Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Contents
1
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3
Lawful interception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1
1.3
1.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
3GPP
2.1
History
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
Organizational Partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5
Specication groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6
Standardization process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7
Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9
References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2
ITU sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3
10
3.4
Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
3.5
10
3.6
Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
3.6.1
Regional groupings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
11
3.7
ii
CONTENTS
3.8
11
3.8.1
11
3.8.2
11
3.8.3
12
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
3.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
13
H.331
15
4.1
15
3.9
ICANN
16
5.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
5.2
Notable events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
5.3
Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
5.3.1
19
5.3.2
Democratic input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
5.4.1
20
Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
5.5.1
21
5.5.2
21
5.5.3
21
5.5.4
21
5.5.5
.sucks domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
5.6
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
5.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
5.8
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
5.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
5.4
5.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
6.1
Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
6.1.1
Registration services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
6.1.2
Organization services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
6.1.3
26
Organizational structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
6.2.1
Board of trustees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
6.2.2
Advisory council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
6.3
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
6.4
Service Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
6.4.1
27
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
6.2
6.5
CONTENTS
iii
6.6
28
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
7.1
Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
7.2
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
7.3
LACNIC meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
7.4
30
7.5
Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
7.5.1
Organisational . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
7.5.2
Executive Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
7.6
Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
7.7
31
7.8
31
7.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
7.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
3G
33
8.1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
8.1.1
Break-up of 3G systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Market penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
8.2
History
8.3
Adoption
8.3.1
8.4
Patents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
8.5
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
8.5.1
Data rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
8.5.2
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
8.5.3
Applications of 3G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
8.6
Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
8.7
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
8.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
TD-SCDMA
38
9.1
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
9.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
9.3
Technical highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
9.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
9.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
9.6
Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
9.7
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
10 TD-CDMA
41
41
10.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
iv
CONTENTS
42
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
42
11.2.1 2G systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
11.2.2 3G systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
43
44
44
11.7 References
44
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12 Bluetooth
45
45
12.2 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
46
12.3 Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
46
46
47
12.3.4 Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
48
48
49
49
49
49
49
49
50
50
51
51
51
51
53
53
53
55
12.7 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
12.7.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
12.7.2 Bluejacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
56
CONTENTS
12.7.4 Mitigation
v
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
57
57
57
12.11See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
12.12References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
12.13External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
13 IEEE 802.16
61
13.1 Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
13.1.1 Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
61
13.2.1 PHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
13.2.2 MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
13.3 Certication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
62
13.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
62
14 Wireless broadband
63
63
63
64
64
64
64
64
14.5 Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
65
14.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
65
15 IEEE 802
66
66
66
15.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
66
67
67
67
68
68
vi
CONTENTS
16.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
16.6 References
68
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
17.1 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
69
69
17.2.2 Local area network (LAN) and metropolitan area network (MAN) protocols . . . . . . . .
69
17.2.3 HDLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
70
70
70
70
18 HiperLAN
71
18.1 HiperLAN/1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
18.2 HiperLAN/2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
72
72
18.5 References
72
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19 Ubiquiti Networks
73
19.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
73
74
19.4 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
19.5 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
19.5.1 Accusations Regarding Crooks Utilizing Hacked AirOS Routers for Cybercrime . . . . . .
74
19.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
20 Evolved HSPA
75
20.1 Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
75
20.3 Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
76
20.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
76
21 W-CDMA (UMTS)
77
21.1 Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
78
21.2 Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
78
CONTENTS
vii
21.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
21.4.1 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
22 3.5G
79
22.1 Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23 High Speed Packet Access
79
80
23.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
80
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
81
81
23.9 References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
23.10Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
23.11External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
83
24.1 Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
83
84
84
24.2 Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
84
24.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
84
25 Phase-shift keying
85
25.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
25.1.1 Denitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
25.2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
86
25.3.1 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
87
87
25.4.1 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
88
25.4.3 Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
90
91
91
viii
CONTENTS
25.6.1 Dierential encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
25.6.2 Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
93
93
93
25.9 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
25.10References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
26 Minimum-shift keying
95
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
96
26.4 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
26.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
27 Constellation diagram
97
27.1 Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
98
99
99
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
99
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
103
106
CONTENTS
ix
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
112
CONTENTS
31.6.3 Telecommunications Industry Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
31.7 Competing technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
31.7.1 Harmonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
31.7.2 Comparison with other mobile Internet standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
31.8 Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
31.9 Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
31.10Deployments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
31.11See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
31.12Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
31.13References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
31.14External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
32 5G
122
129
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
133
CONTENTS
xi
136
143
xii
CONTENTS
36.7.1 Deployment plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
36.8 Beyond 4G research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
36.9 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
36.10References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
36.11External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
37 IP Multimedia Subsystem
165
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
173
176
39.1 1X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
39.2 1xEV-DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
39.3 1X Advanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
39.4 Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
39.5 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
39.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
39.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
40 Service layer
178
CONTENTS
xiii
180
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
182
183
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
188
xiv
CONTENTS
44.4 Interoperability and global roaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
44.4.1 Handsets and modems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
44.5 Other competing standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
44.6 Migrating from GSM/GPRS to UMTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
44.7 Problems and issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
44.7.1 Security issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
44.8 Releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
44.8.1 Release '99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
44.8.2 Release 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
44.8.3 Release 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
44.8.4 Release 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
44.8.5 Release 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
44.8.6 Release 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
44.8.7 Release 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
44.9 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
44.10Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
44.11References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
196
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
198
CONTENTS
xv
203
47.1 History
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
xvi
CONTENTS
47.9 Other terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
47.10See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
47.11References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
47.12External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
216
48.1 History
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
48.2 Design
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
224
227
CONTENTS
xvii
229
231
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
xviii
CONTENTS
52.2.22 Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
52.2.23 New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
52.2.24 Pakistan
52.2.25 Peru
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
52.2.26 Portugal
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
240
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
CONTENTS
xix
54 Cellular frequencies
251
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
254
257
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Chapter 1
encouraged to take measures such as the immediate suspension of service and the replacement of SIM cards in
case of loss or theft.[6]
There is a misunderstanding amongst some regulators
that the existence of a formally allocated IMEI number
range for a GSM terminal implies that the terminal is approved or complies with regulatory requirements. This
is not the case. The linkage between regulatory approval
and IMEI allocation was removed in April 2000, with the
introduction of the European R&TTE Directive.[7] Since
that date, IMEIs have been allocated by BABT (or one of
several other regional administrators acting on behalf of
the GSM Association) to legitimate GSM terminal manufacturers without the need to provide evidence of approval.
The IMEI number is used by a GSM network to identify valid devices and therefore can be used for stopping
a stolen phone from accessing that network. For example, if a mobile phone is stolen, the owner can call his or
her network provider and instruct them to blacklist the
phone using its IMEI number. This renders the phone
useless on that network and sometimes other networks
too, whether or not the phones SIM is changed.
In the UK, a voluntary charter operated by the mobile networks ensures that any operators blacklisting of a handset
is communicated to the Central Equipment Identity Register (CEIR) and subsequently to all other networks. This
ensures the handset will be unusable for calls often quite
quickly and, in any case, within 48 hours.
All UK Police forces including the Metropolitan Police
Service actively check IMEI numbers of phones found
involved in crime, against the National Mobile Property
Register (NMPR).The NMPR draws its information from
many property databases. One of the databases consulted
is Immobilise,[9] which allows optional (and free) registration of devices by the public. Such registration ensures
that a device coming into Police possession may be easily
reunited with its registered keeper.
gin, model, and serial number of the device. The structure of the IMEI/SV are specied in 3GPP TS 23.003.
The model and origin comprise the initial 8-digit portion of the IMEI/SV, known as the Type Allocation Code
(TAC). The remainder of the IMEI is manufacturerdened, with a Luhn check digit at the end. For the IMEI
format prior to 2003, the GSMA guideline was to have
this Check Digit always transmitted to the network as
zero. This guideline seems to have disappeared for the
format valid from 2003 and onwards.[17]
As of 2004, the format of the IMEI is AA-BBBBBBCCCCCC-D, although it may not always be displayed this
way. The IMEISV drops the Luhn check digit in favour of
an additional two digits for the Software Version Number
(SVN), making the format AA-BBBBBB-CCCCCC-EE
Prior to 2002, the TAC was six digits long and was followed by a two-digit Final Assembly Code (FAC), which
was a manufacturer-specic code indicating the location
of the devices construction. From January 1, 2003 until
that April 1, 2004, the FAC for all phones was 00. After
April 1, 2004, the Final Assembly Code ceased to exist
and the Type Allocation Code increased to eight digits in
In some countries, such blacklisting is not customary. In length.
2012, major network companies in the United States, In any of the above cases, the rst two digits of the TAC
under government pressure, committed to introduce a are the Reporting Body Identier, which identies the
blacklisting service, but its not clear whether it will in- GSMA-approved group that allocated the TAC. The RBI
teroperate with the CEIR.[12][13] GSM carriers AT&T numbers are allocated by the Global Decimal Adminisand T-Mobile began blocking newly reported IMEIs in trator. IMEI numbers being decimal allows them to be
November 2012.[14] (Thefts reported prior to November distinguished from an MEID, which is hexadecimal and
2012 were not added to the database.)
always has 0xA0 or larger as its rst two digits.
It is unclear whether local barring of IMEI has any pos- For example, the old style IMEI code 35-209900itive eect as it may result in international smuggling of 176148-1 or IMEISV code 35-209900-176148-23 tells
stolen phones.[15]
us the following:
1.1.2
Limitations
IMEIs can sometimes be unlisted depending on local arrangements. This would typically include quoting a password which was chosen at the time the blacklisting was
applied.
1.1.3
Lawful interception
1.5. REFERENCES
The last number of the IMEI is a check digit calculated
using the Luhn algorithm, as dened in the IMEI Allocation and Approval Guidelines:
The Check Digit shall be calculated according to Luhn formula (ISO/IEC 7812).
(See GSM 02.16 / 3GPP 22.016). The Check
Digit is a function of all other digits in the
IMEI. The Software Version Number (SVN)
of a mobile is not included in the calculation.
The purpose of the Check Digit is to help
guard against the possibility of incorrect entries
to the CEIR and EIR equipment.
The presentation of the Check Digit both
electronically and in printed form on the label
and packaging is very important. Logistics (using bar-code reader) and EIR/CEIR administration cannot use the Check Digit unless it is
printed outside of the packaging, and on the
ME IMEI/Type Accreditation label.
The check digit is not transmitted over the
radio interface, nor is it stored in the EIR
database at any point. Therefore, all references
to the last three or six digits of an IMEI refer
to the actual IMEI number, to which the check
digit does not belong.
The check digit is validated in three steps:
3
Luhn algorithm
Mobile Equipment Identier
Mobile phone
SIM lock
1.5 References
[1] 3GPP TS 22.016: International Mobile Equipment Identities (IMEI)" (ZIP/DOC; 36 KB). 2009-10-01. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
[2] Phone rms defend security record. BBC News. January 8, 2002. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
[3] GSM Europe, GSME proposals regarding mobile theft
and IMEI security, 2003-06
[4] Mobile Telephones (Re-programming) Act 2002. Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2013-09-18.
[5] http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/
Likumi/The_Criminal_Law.doc
[6] IMEI Specications
The BGAN, Iridium and Thuraya satellite phone net- [14] http://www.checkmend.com/us/latest_news. Accessed:
2012-12-26. (Archived by WebCite at http://www.
works all use IMEI numbers on their transceiver units as
webcitation.org/6DDHr0G1D)
well as SIM cards in much the same way as GSM phones
do. The Iridium 9601 modem relies solely on its IMEI
number for identication and uses no SIM card; however, [15] http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/13/
smartphone-black-market_n_3510341.html. Accessed:
Iridium is a proprietary network and the device is incom2013-10-13.
patible with regular GSM networks.
