.
[ 4 marks ]
(ii)
For each type of reaction in (b)(i), write a chemical equation
for salts prepared through the reactions mentioned. [ 4 marks ]

(c )

You are required to prepare zinc sulphate salt. Chemical

compounds provided are listed as follows:

Dilute sulphuric acid

Sodium carbonate solution
Zinc nitrate solution

Describe a laboratory experiment how you can prepare zinc sulphate salt that is dry. In your
description, include the chemical equations involved.
[ 11 marks ]
2.

(a)
(b)

What is meant by precipitation reaction ?

[ 1 mark ]
Describe how you can use ammonia solution to differentiate the
following solutions.

(c )
(d)

Potassium nitrate solution

Zinc sulphate solution
Magnesium chloride solution

A solution contains iron(II) ion cation. Decribe briefly three laboratory experiment for you to
confirm the presence of iron(II) ion in the solutions.
[ 6 marks ]
Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare lead(II) nitrate crystal salt in the laboratory. In your
description, write the chemical equations for the reactions involved.
[ 9 marks ]

3 .(a) The following information is about hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid.
* the pH of 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is 1
* the pH of 1 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid is 4
[4 marks]
Explain why these two solution have different pH values
(b) Two bottles of reagent each containing hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride solution.
Qualitative analysis can be used to determine the presence of cations and anions in solutions.
Describe chemical tests that can be used to verify the ions in each solution.
[10 marks]
The chemical equation of reaction P is as follows:
CuCl2 + Na2CO3
2NaCl + CuCO3
Excess sodium carbonate is added to 50cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) chloride. Given that the relative
molecular mass of CuCO3 = 124. Calculate the mass of copper(II) carbonate precipitate formed.

[2 marks]
(d) When copper(II) carbonate is heated, it produces solid X and gas Y.
(i) Name solid X and state its colour.
(ii) Name gas Y and describe a method to verify its identity.

[2 marks]
[2 marks]