Chapter 2
3GPP
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a
collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations, known as the Organizational Partners. The
initial scope of 3GPP was to make a globally applicable third-generation (3G) mobile phone system specication based on evolved Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) specications within the scope of the
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 project
of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
The scope was later enlarged to include the development
and maintenance of:[1]
GSM and related "2G" and "2.5G" standards including GPRS and EDGE
UMTS and related "3G" standards including HSPA
LTE and related "4G" standards
An evolved IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) developed in an access independent manner
3GPP standardization encompasses Radio, Core Network and Service architecture.[2] The project was established in December 1998 and should not be confused with
3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), which
species standards for another 3G technology based on
IS-95 (CDMA), commonly known as CDMA2000.[3]
The 3GPP support team (also known as the Mobile Competence Centre) is located at the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) headquarters in Sophia-Antipolis (France).[4]
2.1 History
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project initiative eventually arose from a strategic initiative between Nortel
Networks and AT&T Wireless. In 1998 AT&T Wireless was operating an IS-136 (TDMA) wireless network
in the United States. In 1997 Nortel Networks Wireless R&D center in Richardson, Texas, the wireless division of Bell Northern Research had developed a vision
for an all Internet Protocol (IP)" wireless network that
went under the internal name Cell Web. As the concept progressed, Nortel launched the industry vision as
CHAPTER 2. 3GPP
The approval of Organizational Partner funding re- provide insight into how the cellular industry works. They
quirements;
cover not only the radio part ("Air Interface") and Core
Network, but also billing information and speech cod The allocation of human and nancial resources pro- ing down to source code level. Cryptographic aspects
vided by the Organizational Partners to the Project (authentication, condentiality) are also specied in deCo-ordination Group;
tail. 3GPP2 oers similar information about its system.
Act as a body of appeal on procedural matters referred to them.
2.4 Standards
2.9. REFERENCES
under the direct responsibility of TSGs and therefore, change requests can also be handled at TSG
level. The approved change requests are subsequently incorporated in 3GPP specications.
7
GSM services
Telecoms & Internet converged Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks (TISPAN)
Open Mobile Alliance
Service layer
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
2.9 References
[1] 3GPP Scope and Objectives, 31 August 2007
[2] About The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
[3] 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2
[4] Mobile Competence Centre
[5] 3G.IP Mission Statement. 3G.IP. 2000. Archived from
the original on 2000-08-31. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
[6] 3G.IP Membership List. 3G.IP. 2000. Archived from
the original on 2000-08-31. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
[7] Releases
[8] 3GPP Specications - Releases (and phases and stages)
[9] Overview of 3GPP Release 99, Summary of all Release
99 Features. ETSI Mobile Competence Centre, Version
xx/07/04
2.7 Deployment
[11] Summary of all Release 5 Features, ETSI Mobile Competence Centre, Version 9 September 2003
3GPP systems are deployed across much of the established GSM market.[20][21] They are primarily Release
6 systems, but as of 2010, growing interest in HSPA+
and LTE is driving adoption of Release 7 and its successors. Since 2005, 3GPP systems were seeing deployment in the same markets as 3GPP2 systems (for example, North America[22] ). With LTE the ocial successor
to 3GPP2s CDMA systems, 3GPP-based systems will
eventually become the single global mobile standard.
CHAPTER 2. 3GPP
Chapter 3
3.1 History
ITU was formed in 1865 at the International Telegraph
Convention. ITU became a United Nations specialized
agency in 1947.
Monument in Bern, Switzerland. The text reads: Union Tlgraphique Internationale fonde Paris en 1865 sur l'initiative
du gouvernement franais. rig par dcision de l'Union Tlgraphique prise la confrence internationale de Lisbonne en
1908. (In English: International Telegraph Union founded at
Paris in 1865 on the initiative of the French government. [This
monument] erected by a decision of the Telegraph Union made
at the international conference at Lisbon in 1908.)
10
of the ITU was the 1865 International Telegraph Convention, which has since been amended several times and
is now entitled the Constitution and Convention of the
International Telecommunication Union. In addition to
the Constitution and Convention, the consolidated basic
Development (ITU-D) Established in 1992, this sector texts include the Optional Protocol on the settlement of
helps spread equitable, sustainable and aordable disputes, the Decisions, Resolutions and Recommendaaccess to information and communication technolo- tions in force, as well as the General Rules of Confergies (ICT).
ences, Assemblies and Meetings of the Union.
ITU TELECOM ITU Telecom organizes major events
for the worlds ICT community. ITU Telecom
World 2011[6] is ITU Telecoms 40th Anniversary
with the rst event in 1971.
3.4 Leadership
Secretaries-
3.6 Membership
The Republic of China (Taiwan) was blocked from memThe basic texts of the ITU[7] are adopted by the ITU bership by the Peoples Republic of China, but neverPlenipotentiary Conference.[8] The founding document theless received a country code, being listed as Tai-
11
wan, China.[13] Palestine was admitted as an observer governments to shut down the internet if there is the bein 2010.[14]
lief that it may interfere in the internal aairs of other
states or that information of a sensitive nature might be
shared.[19]
3.6.1
Regional groupings
3.7
tion Society
Main article: World Summit on the Information Society
The ITU was one of the UN agencies responsible for
convening the World Summit on the Information Society
(WSIS), along with UNESCO, UNCTAD and UNDP.[15]
The Summit was held as two conferences in 2003 and
2005 in Geneva and Tunis, respectively, with the aim of
bridging the digital divide.
Current proposals look to take into account the prevalence of data communications. Proposals under consideration would establish regulatory oversight by the UN
over security, fraud, trac accounting as well as trac
ow, management of Internet Domain Names and IP addresses, and other aspects of the Internet that are currently governed either by community-based approaches
such as Regional Internet Registries, ICANN, or largely
national regulatory frameworks.[22] The move by the ITU
and some countries has alarmed many within the United
States and within the Internet community.[23][24] Indeed,
some European telecommunication services have proposed a so-called sender pays model that would require
sources of Internet trac to pay destinations, similar to
the way funds are transferred between countries using the
telephone.[25][26]
12
3.8.3
ITU-T Recommendations
X.509
Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)
Child Online Protection (COP)
3.10 References
[1] International Telecommunication Union
[2] UNDG Members. Undg.org. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
[3] About ITU. International Telecommunication Union.
Retrieved 2011-03-20.
[4] Sector Members, Associates and Academia. ITU. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
[5] Deutsches Institut fr Normung (1998). An Introduction
to Standards and Standardization. Beuth Verlag. p. 266.
ISBN 9783410141495. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
[6] Welcome to ITU TELECOM WORLD 2011 | ITU
TELECOM WORLD 2011. Itu.int. 27 October 2011.
Retrieved 9 July 2012.
AfriNIC
13
[32] Japan, West snub rules for Net curbs. Japan Times. 16
December 2012.
[14] Palestine ITU status. Itu.int. 20 October 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
[15] World Summit on the Information Society. itu.int. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
[36] EFF Joins Coalition Denouncing Secretive WCIT Planning Process. E.org. 17 May 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
14
Chapter 4
H.331
H.331 is part of the ITU suite of standards for Video
Teleconferencing. This standard is used for broadcast of
videoconferences, as opposed to point-to-point links.[1]
A standard H.320 terminal (i.e. ISDN endpoint) can
be modied to provide one-way point-to-multipoint data
transmissions (broadcasts). These broadcasts can be
likened to television broadcasts. H.331 species how
H.320 terminals act in situations where there is no data
path from receivers back to transmitters, making normal
two-way negotiation impossible. In such a situation no
MCU is needed.
Standard applications include:
Educational Broadcasts (Classes, Campus Events...)
Corporate Broadcasts (Shareholder Meetings, Public Relations...)
Political Broadcasts
Often low-bit-rate digital satellite transmission is used for
such services, with one uplink site sending H.320 video
and many receiving stations.
4.1 References
[1] EBU Technical Review EBU, 1999. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
http://www.tml.tkk.fi/Opinnot/Tik-111.590/2002/
Jerry D. Gibson (ed.), Multimedia Communications - Directions & Innovations, Academic Press, 2001 ISBN 012-282160-2
15
Chapter 5
ICANN
ICANN was created on September 18, 1998, and incorporated on September 30, 1998.[3] It is headquartered
in the Playa Vista section of Los Angeles, California.
On September 29, 2006, ICANN signed a new agreement with the United States Department of Commerce
(DOC) that moves the organization further towards a
solely multistakeholder governance model.[4]
On October 1, 2009 the U.S. Department of Commerce
gave up its control of ICANN, completing ICANNs
transition.[5]
5.1 History
ICANN headquarters in Playa Vista, Los Angeles, California.
16
17
the IANA and VeriSign.[24]
On October 1, 2009 the U.S. Department of Commerce
gave up its control of ICANN.[5]
On March 18, 2002, publicly elected At-Large Representative for North America board member Karl Auerbach
sued ICANN in Superior Court in California to gain acICANN was incorporated in California on September 30,
cess to ICANNs accounting records without restriction.
1998, with entrepreneur and philanthropist Esther Dyson
Auerbach won.[25]
as founding chairwoman.[3] It is qualied to do business
in the District of Columbia.[13] ICANN was established In September and October 2003, ICANN played a cruin California due to the presence of Jon Postel, who was cial role in the conict over VeriSign's wild card DNS
a founder of ICANN and was set to be its rst CTO prior service Site Finder. After an open letter from ICANN
to his unexpected death. ICANN formerly operated from issuing an ultimatum to VeriSign, later supported by the
[26]
the company voluntarily shut down the service
the same Marina del Rey building where Postel formerly IAB,
worked, which is home to an oce of the Information on October 4, 2003. Following this action, VeriSign led
Sciences Institute at the University of Southern Califor- a lawsuit against ICANN on February 27, 2004, claiming
nia. However, ICANNs headquarters is now located in that ICANN had overstepped its authority. In this lawsuit, VeriSign sought to reduce ambiguity about ICANNs
the nearby Playa Vista section of Los Angeles.
authority. The antitrust component of VeriSigns claim
Per its original Bylaws, primary responsibility for policy
was dismissed in August 2004. VeriSigns broader chalformation in ICANN was to be delegated to three suplenge that ICANN overstepped its contractual rights is
porting organizations (Address Supporting Organization,
currently outstanding. A proposed settlement already apDomain Name Supporting Organization, and Protocol
proved by ICANNs board would resolve VeriSigns chalSupporting Organization), each of which was to develop
lenge to ICANN in exchange for the right to increase
and recommend substantive policies and procedures for
pricing on .com domains. At the meeting of ICANN in
the management of the identiers within their respective
Rome, which took place from March 2 to March 6, 2004,
scope. They were also required to be nancially indepenICANN agreed to ask approval of the US Department of
[14]
dent from ICANN. As expected, the Regional Internet
Commerce for the Waiting List Service of VeriSign.
Registries and the IETF agreed to serve as the Address
Supporting Organization and Protocol Supporting Orga- On May 17, 2004, ICANN published a proposed budget
nization respectively,[15][16] and ICANN issued a call for for the year 2004-05. It included proposals to increase
interested parties to propose the structure and composi- the openness and professionalism of its operations, and
tion of the Domain Name Supporting Organization.[17] greatly increased its proposed spending from US $8.27
On 4 March 1999, the ICANN Board, based in part on million to $15.83 million. The increase was to be funded
the DNSO proposals received, decided instead on an al- by the introduction of new top-level domains, charges
ternate construction for the DNSO which delineated spe- to domain registries, and a fee for some domain name
cic constituencies bodies within ICANN itself,[18][19] registrations, renewals and transfers (initially USD 0.20
thus adding primary responsibility for DNS policy de- for all domains within a country-code top-level domain,
velopment to ICANNs existing duties of oversight and and USD 0.25 for all others). The Council of European
National Top Level Domain Registries (CENTR), which
coordination.
represents the Internet registries of 39 countries, rejected
On July 26, 2006, the United States government rethe increase, accusing ICANN of a lack of nancial prunewed the contract with ICANN for performance of the
dence and criticizing what it describes as ICANNs "unreIANA function for an additional one to ve years.[20] The
alistic political and operational targets". Despite the critcontext of ICANNs relationship with the U.S. governicism, the registry agreement for the top-level domains
ment was claried on September 29, 2006 when ICANN
jobs and travel includes a US $2 fee on every domain the
signed a new Memorandum of understanding with the
licensed companies sell or renew.[27]
[21]
United States Department of Commerce (DOC). This
document does give the DoC a nal, unilateral oversight After a second round of negotiations in 2004, the TLDs
eu, asia, travel, jobs, mobi, and cat were introduced in
over some of the ICANN operations.[21][22]
2005.
In July 2008, the U.S. Department of Commerce reiter[23]
ated an earlier statement that it has no plans to tran- On February 28, 2006, ICANNs board approved a
sition management of the authoritative root zone le to settlement with VeriSign in the lawsuit resulting from
ICANN. The letter also stresses the separate roles of SiteFinder that involved allowing VeriSign (the registry)
to raise its registration fees by up to 7% a year.[28] This
18
CHAPTER 5. ICANN
tion and implementation process.[34]
On October 1, 2008, ICANN issued Breach Notices
against Joker and Beijing Innovative Linkage Technology
Ltd.[35] after further researching reports and complaints
issued by KnujOn. These notices gave the Registrars 15
days to x their Whois investigation eorts.
In 2010, ICANN approved a major review of its policies
with respect to accountability, transparency, and public
participation by the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University.[36] This external review was
in support of the work of ICANNs Accountability and
Transparency Review team.[37]
ICANN meeting, Los Angeles USA, 2007. The sign refers to Vint
Cerf, then Chairman of the Board of Directors, who is working
on the Interplanetary Internet.
On February 3, 2011, ICANN announced that it had distributed the last batch of its remaining IPv4 addresses
to the worlds ve Regional Internet Registries, the organizations that manage IP addresses in dierent regions.
was criticised by some people in the US House of Repre- These Registries began assigning the nal IPv4 addresses
within their regions until they ran out completely.[38]
sentatives' Small Business committee.[29]
In February 2007, ICANN began the steps to remove accreditation of one of their registrars, RegisterFly amid
charges and lawsuits involving fraud, and criticism of
ICANNs handling of the situation. ICANN has been the
subject of criticism as a result of its handling of RegisterFly, and the harm caused to thousands of clients as a
result of what has been called ICANNs laissez faire attitude toward customer allegations of fraud".[30] Backend
cybercrime detection within the ICANN sphere of inuence is also lacking.
On May 23, 2008, ICANN issued Enforcement Notices against 10 Accredited Registrars and announced this
through a press release entitled: Worst Spam Oenders Notied by ICANN, Compliance system working
to correct Whois and other issues.[31] This was largely
in response to a report issued by KnujOn called The 10
Worst Registrars in terms of spam advertised junk product sites and compliance failure.[32] The mention of the
word spam in the title of the ICANN memo is somewhat
misleading since ICANN does not address issues of spam
or email abuse. Website content and usage are not within
ICANNs mandate. However the KnujOn Report details how various registrars have not complied with their
contractual obligations under the Registrar Accreditation
Agreement (RAA).[33] The main point of the KnujOn
research was to demonstrate the relationships between
compliance failure, illicit product trac, and spam. The
report demonstrated that out of 900 ICANN accredited
Registrars fewer than 20 held 90% of the web domains
advertised in spam. These same Registrars were also
most frequently cited by KnujOn as failing to resolve
complaints made through the Whois Data Problem Reporting System (WDPRS).
On June 26, 2008, the ICANN Board started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a signicant step
forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains. This program envisions the availability of many
new or already proposed domains, as well a new applica-
5.3 Structure
At present ICANN is formally organized as a non-prot
corporation for charitable and public purposes under
the California Nonprot Public Benet Corporation Law.
It is managed by a 16-member Board of Directors composed of eight members selected by a nominating committee on which all the constituencies of ICANN are represented; six representatives of its Supporting Organizations, sub-groups that deal with specic sections of the
policies under ICANNs purview; an At-Large seat lled
by an At-Large Organization; and the President / CEO,
appointed by the Board.[47]
5.3. STRUCTURE
19
Council of Europe
5.3.1
for
Africas
Development
The Governmental Advisory Committee has representatives from 111 states (108 UN members, the Holy See,
Cook Islands, Niue and Taiwan), Hong Kong, Bermuda,
Montserrat, the European Commission and the African
Union Commission.[51]
In addition the following organizations are GAC
Observers:[52]
African Telecommunications Union
Asia-Pacic Telecommunity
Caribbean Telecommunications Union (CTU)
Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation
(CTO)
20
5.3.2
CHAPTER 5. ICANN
Democratic input
has now become known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). This policy essentially attempts to
provide a mechanism for rapid, cheap and reasonable resolution of domain name conicts, avoiding the traditional
court system for disputes by allowing cases to be brought
to one of a set of bodies that arbitrate domain name disputes. According to ICANN policy, a domain registrant
must agree to be bound by the UDRPthey cannot get a
domain name without agreeing to this.
it be replaced with a system that keeps most registration information secret (or gated) from most Internet
users, and only discloses information for permissible
purposes.[58][59] ICANNs list of permissible purposes
includes Domain name research, Domain name sale and
purchase, Regulatory enforcement, Personal data protection, Legal actions, and Abuse mitigation.[60] Whois has
been a key tool of investigative journalists interested in
determining who was disseminating information on the
Internet.[61] The use of whois by the free press is not included in the list of permissible purposes in the initial
report.
5.5 Criticism
5.4 Activities
Since its creation, ICANN has been the subject of criticism and controversy.[62][63] In 2000, professor Michael
Froomkin of the University of Miami School of Law argued that ICANNs relationship with the U.S. Department of Commerce is illegal, in violation of either the
Constitution or federal statutes.[64] In 2009, the new Afrmation of Commitments agreement between ICANN
and the U.S. Department of Commerce, that aimed to
create international oversight, ran into criticism.[65]
5.5. CRITICISM
landgrab[67] ), in a group organized by the Association
of National Advertisers.[68] As of September 2014, this
group, the Coalition for Responsible Internet Domain
Oversight, that opposes the rollout of ICANNs TLD expansion program, has been joined by 102 associations and
79 major companies.[69] Partly as a response to this criticism, ICANN initiated an eort to protect trademarks in
domain name registrations, which eventually culminated
in the establishment of the Trademark Clearinghouse.
5.5.1
21
22
CHAPTER 5. ICANN
management.[89]
A month later, the Panel On Global Internet Cooperation
and Governance Mechanisms (convened by the Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
and the World Economic Forum (WEF) with assistance
from The Annenberg Foundation), supported and included the NetMundial statement in its own report.[90]
In June 2014, France strongly attacked ICANN, saying
ICANN is not a t venue for Internet governance and that
alternatives should be sought.[91]
5.5.5
.sucks domain
Top-level domain
Country code top-level domain
Generic top-level domain
Geographic top-level domain (GeoTLD)
Domain slamming
IEEE Registration Authority
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
InterNIC
List of ICANN meetings
Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation
NetMundial Initiative, a plan for international governance of the Internet rst proposed at the Global
Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet
Governance (GMMFIG) conference, 2324 April
2014).
Network Solutions
OpenNIC
Trademark Clearinghouse
Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy
WHOIS
5.7 References
[1] ICANN Bylaws. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
[2] Memorandum of understanding between the U.S. Department of Commerce and Internet Corporation for assigned names and numbers. 25 November 1998. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
[3] California Secretary of State, Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. Accessed 2009.09.18.
[4] ICANN-DOC JPA 09-29-2006
[5] US Government nally lets ICANN go, Eileen Yu,
ZDNet, 30 September 2009.
[6] V. Cerf (October 17, 1998). I REMEMBER IANA.
IETF. RFC 2460. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2460.
[7] Zittrain, Jonathan. No, Barack Obama Isn't Handing
Control of the Internet Over to China. The New Republic. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
[8] http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/science/
hsy268140.000/hsy268140_0.HTM
[9] DeNardis, Laura (2009). Protocol Politics: The Globalization of Internet Governance. ISBN 978-0-262-04257-4.
[10] Management of Internet Names and Addresses. Dept
of Commerce/NTIA. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
5.7. REFERENCES
23
[30] The Register, Burke Hansen Of ICANN and the Registery meltdown, March 3, 2007
[31] "'Worst Spam Oenders Notied by ICANN, News
release, Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN), 23 May 2008
[32] 2008 ICANN Registrar Report, KnujOn.com
[33] Registrar Accreditation Agreement, Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 17 May
2001 with updates 2002-2006
[34] 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting. ICANN.
2008-06-22.
[35] http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/
announcement-01oct08-en.htm
[36] Accountability and Transparency Review Team Selection of Independent Expert and Update on ATRT Review, News release, Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN), 10 August 2010
[37] The First AART (Accountability and Transparency Review Team) Review was Completed in December 2010,
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN), 17 January 2012
[38] Available Pool of Unallocated IPv4 Internet Addresses
Now Completely Emptied, News release, Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 3
February 2011
[39] New Internet Name Rule Opens Door to Huge Changes.
Voice of America, June 20, 2011. Accessed June 20,
2011
[40] Internet minders OK vast expansion of domain names,
Associated Press, June 20, 2011. Accessed June 20, 2011
[41] Icann to allow any word as a domain, ZDNet, June 20,
2011. Accessed June 20, 2011
[42] Future of the internet debated at NetMundial in Brazil.
BBC News. 2014-04-23. Retrieved 2014-06-02.
[43] ICANN Approves Historic Change to Internets Domain
Name System Board Votes to Launch New Generic TopLevel Domains, News release, Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 20 June 2001
[44] ICANN Approves New Top-Level Domains, So Prepare
For .Whatever, Stan Schroeder, Mashable Tech, 20 June
2011
[45] Icann announces huge expansion of web domain names
from 2012, The Guardian, June 20, 2011. Accessed June
20, 2011
[46] When free markets make it worse: new TLDs. A smart
bear. 18 July 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
[47] BYLAWS FOR INTERNET CORPORATION FOR ASSIGNED NAMES AND NUMBERS | A California Nonprot Public-Benet Corporation. ICANN. Retrieved on
2014-04-28.
24
CHAPTER 5. ICANN
[65] Gross, Grant (1 October 2009). New ICANN Agreement Runs Into Criticism. PC World. Retrieved 20
September 2014.
[66] Milian, Mark (21 December 2011). Keepers of the Internet face their greatest challenges ever. CNN. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
[51] https://gacweb.icann.org/display/gacweb/GAC+
Representatives GAC Representatives
[68] Chappell, Bill (14 June 2012). ICANNs Call For New
Domain Names Brings Criticism, And $357 Million.
NPR. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
[52] https://gacweb.icann.org/display/gacweb/GAC+
Observers GAC Observers
[53] ICANN decided to reduce direct public (at large) participation on March 14, 2002, at a public meeting in Accra,
Ghana.
[55] Power grab could split the net. CNET. October 3, 2005.
Archived from the original on July 12, 2012.
[56] ICANN Government Advisory Committee
[57] Hannibal Travis, The Battle for Mindshare: the Emerging
Consensus that the First Amendment Protects Corporate
Criticism and Parody on the Internet, 10 Virginia Journal
of Law and Technology 3, 32-34 (2005), Vjolt.net
[58] Initial Report from the Expert Working Group on gTLD
Directory Services: A Next Generation Registration Directory Service (PDF). ICANN Expert Working Group.
Retrieved 23 September 2013.
[72] Tunis Agenda for the Information Society, World Summit on the Information Society, 18 November 2005
[73] Kaul, Mahima. India changes its internet governance position backs away from UN proposal. UNCUT. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
[74] Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation, ICANN, 7 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October
2013.
[75] Brazils anti-NSA prez urged to SNATCH keys to the
internet from America, Rik Myslewski, The Register, 11
October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
[83] NTIA Announces Intent to Transition Key Internet Domain Name Functions. NTIA. NTIA. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
[84] NETmundial Multistakeholder Statement Concludes Act
One of 2014 Internet Governance Trifecta. CircleID.
2014-05-03. Retrieved 2014-06-02.
[85] ICANN Releases Roadmap, Timeline for Future Management of Internet. PC Tech Magazine. 2014-05-21.
Retrieved 2014-06-02.
[86] NETmundial Initiative - Debrief with Founding Partners. Retrieved 2014-06-02.
25
Par, Daniel J. Internet Governance in Transition,
ISBN 0-7425-1846-9
Mueller, Milton L. Ruling the Root, ISBN 0-26213412-8
Froomkin, A. Michael Wrong Turn in Cyberspace:
Using ICANN to Route Around the APA and the
Constitution, 50 Duke Law Journal17 (2000)
Ocial website
[89] The future of the internet. Business Standard. 2014-0503. Retrieved 2014-06-02.
[90] Towards a Collaborative, Decentralized Internet Governance Ecosystem - report by the Panel On Global Internet
Cooperation and Governance Mechanisms. 2014-05-20.
Retrieved 2014-06-02.
[91] France attacks ICANN as unt for internet governance.
Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse. 25 June 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
[92] ICANN banked $60m from dot-word auctions. Just what
exactly is it going to spend it all on?". The Register. 17
Aprr 2015. Check date values in: |date= (help)
[93] ICANN urges US, Canada: Help us stop the 'predatory'
monster we created ... dot-sucks!". The Register. 10 Apr
2015.
[94] Is .SUCKS Pricing Model Gaining Traction With Other
Registries?". CircleID. 25 Jun 2015.
[95] 19 Jun 2015. Mirror.co.uk.
[96] A Debate Over the Domain .sucks". Wall Stree Journal.
19 May 2015.
[97] Canada weighs in on .sucks debate. IP Pro. 19 June
2015.
[98] Canada to ICANN in dot-sucks dot-rumble: Take o,
you hoser!". The Register. 15 Jun 2015.
Chapter 6
6.1 Services
ARIN provides services related to the technical coordination and management of Internet number resources. The
nature of these services is described in ARINs mission
statement:
Applying the principles of stewardship, ARIN,
a nonprot corporation, allocates Internet Protocol resources; develops consensus-based policies; and facilitates the advancement of the Internet through information and educational outreach.
6.3. HISTORY
All ARIN policies are set by the community. Everyone is
encouraged to participate in the policy development process at public policy meetings and on the Public Policy
Mailing List. The ARIN Board of Trustees raties policies only after:
1. discussion on mailing lists and at meetings;
2. ARIN Advisory Council recommendation;
27
6.3 History
The organization was formed in December 1997 to provide IP registration services as an independent, nonprot
corporation. Until this time, IP address registration (outside of RIPE and APNIC regions) was done in accordance with policies set by the IETF[7] by Network Solutions corporation as part of the InterNIC project. The NaMembership is not required to participate in ARINs tional Science Foundation approved the plan for the crepolicy development process or to apply for Internet ation of the not-for-prot organization to give the users
number resources.
of IP numbers (mostly Internet service providers, corporations and other large institutions) a voice in the policies
Services include:
by which they are managed and allocated within the North
American region..[8][9] As part of the transition, Network
Maintaining discussion e-mail lists
Solutions corporation transitioned these tasks as well as
initial sta and computer infrastructure to ARIN.[10]
Conducting public policy meetings
The initial Board of Trustees consisted of Scott Bradner,
John Curran, Kim Hubbard, Don Telage, Randy Bush,
Publishing policy documents
Raymundo Vega Aguilar, and Jon Postel (IANA) as an
ex-ocio member.[11]
The community develops policies by following a formal
Policy Development Process as outlined at https://www.
arin.net/policy/pdp.html. The Number Resource Policy
Manual, ARINs complete set of current policies, is available at https://www.arin.net/policy/nrpm.html.
28
6.5 References
[1] About ARIN
[2] Articles of Incorporation
[3] "Contact Us. American Registry for Internet Numbers.
Retrieved on September 16, 2009.
[4] "Chantilly CDP, Virginia. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved
on September 16, 2009.
[5] Board of Trustees. ARIN.
[6] Advisory Council Advisory Council. ARIN.
[7] Network Information Services Manager(s) for NSFNET
and the NREN: INTERNIC Registration Services. National Science Foundation. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
[8] NSF Press Release regarding ARIN formation
[9] Strickling, Lawrence. United States Governments Internet Protocol Numbering Principles. USG/NTIA. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
[10] Amendment 7 to Cooperative Agreement Between NSI
and U.S. Government. ICANN. Retrieved 16 March
2013.
[11] Former Board Members
[12] ARIN Region, countries list
Chapter 7
7.2 History
The Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre[1] (LACNIC, Spanish: Registro de Direcciones de Internet para Amrica Latina y Caribe, Portuguese: Registro de Endereamento da Internet para
Amrica Latina e Caribe) is the Regional Internet Registry for the Latin American and Caribbean regions.
LACNIC[2] provides number resource allocation and registration services that support the global operation of
the Internet. It is a not-for-prot, membership-based
organisation whose members include Internet Service
Providers, and similar organisations.
LACNIC has been allocated the IPv4 address blocks
177.0.0.0/8, 179.0.0.0/8, 181.0.0.0/8, 186.0.0.0/8,
187.0.0.0/8, 189.0.0.0/8, 190.0.0.0/8, 191.0.0.0/8,
200.0.0.0/8, and 201.0.0.0/8 and IPv6 blocks
2001:1200::/23 and 2800:0000::/12.[3][4]
30
Executive Board
LACNIC members nominate and elect the
Executive Board. The Board consists of six
members and is responsible for appointing the
LACNICs Executive Directo and for the overall nancial situation of LACNIC.
LACNIC Sta
Sta members perform the activities of LACNIC, provide services to its members and provide administrative support to LACNIC.
7.6 Membership
LACNIC XII - May 25 to 29, 2009 - Panam City, Organizations that receive IP addresses directly from
Panam
LACNIC automatically become members. According
31
the size of the address space each organization admin- and relevance, resulting in a greater degree of involveisters, there are dierent member categories and levels. ment and eect on policy denition and global resource
Membership is open to any interested person or organi- management of the network at international level.
zation; this means that those organizations that do not receive IP addresses directly from LACNIC can also apply
NIC-BR - LACNIC Agreement
for membership.
NIC-MX - LACNIC Agreement
It is not necessary to become a member of LACNIC prior
to applying for IP address space (or any other resource),
CLARA - LACNIC Cooperation Agreement
nor will doing so make it easier to obtain them.
ECOM-LAC - LACNIC Cooperation Agreement
For detailed information about member categories, rights,
and obligations see the LACNIC webpage.[8]
LACTLD - LACNIC Cooperation Agreement
7.10 References
[1] Memorandum of Understanding between LACNIC (the
Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre, referred to here as LACNIC) and Internet Systems
Consortium, Inc. (referred to here as ISC)" (PDF). lacnic.net. 1 April 2004.
[2] LACNICs Board of Directors Elections. lacnic.net.
Retrieved 7 October 2010.
[3] IANA.org IPv4
32
Chapter 8
3G
For other uses, see 3G (disambiguation).
3G, short form of third generation, is the third generation of mobile telecommunications technology.[1]
This is based on a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunications use services and
networks that comply with the International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specications
by the International Telecommunication Union.[2] 3G
nds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, xed wireless Internet access, video calls
and mobile TV.
3G telecommunication networks support services that
provide an information transfer rate of at least 200 kbit/s.
Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also
provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to
smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.
This ensures it can be applied to wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, xed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV technologies.
A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were introduced in 1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by new frequency bands, higher data rates and non
backward-compatible transmission technology. The rst
3G networks were introduced in 1998 and fourth generation "4G" networks in 2008.
the UMTS system, rst oered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily in Europe, Japan,
China (however with a dierent radio interface) and
other regions predominated by GSM 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS
and GSM hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure:
The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA.
The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialized in 2009 and is only oered in
China.
The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide
peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink
in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and
22 Mbit/s in the uplink.
the CDMA2000 system, rst oered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used especially in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the
IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones are typically
CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release
EVDO Rev B oers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.
34
CHAPTER 8. 3G
ecient 8PSK modulation scheme as supplement to
the original GMSK modulation scheme. EDGE is
still used extensively due to its ease of upgrade from
existing 2G GSM infrastructure and cell-phones.
EDGE combined with the GPRS 2.5G technology is called EGPRS, and allows peak data
rates in the order of 200 kbit/s, just as the
original UMTS WCDMA versions, and thus
formally fullls the IMT2000 requirements on
3G systems. However, in practice EDGE is
seldom marketed as a 3G system, but a 2.9G
system. EDGE shows slightly better system
spectral eciency than the original UMTS and
CDMA2000 systems, but it is dicult to reach
much higher peak data rates due to the limited
GSM spectral bandwidth of 200 kHz, and it is
thus a dead end.
The 3G (UMTS and CDMA2000) research and development projects started in 1992. In 1999, ITU approved ve radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the
EDGE was also a mode in the IS-135 TDMA ITU-R M.1457 Recommendation; WiMAX was added
in 2007.[4]
system, today ceased.
Evolved EDGE, the latest revision, has peaks There are evolutionary standards (EDGE and CDMA)
of 1 Mbit/s downstream and 400 kbit/s up- that are backward-compatible extensions to pre-existing
stream, but is not commercially used.
2G networks as well as revolutionary standards that
require all-new network hardware and frequency allo The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, cations. The cell phones utilise UMTS in combination
created and revised by the 3GPP. The family is a with 2G GSM standards and bandwidths, but do not
full revision from GSM in terms of encoding meth- support EDGE.[5] The latter group is the UMTS family,
ods and hardware, although some GSM sites can which consists of standards developed for IMT-2000, as
be retrotted to broadcast in the UMTS/W-CDMA well as the independently developed standards DECT and
format.
WiMAX, which were included because they t the IMT2000 denition.
W-CDMA is the most common deployment,
commonly operated on the 2,100 MHz band.
A few others use the 850, 900 and 1,900 MHz [1] Can also be used as an upgrade to PDC or D-AMPS.
bands.
[2] development halted in favour of LTE.[7]
HSPA is an amalgamation of several up[3] also known as FOMA;[8] UMTS is the common name for
grades to the original W-CDMA standard
a standard that encompasses multiple air interfaces.
and oers speeds of 14.4 Mbit/s down
and 5.76 Mbit/s up. HSPA is backward- [4] also known as UTRA-FDD; W-CDMA is sometimes used
compatible with and uses the same freas a synonym for UMTS, ignoring the other air interface
options.[8]
quencies as W-CDMA.
HSPA+, a further revision and upgrade [5] also known as UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps high chip rate
of HSPA, can provide theoretical peak
(HCR)
data rates up to 168 Mbit/s in the downlink and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink, using [6] also known as UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps low chip rate
(LCR)
a combination of air interface improvements as well as multi-carrier HSPA and
MIMO. Technically though, MIMO and While EDGE fullls the 3G specications, most
DC-HSPA can be used without the "+" GSM/UMTS phones report EDGE (2.75G) and UMTS
enhancements of HSPA+
(3G) functionality.
The CDMA2000 system, or IS-2000, including
CDMA2000 1x and CDMA2000 High Rate Packet
Data (or EVDO), standardized by 3GPP2 (diering 8.2 History
from the 3GPP), evolving from the original IS-95
CDMA system, is used especially in North America, 3G technology is the result of research and development
China, India, Pakistan, Japan, South Korea, South- work carried out by the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) in the early 1980s. 3G specications and
east Asia, Europe and Africa.[3]
8.3. ADOPTION
standards were developed in fteen years. The technical specications were made available to the public under
the name IMT-2000. The communication spectrum between 400 MHz to 3 GHz was allocated for 3G. Both the
government and communication companies approved the
3G standard.[9] The rst pre-commercial 3G network was
launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1998,[10] branded
as FOMA. It was rst available in May 2001 as a prerelease (test) of W-CDMA technology.[11] The rst commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan
on 1 October 2001, although it was initially somewhat
limited in scope;[12][13] broader availability of the system
was delayed by apparent concerns over its reliability.[14]
The rst European pre-commercial network was an
UMTS network on the Isle of Man by Manx Telecom,
the operator then owned by British Telecom, and the rst
commercial network (also UMTS based W-CDMA) in
Europe was opened for business by Telenor in December
2001 with no commercial handsets and thus no paying
customers.
The rst network to go commercially live was by SK
Telecom in South Korea on the CDMA-based 1xEV-DO
technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second
South Korean 3G network was by KT on EV-DO and
thus the South Koreans were the rst to see competition
among 3G operators.
35
penses of upgrading transmission hardware, especially
for UMTS, whose deployment required the replacement
of most broadcast towers. Due to these issues and diculties with deployment, many carriers were not able to
or delayed acquisition of these updated capabilities.
In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in
40 countries and 154 HSDPA networks were operating
in 71 countries, according to the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). In Asia, Europe, Canada and
the USA, telecommunication companies use W-CDMA
technology with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks.
Roll-out of 3G networks was delayed in some countries
by the enormous costs of additional spectrum licensing
fees. (See Telecoms crash.) The license fees in some
European countries were particularly high, bolstered by
government auctions of a limited number of licenses and
sealed bid auctions, and initial excitement over 3Gs potential.
The 3G standard is perhaps well known because of a
massive expansion of the mobile communications market post-2G and advances of the consumer mophone. An
especially notable development during this time is the
smartphone (for example, the iPhone, and the Android
family), combining the abilities of a PDA with a mobile
phone, leading to widespread demand for mobile internet
connectivity. 3G has also introduced the term "mobile
broadband" because its speed and capability make it a viable alternative for internet browsing, and USB Modems
connecting to 3G networks are becoming increasingly
common.
Market penetration
8.3 Adoption
36
CHAPTER 8. 3G
3G networks oer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be
sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block cipher instead of the older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher have
been identied.[27]
In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, endto-end security is oered when application frameworks
such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a
3G property.
8.4 Patents
8.5.3 Applications of 3G
Telemedicine
Video Conferencing
8.5 Features
8.5.1
Data rates
Video on demand
8.6 Evolution
Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are working on extensions to
3G standard that are based on an all-IP network infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such
as MIMO. These specications already display features
characteristic for IMT-Advanced (4G), the successor of
3G. However, falling short of the bandwidth requirements
for 4G (which is 1 Gbit/s for stationary and 100 Mbit/s for
mobile operation), these standards are classied as 3.9G
or Pre-4G.
8.8. REFERENCES
8.8 References
[1] ITU (4 July 2002). IMT-2000 Project - ITU. Retrieved
8 April 2013.
[2] Clint Smith, Daniel Collins. 3G Wireless Networks,
page 136. 2000.
[3] CDG. CDG Market Trends and Facts (PDF). Retrieved
13 September 2011.
[4] ITU. ITU Radiocommunication Assembly approves new
developments for its 3G standards. press release.
Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved
1 June 2009.
[5] ITU. What really is a Third Generation (3G)(3G) Mobile
Technology (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on
12 June 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
[6] ITU-D Study Group 2. Guidelines on the smooth transition of existing mobile networks to IMT-2000 for developing countries (GST); Report on Question 18/2 (PDF).
Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
[7] Qualcomm halts UMB project, Reuters, 13 November
2008
[8] 3GPP notes that there currently existed many dierent
names for the same system (e.g. FOMA, W-CDMA,
UMTS, etc); Draft summary minutes, decisions and
actions from 3GPP Organizational Partners Meeting#6,
Tokyo, 9 October 2001 (PDF). p. 7.
[9] 3G cellular standards and characteristics.
[10] A Brand New Mobile Millennium Ericsson/CATT/DoCoMo jointly demonstrate pioneering
W-CDMA technology at PT/Wireless | Press Center |
NTT DOCOMO Global. Nttdocomo.com. 9 November
1999. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
[11] The history of UMTS and 3G development.
[12] Worlds rst 3G launch on 1 October severely restricted
(hktdc.com)".
37
Chapter 9
TD-SCDMA
Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple
Access (TD-SCDMA) or UTRA TDD 1.28 mcps low
chip rate (UTRA-TDD LCR)[1][2] is an air interface[1]
found in UMTS mobile telecommunications networks in
China as an alternative to W-CDMA.
2008.[6]
On January 7, 2009, China granted a TD-SCDMA 3G
licence to China Mobile.[7]
On September 21, 2009, China Mobile ocially announced that it had 1,327,000 TD-SCDMA subscribers
The term TD-SCDMA is misleading. While it suggests as of the end of August, 2009.[8]
covering only a channel access method, it is actually the
common name for the whole air interface specication.[2] While TD is primarily a China-only system, it may well
be exported to developing countries. It is likely to be
Together with TD-CDMA, it is one of the two time- replaced with a newer TD-LTE system over the next 5
division duplex (TDD) UMTS air interfaces (UTRAs), years.
known commonly as UMTS-TDD or more formally as
IMT-2000 CDMA-TDD or IMT 2000 Time-Division
(IMT-TD).[1][3] Both air interfaces use a combination
of two channel access methods, code division multi- 9.2 Deployment and usage
ple access (CDMA) and time division multiple access
(TDMA): the frequency band is divided into time slots
On January 20, 2006, Ministry of Information Industry
(TDMA), which are further divided into channels using
of the Peoples Republic of China formally announced
CDMA spreading codes. These air interfaces are classithat TD-SCDMA is the countrys standard of 3G mobile
ed as TDD, because time slots can be allocated to either
telecommunication. On February 15, 2006, a timeline for
uplink or downlink trac.
deployment of the network in China was announced, stating pre-commercial trials would take place starting after
completion of a number of test networks in select cities.
These trials ran from March to October, 2006, but the
9.1 Objectives
results were apparently unsatisfactory. In early 2007, the
TD-SCDMA was developed in the Peoples Republic of Chinese government instructed the dominant cellular carChina by the Chinese Academy of Telecommunications rier, China Mobile, to build commercial trial networks in
Technology (CATT), Datang Telecom, and Siemens AG eight cities, and the two xed-line carriers, China Telein an attempt to avoid dependence on Western technol- com and China Netcom, to build one each in two other
ogy. This is likely primarily for practical reasons, since cities. Construction of these trial networks was schedother 3G formats require the payment of patent fees to a uled to nish during the fourth quarter of 2007, but delays meant that construction was not complete until early
large number of Western patent holders.[4]
2008.
TD-SCDMA proponents also claim it is better suited for
since Rel-4,
densely populated areas.[1] Further, it is supposed to cover The standard has been adopted by 3GPP [1]
known
as
UTRA
TDD
1.28Mbps
Option.
all usage scenarios, whereas W-CDMA is optimised for
symmetric trac and macro cells, while TD-CDMA is On March 28, 2008, China Mobile Group announced
best used in low mobility scenarios within micro or pico TD-SCDMA commercial trials for 60,000 test users in
cells.[1]
eight cities from April 1, 2008. Networks using other 3G
TD-SCDMA is based on spread spectrum technology standards (WCDMA and CDMA2000 EV/DO) had still
which makes it unlikely that it will be able to completely not been launched in China, as these were delayed until
escape the payment of license fees to western patent hold- TD-SCDMA was ready for commercial launch.
ers. The launch of a national TD-SCDMA network was In January 2009 the Ministry of Industry and Informainitially projected by 2005[5] but only reached large scale tion Technology (MIIT) in China took the unusual step
commercial trials with 60,000 users across eight cities in of assigning licences for 3 dierent third-generation mo38
9.5. REFERENCES
bile phone standards to three carriers in a long-awaited
step that is expected to prompt $41 billion in spending
on new equipment. The Chinese-developed standard,
TD-SCDMA, was assigned to China Mobile, the worlds
biggest phone carrier by subscribers. That appeared to be
an eort to make sure the new system has the nancial
and technical backing to succeed. Licences for two existing 3G standards, W-CDMA and CDMA2000 1xEVDO, were assigned to China Unicom and China Telecom, respectively. Third-generation, or 3G, technology
supports Web surng, wireless video and other services
and the start of service is expected to spur new revenue
growth.
Currently in China, China Mobile have access
to the following frequency band for TD-SCDMA
deployment.[9][10][11][12]
39
Dynamic TDMA
Telecommunications industry in China
Communications in China
Standardization in China
9.5 References
[1] Siemens (2004-06-10). TD-SCDMA Whitepaper: the
Solution for TDD bands (PDF). TD Forum. pp. 6
9. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2014-03-30. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
[2] ITU-D Study Group 2. Guidelines on the smooth transition of existing mobile networks to IMT-2000 for developing countries (GST); Report on Question 18/2 (PDF).
pp. 4, 2528. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
[3] Forkel et al. (2002). Performance Comparison Between
UTRA-TDD High Chip Rate And Low Chip Rate Operation. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
[4] 3G Licensing introduces the W-CDMA Patent Licensing
Programme at the Low Cost 3G Devices conference, London, March 13, 2007
[5] 3G in China still held up, EE Times Asia, Global Sources
[6] China Mobile to Test Td-scdma on 60,000 Phones from
April 1,, Cellular News
[7] China issues 3G licences to main carriers The Reuters UK
[8]
[9] https://books.google.com.au/books?id=
dzHABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA824
[10] http://www.xgpforum.com/new_XGP/en/001/TDD_
band.html
[11] http://www.datangmobile.cn/en/p_rru.aspx
[12] http://wenku.baidu.com/view/
5f43e16eaf1ffc4ffe47ac84.html
[13] http://www.cnii.com.cn/wireless/2015-06/25/content_
1589363.htm
9.6 Documentation
TS 25.201 Physical Layer General Description
Describes basic dierences between FDD and TDD.
TS 25.221 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (TDD)
TS 25.222 Multiplexing and channel coding (TDD)
TS 25.223 Spreading and modulation (TDD)
W-CDMA
TD-CDMA
40
CHAPTER 9. TD-SCDMA
Chapter 10
TD-CDMA
TD-CDMA, an acronym for Time-division-Code division multiple access, is a channel access method
based on using spread spectrum multiple access (CDMA)
across multiple time slots (TDMA). TD-CDMA is the
channel access method for UTRA-TDD HCR, which is
an acronym for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access-Time
Division Duplex High Chip Rate.[1]
10.1 Standardized
tions
implementa-
10.2 References
[1] Forkel et al. (2002). Performance Comparison Between
UTRA-TDD High Chip Rate And Low Chip Rate Operation. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
[2] IPWireless Ships First Commercial 3GPP Chipset with
Full HSDPA Implementation. ipwireless.com. Archived
from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
41
Chapter 11
bile phone can move around and vary the timing advance
required to make its transmission match the gap in transmission from its peers.
43
11.2.2
3G systems
11.4 Comparison
with
other
multiple-access schemes
In radio systems, TDMA is usually used alongside Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) and
Frequency division duplex (FDD); the combination is referred to as FDMA/TDMA/FDD. This is the case in both
GSM and IS-136 for example. Exceptions to this include
the DECT and PHS micro-cellular systems, UMTS-TDD
UMTS variant, and Chinas TD-SCDMA, which use
Time Division duplexing, where dierent time slots are
allocated for the base station and handsets on the same
frequency.
44
11.7 References
[1] Minimize GSM buzz noise in mobile phones. EETimes.
July 20, 2009. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
Chapter 12
Bluetooth
This article is about a wireless technology standard. alds initials.
For the medieval king of Denmark, see Harald Bluetooth.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength
UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485
GHz[4] ) from xed and mobile devices, and building
personal area networks (PANs). Invented by telecom
vendor Ericsson in 1994,[5] it was originally conceived as
a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization.
Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than 25,000 member
companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics.[6] The IEEE
standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer
maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specication, manages the qualication
program, and protects the trademarks.[7] A manufacturer
must make a device meet Bluetooth SIG standards to
market it as a Bluetooth device.[8] A network of patents
apply to the technology, which are licensed to individual
qualifying devices.
12.2 Implementation
Bluetooth operates at frequencies between 2400 and
2483.5 MHz (including guard bands of 2 MHz at the
bottom end and 3.5 MHz at the top).[14] This is in the
globally unlicensed (but not unregulated) Industrial, Scientic and Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency band. Bluetooth uses a radio technology called
frequency-hopping spread spectrum. Bluetooth divides
transmitted data into packets, and transmits each packet
on one of 79 designated Bluetooth channels. Each channel has a bandwidth of 1 MHz. Bluetooth 4.0 uses 2
MHz spacing, which accommodates 40 channels. The
rst channel starts at 2402 MHz and continues up to 2480
MHz in 1 MHz steps. It usually performs 1600 hops
per second, with Adaptive Frequency-Hopping (AFH)
enabled.[14]
Originally, Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK)
modulation was the only modulation scheme available.
Since the introduction of Bluetooth 2.0+EDR, /4DQPSK (Dierential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
and 8DPSK modulation may also be used between compatible devices. Devices functioning with GFSK are said
to be operating in basic rate (BR) mode where an instantaneous data rate of 1 Mbit/s is possible. The term Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) is used to describe /4-DPSK
and 8DPSK schemes, each giving 2 and 3 Mbit/s respectively. The combination of these (BR and EDR) modes
in Bluetooth radio technology is classied as a BR/EDR
radio.
46
12.2.1
A master Bluetooth device can communicate with a maximum of seven devices in a piconet (an ad-hoc computer network using Bluetooth technology), though not
all devices reach this maximum. The devices can switch
roles, by agreement, and the slave can become the master (for example, a headset initiating a connection to a
phone necessarily begins as masteras initiator of the
connectionbut may subsequently operate as slave).
The Bluetooth Core Specication provides for the connection of two or more piconets to form a scatternet, in
which certain devices simultaneously play the master role
The Bluetooth Core Specication mandates a range of not
in one piconet and the slave role in another.
less than 10 metres (33 ft), but there is no upper limit
At any given time, data can be transferred between the on actual range. Manufacturers implementations can be
master and one other device (except for the little-used tuned to provide the range needed for each case.[3]
broadcast mode.) The master chooses which slave device
to address; typically, it switches rapidly from one device
to another in a round-robin fashion. Since it is the mas- 12.3.1 Bluetooth proles
ter that chooses which slave to address, whereas a slave is
(in theory) supposed to listen in each receive slot, being Main article: Bluetooth prole
a master is a lighter burden than being a slave. Being a
master of seven slaves is possible; being a slave of more
To use Bluetooth wireless technology, a device must be
than one master is dicult. The specication is vague as
able to interpret certain Bluetooth proles, which are defto required behavior in scatternets.
initions of possible applications and specify general beMany USB Bluetooth adapters or dongles are available, haviours that Bluetooth-enabled devices use to communisome of which also include an IrDA adapter.
cate with other Bluetooth devices. These proles include
settings to parametrize and to control the communication
from start. Adherence to proles saves the time for transmitting the parameters anew before the bi-directional link
12.3 Uses
becomes eective. There are a wide range of Bluetooth
proles that describe many dierent types of applications
Bluetooth is a standard wire-replacement communica- or use cases for devices.[20][21]
tions protocol primarily designed for low-power consumption, with a short range based on low-cost
transceiver microchips in each device.[15] Because the 12.3.2 List of applications
devices use a radio (broadcast) communications system,
they do not have to be in visual line of sight of each
Wireless control of and communication between a
other, however a quasi optical wireless path must be
mobile phone and a handsfree headset. This was one
viable.[6] Range is power-class-dependent, but eective
of the earliest applications to become popular.[22]
ranges vary in practice; see the table on the right.
Wireless control of and communication between a
Ocially Class 3 radios have a range of up to 1 metre (3
mobile phone and a Bluetooth compatible car stereo
ft), Class 2, most commonly found in mobile devices, 10
system.
metres (33 ft), and Class 1, primarily for industrial use
cases,100 metres (300 ft).[3] Bluetooth Marketing qualies that Class 1 range is in most cases 2030 metres (66
98 ft), and Class 2 range 510 metres (1633 ft).[2]
Wireless Bluetooth headset and Intercom. Idiomatically, a headset is sometimes called a Bluetooth.
12.3. USES
47
Real-time location systems (RTLS), are used to
track and identify the location of objects in real-time
using Nodes or tags attached to, or embedded in
the objects tracked, and Readers that receive and
process the wireless signals from these tags to determine their locations.[29]
Transfer of les, contact details, calendar appointments, and reminders between devices with OBEX. 12.3.3
Replacement of previous wired RS-232 serial communications in test equipment, GPS receivers, med- Bluetooth and Wi-Fi (the brand name for products using
ical equipment, bar code scanners, and trac con- IEEE 802.11 standards) have some similar applications:
setting up networks, printing, or transferring les. Witrol devices.
Fi is intended as a replacement for high speed cabling
for general local area network access in work areas. This
For controls where infrared was often used.
category of applications is sometimes called wireless lo For low bandwidth applications where higher USB cal area networks (WLAN). Bluetooth was intended for
bandwidth is not required and cable-free connection portable equipment and its applications. The category of
applications is outlined as the wireless personal area netdesired.
work (WPAN). Bluetooth is a replacement for cabling
Sending small advertisements from Bluetooth- in a variety of personally carried applications in any setenabled advertising hoardings to other, discover- ting, and also works for xed location applications such
as smart energy functionality in the home (thermostats,
able, Bluetooth devices.[26]
etc.).
Wireless bridge between two Industrial Ethernet
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are to some extent complementary
(e.g., PROFINET) networks.
in their applications and usage. Wi-Fi is usually access
Three seventh and eighth generation game consoles, point-centered, with an asymmetrical client-server conNintendo's Wii.[27] and Sony's PlayStation 3, use nection with all trac routed through the access point,
while Bluetooth is usually symmetrical, between two
Bluetooth for their respective wireless controllers.
Bluetooth devices. Bluetooth serves well in simple ap Dial-up internet access on personal computers or plications where two devices need to connect with miniPDAs using a data-capable mobile phone as a wire- mal conguration like a button press, as in headsets and
remote controls, while Wi-Fi suits better in applications
less modem.
where some degree of client conguration is possible
Short range transmission of health sensor data from and high speeds are required, especially for network acmedical devices to mobile phone, set-top box or cess through an access node. However, Bluetooth access
points do exist and ad-hoc connections are possible with
dedicated telehealth devices.[28]
Wi-Fi though not as simply as with Bluetooth. Wi-Fi Di Allowing a DECT phone to ring and answer calls on rect was recently developed to add a more Bluetooth-like
behalf of a nearby mobile phone.
ad-hoc functionality to Wi-Fi.
48
12.3.4
Devices
Linux has two popular Bluetooth stacks, BlueZ and Afx. The BlueZ stack is included with most Linux kernels
and was originally developed by Qualcomm.[40] The Ax
A typical Bluetooth USB dongle.
stack was developed by Nokia. FreeBSD features BlueA personal computer that does not have embedded Blue- tooth since its v5.0 release. NetBSD features Bluetooth
tooth can use a Bluetooth adapter that enables the PC since its v4.0 release. Its Bluetooth stack has been ported
to communicate with Bluetooth devices. While some to OpenBSD as well.
49
The development of the short link radio technology, later Major enhancements include the following:
named Bluetooth, was initiated by Nils Rydbeck CTO at
Faster Connection and Discovery
Ericson Mobile in Lund. The purpose was to create a
wireless headset, according to two inventions, presented
Adaptive frequency-hopping spread spectrum (AFH),
in 1989, SE 8902098-6, issued 1989-06-12 and 1992 SE
which improves resistance to radio frequency inter9202239, issued 1992-07-24 by Dr. Johan Ullman. Nils
ference
by avoiding the use of crowded frequencies
Rydbeck tasked Tord Wingren with specifying and Jaap
in
the
hopping
sequence.
Haartsen and Sven Mattisson with developing, who were
[41]
working for Ericsson in Lund, Sweden. The specica Higher transmission speeds in practice, up to 721
tion is based on frequency-hopping spread spectrum techkbit/s,[44] than in v1.1.
nology.
Extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which
The specications were formalized by the Bluetooth Speimprove voice quality of audio links by allowing recial Interest Group (SIG). The SIG was formally antransmissions of corrupted packets, and may optionnounced on 20 May 1998. Today it has a membership
[42]
ally increase audio latency to provide better concurof over 20,000 companies worldwide.
It was estabrent data transfer.
lished by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba and Nokia, and
later joined by many other companies.
All versions of the Bluetooth standards support downward
compatibility. That lets the latest standard cover all older
versions.
The Bluetooth Core Specication Working Group
(CSWG) produces mainly 4 kinds of specications
Core Specication Addendum (CSA), release cycle This version of the Bluetooth Core Specication was released in 2004. The main dierence is the introduction
can be as tight as a few times per year
of an Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) for faster data trans Core Specication Supplements (CSS), can be re- fer. The nominal rate of EDR is about 3 Mbit/s, although the practical data transfer rate is 2.1 Mbit/s.[44]
leased very quickly
EDR uses a combination of GFSK and Phase Shift Key Errata
ing modulation (PSK) with two variants, /4-DQPSK
and 8DPSK.[46] EDR can provide a lower power consumption through a reduced duty cycle.
12.5.1
Versions 1.0 and 1.0B had many problems and manufacturers had diculty making their products interoperable.
Versions 1.0 and 1.0B also included mandatory Bluetooth
hardware device address (BD_ADDR) transmission in
the Connecting process (rendering anonymity impossible
at the protocol level), which was a major setback for certain services planned for use in Bluetooth environments.
Bluetooth v1.1
[43]
50
12.5.6
Bluetooth v3.0 + HS
Ultra-wideband
51
L2CAP Connection Oriented and Dedicated Channels with Credit Based Flow Control
Cost-reduced single-mode chips, which enable highly integrated and compact devices, feature a lightweight Link
Layer providing ultra-low power idle mode operation,
simple device discovery, and reliable point-to-multipoint
data transfer with advanced power-save and secure encrypted connections at the lowest possible cost.
Bluetooth v4.2 was released on December 2, 2014. It Introduces some key features for IoT. Some features, such
as Data Length Extension, require a hardware update.[73]
But some older Bluetooth hardware may receive some
Bluetooth v4.2 features, such as privacy updates via
rmware.[74]
IP connectivity for Bluetooth Smart devices to become available soon after the introduction of BT
v4.2 via the new Internet Protocol Support Prole
(IPSP).
12.5.8
Bluetooth v4.1
52
Applications/Profiles
Service
Other
RFcomm Telephony
discovery
LLC
Control
Logical link control adaptation protocol
Link manager
Application
layer
Middleware
layer
Data
link
layer
Physical
layer
SDP
RFCOMM
L2CAP
53
List of services
Technical information (for example: device features, manufacturer, Bluetooth specication used,
clock oset)
54
When pairing successfully completes, a bond forms between the two devices, enabling those two devices to connect to each other in the future without repeating the pairing process to conrm device identities. When desired,
the user can remove the bonding relationship.
Implementation
During pairing, the two devices establish a relationship by
creating a shared secret known as a link key. If both devices store the same link key, they are said to be paired or
bonded. A device that wants to communicate only with
a bonded device can cryptographically authenticate the
identity of the other device, ensuring it is the same device it previously paired with. Once a link key is generated, an authenticated Asynchronous Connection-Less
(ACL) link between the devices may be encrypted to protect exchanged data against eavesdropping. Users can
delete link keys from either device, which removes the
bond between the devicesso it is possible for one device to have a stored link key for a device it is no longer
paired with.
Bluetooth services generally require either encryption or
authentication and as such require pairing before they let a
remote device connect. Some services, such as the Object
Push Prole, elect not to explicitly require authentication
or encryption so that pairing does not interfere with the
user experience associated with the service use-cases.
Pairing mechanisms
Pairing mechanisms changed signicantly with the introduction of Secure Simple Pairing in Bluetooth v2.1. The
following summarizes the pairing mechanisms:
Legacy pairing: This is the only method available in
Bluetooth v2.0 and before. Each device must enter a
PIN code; pairing is only successful if both devices
enter the same PIN code. Any 16-byte UTF-8 string
may be used as a PIN code; however, not all devices
may be capable of entering all possible PIN codes.
Limited input devices: The obvious example
of this class of device is a Bluetooth Handsfree headset, which generally have few inputs.
These devices usually have a xed PIN, for example 0000 or 1234, that are hard-coded
into the device.
Numeric input devices: Mobile phones are
classic examples of these devices. They allow
a user to enter a numeric value up to 16 digits
in length.
Alpha-numeric input devices: PCs and smart- SSP is considered simple for the following reasons:
phones are examples of these devices. They
In most cases, it does not require a user to generate
allow a user to enter full UTF-8 text as a PIN
a passkey.
code. If pairing with a less capable device the
12.7. SECURITY
For use-cases not requiring MITM protection, user
interaction can be eliminated.
55
12.7 Security
SAFER+ block cipher. Bluetooth key generation is generally based on a Bluetooth PIN, which must be entered
into both devices. This procedure might be modied if
one of the devices has a xed PIN (e.g., for headsets or
similar devices with a restricted user interface). During
pairing, an initialization key or master key is generated,
using the E22 algorithm.[77] The E0 stream cipher is used
for encrypting packets, granting condentiality, and is
based on a shared cryptographic secret, namely a previously generated link key or master key. Those keys, used
for subsequent encryption of data sent via the air interface, rely on the Bluetooth PIN, which has been entered
into one or both devices.
An overview of Bluetooth vulnerabilities exploits was
published in 2007 by Andreas Becker.[78]
In September 2008, the National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) published a Guide to Bluetooth Security as a reference for organizations. It describes Bluetooth security capabilities and how to secure Bluetooth technologies eectively. While Bluetooth
has its benets, it is susceptible to denial-of-service attacks, eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, message modication, and resource misappropriation. Users
and organizations must evaluate their acceptable level
of risk and incorporate security into the lifecycle of
Bluetooth devices. To help mitigate risks, included in
the NIST document are security checklists with guidelines and recommendations for creating and maintaining secure Bluetooth piconets, headsets, and smart card
readers.[79]
12.6.5
Air interface
12.7.2 Bluejacking
Main article: Bluejacking
Bluejacking is the sending of either a picture or a message
from one user to an unsuspecting user through Bluetooth
wireless technology. Common applications include short
messages, e.g., You've just been bluejacked!".[80] Bluejacking does not involve the removal or alteration of any
data from the device. Bluejacking can also involve taking control of a mobile device wirelessly and phoning a
56
premium rate line, owned by the bluejacker. Security ad- published results of their actual implementation of pasvances have alleviated this issue.
sive attacks against the PIN-based pairing between commercial Bluetooth devices. They conrmed that attacks
are practicably fast, and the Bluetooth symmetric key establishment method is vulnerable. To rectify this vul12.7.3 History of security concerns
nerability, they designed an implementation that showed
that stronger, asymmetric key establishment is feasible for
20012004
certain classes of devices, such as mobile phones.[88]
In 2001, Jakobsson and Wetzel from Bell Laborato- In June 2005, Yaniv Shaked[89] and Avishai Wool[90] pubries discovered aws in the Bluetooth pairing proto- lished a paper describing both passive and active methods
col and also pointed to vulnerabilities in the encryption for obtaining the PIN for a Bluetooth link. The passive
scheme.[81] In 2003, Ben and Adam Laurie from A.L. attack allows a suitably equipped attacker to eavesdrop on
Digital Ltd. discovered that serious aws in some poor communications and spoof, if the attacker was present at
implementations of Bluetooth security may lead to dis- the time of initial pairing. The active method makes use
closure of personal data.[82] In a subsequent experiment, of a specially constructed message that must be inserted
Martin Herfurt from the trinite.group was able to do at a specic point in the protocol, to make the master
a eld-trial at the CeBIT fairgrounds, showing the im- and slave repeat the pairing process. After that, the rst
portance of the problem to the world. A new attack method can be used to crack the PIN. This attacks macalled BlueBug was used for this experiment.[83] In 2004 jor weakness is that it requires the user of the devices
the rst purported virus using Bluetooth to spread itself under attack to re-enter the PIN during the attack when
among mobile phones appeared on the Symbian OS.[84] the device prompts them to. Also, this active attack probThe virus was rst described by Kaspersky Lab and re- ably requires custom hardware, since most commercially
quires users to conrm the installation of unknown soft- available Bluetooth devices are not capable of the timing
ware before it can propagate. The virus was written as necessary.[91]
a proof-of-concept by a group of virus writers known as
29A and sent to anti-virus groups. Thus, it should be re- In August 2005, police in Cambridgeshire, England, isgarded as a potential (but not real) security threat to Blue- sued warnings about thieves using Bluetooth enabled
tooth technology or Symbian OS since the virus has never phones to track other devices left in cars. Police are adspread outside of this system. In August 2004, a world- vising users to ensure that any mobile networking conif laptops and other devices are
record-setting experiment (see also Bluetooth sniping) nections are de-activated
[92]
left
in
this
way.
showed that the range of Class 2 Bluetooth radios could
be extended to 1.78 km (1.11 mi) with directional antennas and signal ampliers.[85] This poses a potential security threat because it enables attackers to access vul- 2006
nerable Bluetooth devices from a distance beyond expectation. The attacker must also be able to receive infor- In April 2006, researchers from Secure Network and Fmation from the victim to set up a connection. No at- Secure published a report that warns of the large number
tack can be made against a Bluetooth device unless the of devices left in a visible state, and issued statistics on
and the ease of
attacker knows its Bluetooth address and which channels the spread of various Bluetooth services
[93]
spread
of
an
eventual
Bluetooth
worm.
to transmit on, although these can be deduced within a
few minutes if the device is in use.[86]
2007
2005
57
Enable Bluetooth discovery only when necessary, most innovative products and applications available toand disable discovery when nished
day, prototypes coming soon, and student-led projects in
the making.
Do not enter link keys or PINs when unexpectedly
prompted to do so
Remove paired devices when not in use
Regularly update rmware on Bluetooth-enabled
devices
12.12 References
[1] DualShock#DualShock 4, Wikipedia
[2] bluAir. Bluetooth Range: 100m, 1km, or 10km?". bluair.pl. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
[3] Basics | Bluetooth Technology Website. Bluetooth.com.
23 May 2010.
[4] Fast Facts. Bluetooth.com. Retrieved 10 December
2013.
[5] Bluetooth traveler. hoovers.com. Retrieved 9 April
2010.
[6] Newton, Harold. (2007). Newtons telecom dictionary.
New York: Flatiron Publishing.
[7] Bluetooth.org. Bluetooth.org. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
[8] Brand Enforcement Program. Bluetooth.org. Retrieved
2 November 2013.
[9] Kardach, Jim (3 April 2008). Tech History: How Bluetooth got its name. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
58
[11] Monson, Heidi (14 December 1999). Bluetooth Technology and Implications. SysOpt.com. Retrieved 17
February 2009.
[12] About the Bluetooth SIG. Bluetooth SIG. Retrieved 1
February 2008.
[13] Milestones in the Bluetooth advance. Ericsson Technology Licensing. 22 March 2004. Archived from the
original on 20 June 2004.
[14] Bluetooth Radio Interface, Modulation & Channels.
Radio-Electronics.com.
[15] How Bluetooth Technology Works. Bluetooth SIG.
Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved
1 February 2008.
[16] Class 1 Bluetooth Dongle Test. Amperordirect.com.
Retrieved 4 September 2010.
[17] WT41 Long Range Bluetooth Module.
[18] BluBear Industrial Long Range Bluetooth 2.1 Module
with EDR.
[19] OEM Bluetooth Serial Port Module OBS433.
[20] Proles Overview. Bluetooth.com. Retrieved 3 June
2013.
[21] Ian, Paul. Wi-Fi Direct vs. Bluetooth 4.0: A Battle for
Supremacy. PC World. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
[22] History of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group. Bluetooth.com.
[23] Bluetooth Headphones. PricenFees.com.
[24] Headphones Unboxed. headphonesunboxed.com. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
[25] Bluetooth Technology. mobileinfo.com.
[26] John Fuller. How Bluetooth Surveillance Works. howstuworks. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
[27] Wii Controller. Bluetooth SIG. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
[28] Telemedicine.jp.
September 2010.
Telemedicine.jp.
Retrieved 4
Re-
[30] Tenbus nio Is Kind Of Like A Car Alarm For Your Cellphone. OhGizmo!. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
[32] Bluetooth Technology for Running Headphones. runnerwave.com. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
12.12. REFERENCES
59
[65] http://www.amiccom.com.tw/
[66] CSR.com. CSR. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
[67] Nordicsemi.com. Nordic Semiconductor. Retrieved 7
April 2011.
[68] TI.com. Texas Instruments. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
[69] iFixit MacBook Air 13 Mid 2011 Teardown.
iFixit.com. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
[70] Broadcom.com BCM20702 Single-Chip Bluetooth
4.0 HCI Solution with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Support. Broadcom. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
[71] Press Releases Detail | Bluetooth Technology Website.
Bluetooth.com. 2013-12-04. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
[72] Adopted Specication; Bluetooth Technology Website.
Bluetooth.com. 2013-12-04. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
[73] Redmondpie.
[74] DailyTech.
[75] Stallings, William. (2005). Wireless communications &
networks.'=' Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice
Hall.
60
Chapter 13
IEEE 802.16
IEEE 802.16 is a series of wireless broadband standards
written by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The IEEE Standards Board established
a working group in 1999 to develop standards for broadband for wireless metropolitan area networks. The Workgroup is a unit of the IEEE 802 local area network and
metropolitan area network standards committee.
13.2.1 PHY
13.1 Standards
13.1.1
Projects
61
62
QoS
Quality of service (QoS) in 802.16e is supported by allocating each connection between the SS and the BS (called
a service ow in 802.16 terminology) to a specic QoS
class. In 802.16e, there are 5 QoS classes:
The BS and the SS use a service ow with an appropriate QoS class (plus other parameters, such as bandwidth
and delay) to ensure that application data receives QoS
treatment appropriate to the application.
13.3 Certication
Because the IEEE only sets specications but does not
test equipment for compliance with them, the WiMAX
Forum runs a certication program wherein members pay
for certication. WiMAX certication by this group is
intended to guarantee compliance with the standard and
interoperability with equipment from other manufacturers. The mission of the Forum is to promote and certify
compatibility and interoperability of broadband wireless
products.
13.5 References
[1] WiMAX operators and vendors from around the world
announce new deployments, growing commitments at the
2nd Annual WiMAX Forum Global Congress. News
release (WiMAX Forum). June 4, 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
[2] IEEE Approves IEEE 802.16m Advanced Mobile
Broadband Wireless Standard. News release (IEEE Standards Association). March 31, 2011. Retrieved August
20, 2011.
[3] Michael Richardson; Patrick Ryan (March 19, 2006).
WiMAX: Opportunity or Hype?". Advances in Telecom: Proceedings of the Fourth Annual ITERA Conference. SSRN 892260.
Chapter 14
Wireless broadband
This article is about wireless networking in general. For
local area network technologies, see Wireless LAN. For
mobile Internet, see Mobile broadband.
Wireless broadband is technology that provides high-
63
64
Initially, WISPs were only found in rural areas not covered by cable or DSL.[6] These early WISPs would employ a high-capacity T-carrier, such as a T1 or DS3 connection, and then broadcast the signal from a high elevation, such as at the top of a water tower. To receive
this type of Internet connection, consumers mount a small
dish to the roof of their home or oce and point it to the
transmitter. Line of sight is usually necessary for WISPs
operating in the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands with 900 MHz of- On June 2, 2010, after months of discussion, AT&T became the rst wireless Internet provider in the USA to
fering better NLOS (non-line-of-sight) performance.
announce plans to charge according to usage. As the
only iPhone service in the United States, AT&T experienced the problem of heavy Internet use more than other
14.3.1 Residential Wireless Internet
providers. About 3 percent of AT&T smart phone cusProviders of xed wireless broadband services typically tomers account for 40 percent of the technologys use.
provide equipment to customers and install a small an- 98 percent of the companys customers use less than 2
tenna or dish somewhere on the roof. This equipment is gigabytes (4000 page views, 10,000 emails or 200 minusually deployed as a service and maintained by the com- utes of streaming video), the limit under the $25 monthly
pany providing that service. Fixed wireless services have plan, and 65 percent use less than 200 megabytes, the
become particularly popular in many rural areas where limit for the $15 plan. For each gigabyte in excess of
Cable, DSL or other typical home Internet services are the limit, customers would be charged $10 a month starting June 7, 2010, though existing customers would not be
not available.
required to change from the $30 a month unlimited service plan. The new plan would become a requirement for
14.3.2 Business Wireless Internet
those upgrading to the new iPhone technology later in the
summer.[7]
Many companies in the US and worldwide have started
using wireless alternatives to incumbent and local
providers for internet and voice service. These providers
tend to oer competitive services and options in areas
where there is a diculty getting aordable Ethernet 14.5 Licensing
connections from terrestrial providers such as ATT, Comcast, Verizon and others. Also, companies looking for A wireless connection can be either licensed or unlifull diversity between carriers for critical uptime require- censed. In the US, licensed connections use a private
ments may seek wireless alternatives to local options.
spectrum the user has secured rights to from the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC). In other countries,
spectrum is licensed from the countrys national radio
14.3.3 Demand for spectrum
communications authority (such as the ACMA in Australia or Nigerian Communications Commission in NigeMain article: Spectrum reallocation
ria (NCC)). Licensing is usually expensive and often reserved for large companies who wish to guarantee private
To cope with increased demand for wireless broadband, access to spectrum for use in point to point communicaincreased spectrum would be needed. Studies began in tion. Because of this, most wireless ISPs use unlicensed
2009, and while some unused spectrum was available, it spectrum which is publicly shared.
65
14.7 References
[1] Coexistence of Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems
[2] WiMAX: Broadband Wireless Access.
planet.com. Retrieved March 17, 2008.
wi-
wi-planet.com.
Retrieved
Chapter 15
IEEE 802
IEEE 802 refers to a family of IEEE standards dealing
with local area networks and metropolitan area networks.
15.3 References
IEEE Std 802-1990: IEEE Standards for Local and
Metropolitan Networks: Overview and Architecture
New York:1990
LLC Sublayer
MAC Sublayer
Physical layer
The IEEE 802 family of standards is maintained by the
IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMSC).
The most widely used standards are for the Ethernet family, Token Ring, Wireless LAN, Bridging and Virtual
Bridged LANs. An individual Working Group provides
the focus for each area.
Chapter 16
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, media access control (MAC) data communication
protocol is a sublayer of the data link layer (layer 2).
The MAC sublayer provides addressing and channel access control mechanisms that make it possible for several terminals or network nodes to communicate within
a multiple access network that incorporates a shared
medium, e.g. an Ethernet network. The hardware that
implements the MAC is referred to as a media access controller.
68
MAC-Forced Forwarding
Isochronous media access controller
16.6 References
[1] IEEE 802-2001 (R2007) IEEE Standard for Local and
Metropolitan Area Networks: Overview and Architecture (PDF). IEEE.
[2] IEEE 802.3. IEEE.
This article is based on material taken from the Free OnThe most widespread multiple access protocol is the con- line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008
tention based CSMA/CD protocol used in Ethernet net- and incorporated under the relicensing terms of the
works. This mechanism is only utilized within a network GFDL, version 1.3 or later.
collision domain, for example an Ethernet bus network or
a hub-based star topology network. An Ethernet network
may be divided into several collision domains, interconnected by bridges and switches.
A multiple access protocol is not required in a switched
full-duplex network, such as todays switched Ethernet
networks, but is often available in the equipment for compatibility reasons.
Chapter 17
17.1 Operation
The LLC sublayer is primarily concerned with:
Multiplexing protocols transmitted over the MAC
layer (when transmitting) and decoding them (when
receiving).
69
70
protocol, and not part of the LLC layer. The LLC sublayer follows the IEEE 802.2 standard.
17.2.3
HDLC
Some non-IEEE 802 protocols can be thought of as being split into MAC and LLC layers. For example, while
HDLC species both MAC functions (framing of packets) and LLC functions (protocol multiplexing, ow control, detection, and error control through a retransmission
of dropped packets when indicated), some protocols such
as Cisco HDLC can use HDLC-like packet framing and
their own LLC protocol.
17.2.4
Over telephone network modems, PPP link layer protocols can be considered as a LLC protocol, providing multiplexing, but it does not provide ow control and error
management. In a telephone network, bit errors might
be common, meaning that error management is crucial,
but that is today provided by modern protocols. Todays
modem protocols have inherited LLC features from the
older LAPM link layer protocol, made for modem communication in old X.25 networks.
17.2.5
Cellular systems
The GPRS LLC layer also does ciphering and deciphering of SN-PDU (SNDCP) packets.
17.2.6
Power lines
Another example of a data link layer which is split between LLC (for ow and error control) and MAC (for
multiple access) is the ITU-T G.hn standard, which
provides high-speed local area networking over existing
home wiring (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables).
Chapter 18
HiperLAN
HiperLAN (High Performance Radio LAN) is a
supports asynchronous and synchronous trac
Wireless LAN standard.[1] It is a European alternative for
Bit rate - 23.2 Mbit/s
the IEEE 802.11 standards (the IEEE is an international
organization). It is dened by the European Telecommu Description- Wireless Ethernet
nications Standards Institute (ETSI). In ETSI the stan Frequency range- 5 GHz
dards are dened by the BRAN project (Broadband Radio Access Networks). The HiperLAN standard family
HiperLAN does not conict with microwave and other
has four dierent versions.
kitchen appliances, which are on 2.4 GHz. An innovative feature of HIPERLAN 1, which may other wireless
networks do not oer, is its ability to forward data pack18.1 HiperLAN/1
ets using several relays. Relays can extend the communication on the MAC layer beyond the radio range. For
Planning for the rst version of the standard, called power conservation, a node may set up a specic wake up
HiperLAN/1, started 1991, when planning of 802.11 was pattern. This pattern determines at what time the node is
already going on. The goal of the HiperLAN was the high ready to receive, so that at other times, the node can turn
data rate, higher than 802.11. The standard was approved o its receiver and save energy. These nodes are called pin 1996. The functional specication is EN300652, the savers and need so called p-supporters that contain information about wake up patterns of all the p-savers they are
rest is in ETS300836.
responsible for. A p-supporter only forwards data to a pThe standard covers the Physical layer and the Media Acsaver at the moment p-saver is awake. This action also recess Control part of the Data link layer like 802.11. There
quires buering mechanisms for packets on p-supporting
is a new sublayer called Channel Access and Control subforwaders.
layer (CAC). This sublayer deals with the access requests
to the channels. The accomplishing of the request is dependent on the usage of the channel and the priority of
18.2 HiperLAN/2
the request.
CAC layer provides hierarchical independence with
Elimination-Yield Non-Preemptive Multiple Access
mechanism (EY-NPMA). EY-NPMA codes priority
choices and other functions into one variable length radio
pulse preceding the packet data. EY-NPMA enables
the network to function with few collisions even though
there would be a large number of users. Multimedia
applications work in HiperLAN because of EY-NPMA
priority mechanism. MAC layer denes protocols for
routing, security and power saving and provides naturally
data transfer to the upper layers.
72
18.5 References
[1] About HiperLAN/2.
2008-02-20.
palowireless.com.
Retrieved
Chapter 19
Ubiquiti Networks
Ubiquiti Networks is an American technology company
started in 2005. Based in San Jose, California they are a
manufacturer of wireless products whose primary focus
is on under-served and emerging markets.
19.1 History
Ubiquiti Networks entered the wireless technology market in June 2005, after announcing its Super Range
mini-PCI radio card series. The SR2 and SR5 cards
were adopted by original equipment manufacturers and
wireless Internet service providers. Customers included
WRAP, Soekris, and Mikrotik. Operating at the 2.4 and
5.8 GHz bands, the Super Range modules used the
Atheros integrated circuits.[1]
In January 2006, Ubiquiti Networks announced Freedom
Frequency, which used frequencies as high as 60 GHz
on its radio modules. This encouraged the release of the
SR9, a separate card operating at 900 MHz non-standard
IEEE 802.11 band.
In 2008, Ubiquiti announced additions to its 802.11 b/g In July of 2014 Ubiquiti announced its entry into the
lineup, including the Bullet, NanoStation, NanoStation Voice over IP business by unveiling new UniFi systems.
Loco, PicoStation and RouterStation. The following This new line of phones will come in three varieties: a
73
74
basic model starting at $149 set to ship in late 2014 and
-Pro and a -Executive models to ship shortly after. The
systems will run a version of Android. All of the phones
include a 5-inch touchscreen that allows for videochatting and access to the Google Play Store. The -Pro and
-Executive models are Wi-Fi equipped enabling them
to operate without having to run Ethernet cables to all
phones, but are not wireless because power cables are still
needed. All are Power over Ethernet enabled. All of the
phones can be managed in the free-with-purchase UniFi
controller that already manages the Uni-Fi Wireless Access Point line.
19.6 References
19.4 Software
AirOS is the rmware maintained by Ubiquiti Networks
for their products. It is Linux-based but features a modied MadWi Linux kernel device driver for Atherosbased Wireless LAN devices, rather than the free and
open source Atheros-based ath5k or ath9k drivers, the
drivers accepted into the Linux kernel. The PicoStation M2, Bullet M2/M5, NanoStation M2/M5, Rocket
M2/M5, and UniFi AP models are also used as a basis
for Commotion Wireless networks, with the customized
Commotion software installed.[8]
19.5 Security
dailywireless.org.
In 2013, it was discovered that there was a security issue in the version of the U-Boot boot loader shipped on [9] AirOS and Security DUMP of conguration les with
TFTP or other thing
Ubiquitis devices. It was possible to extract the plaintext
conguration from the device without leaving a trace us- [10] GPL archive missing components
ing TFTP and an Ethernet cable, revealing information
such as passwords.[9] While this issue is xed in current [11] Four ways Ubiquiti Networks is creatively violating the
GPL. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015.
versions of Ubiquiti hardware, despite many requests and
acknowledging that they are using this GPL-protected ap[12] Crooks Use Hacked Routers to Aid Cyberheists.
plication, Ubiquiti refuses to provide the source code for
the GPL-licensed U-Boot.[10][11] This made it impossible (in practical terms) for Ubiquitis customers to x the
issue.[10]
Chapter 20
Evolved HSPA
tiple carriers with Dual-Cell HSDPA and 4-way MIMO
together simultaneously.[1][2]
The technology also delivers signicant battery life
improvements and dramatically quicker wake-from-idle
time delivering a true always-on connection. HSPA+
should not be confused with LTE, which uses a new air
interface based on OFDMA technology. HSPA+ is an
evolution of HSPA that upgrades the existing 3G network and provides a method for telecom operators to migrate towards 4G speeds without deploying a new radio
interface.[3]
76
20.3 Deployment
Main article: List of HSPA+ networks
Huawei HSPA+
HSPA+ Upgrade in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka; Local 28.8 Mbit/s downlink HSPA trial
a 'success
20.5 References
[1] Klas Johansson, Johan Bergman, Dirk Gerstenberger,
Mats Blomgren and Anders Walln (28 January 2009).
Multi-Carrier HSPA Evolution (PDF). Ericsson.com.
Retrieved 2014-06-01.
[2] White paper Long Term HSPA Evolution Mobile broadband evolution beyond 3GPP Release 10 (PDF). Nokiaslemensnetworks.com. 14 December 2010. Retrieved
2014-06-01.
[3] Ericsson Review #1 2009 - Continued HSPA Evolution
of mobile broadband (PDF). Ericsson.com. 27 January
2009. Retrieved 2014-06-01.
[4]
Chapter 21
W-CDMA (UMTS)
21.1 Development
In the late 1990s, W-CDMA was developed by NTT DoCoMo as the air interface for their 3G network FOMA.
Later NTT DoCoMo submitted the specication to the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a candidate for the international 3G standard known as IMT2000. The ITU eventually accepted W-CDMA as part of
the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards, as an alternative
to CDMA2000, EDGE, and the short range DECT system. Later, W-CDMA was selected as an air interface
for UMTS.
As NTT DoCoMo did not wait for the nalisation of the
3G Release 99 specication, their network was initially
incompatible with UMTS.[3] However, this has been resolved by NTT DoCoMo updating their network.
3G sign shown in notication bar on an Android powered smartphone.
78
21.1.1
W-CDMA transmits on a pair of 5 MHz-wide radio channels, while CDMA2000 transmits on one or several pairs
of 1.25 MHz radio channels. Though W-CDMA does
use a direct sequence CDMA transmission technique like
CDMA2000, W-CDMA is not simply a wideband version of CDMA2000. The W-CDMA system is a new
design by NTT DoCoMo, and it diers in many aspects
from CDMA2000. From an engineering point of view,
W-CDMA provides a dierent balance of trade-os between cost, capacity, performance, and density; it also
promises to achieve a benet of reduced cost for video
phone handsets. W-CDMA may also be better suited for
deployment in the very dense cities of Europe and Asia.
However, hurdles remain, and cross-licensing of patents
between Qualcomm and W-CDMA vendors has not eliminated possible patent issues due to the features of WCDMA which remain covered by Qualcomm patents.[5]
HSDPA
PN sequences
Spectral eciency comparison table
UMTS
UMTS frequency bands
21.4 References
[1] What is 3G/WCDMA?". GSMA.com. Retrieved 201406-24.
[2] 3GPP notes that there currently existed many dierent names for the same system (eg FOMA, W-CDMA,
UMTS, etc); 3GPP. Draft summary minutes, decisions
and actions from 3GPP Organizational Partners Meeting#6, Tokyo, 9 October 2001 (PDF). p. 7.
[3] Hsiao-Hwa Chen (2007), The Next Generation CDMA
Technologies, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 105106, ISBN
978-0-470-02294-8
W-CDMA has been developed into a complete set of [4] GSM Association HSPA Market update April 2012
specications, a detailed protocol that denes how a mo[5] Qualcomm says it doesn't need Nokia patents
bile phone communicates with the tower, how signals are
modulated, how datagrams are structured, and system interfaces are specied allowing free competition on tech- 21.4.1 Documentation
nology elements.
3GPP specication series 25Radio aspects of 3G,
including UMTS
21.2 Deployment
Chapter 22
3.5G
3.5G is a grouping of disparate mobile telephony and data
technologies designed to provide better performance than
3G systems, as an interim step towards deployment of full
4G capability.
22.1 Technology
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
Evolved HSPA
3GPP Long Term Evolution, precursor of LTE Advanced
79
Chapter 23
High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)[1] is an amalgamation of two mobile telephony protocols, High Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that extends and improves
the performance of existing 3G mobile telecommunication networks utilizing the WCDMA protocols. A further
improved 3GPP standard, Evolved HSPA (also known
as HSPA+), was released late in 2008 with subsequent
worldwide adoption beginning in 2010. The newer standard allows bit-rates to reach as high as 337 Mbit/s in the
downlink and 34 Mbit/s in the uplink. However, these
speeds are rarely achieved in practice.[2]
23.1 Overview
The rst HSPA specications supported increased peak
data rates of up to 14 Mbit/s in the downlink and 5.76
Mbit/s in the uplink. It also reduced latency and provided
up to ve times more system capacity in the downlink
and up to twice as much system capacity in the uplink
compared with original WCDMA protocol.
81
update. Enhanced Uplink adds a new transport channel to WCDMA, called the Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH). An enhanced uplink creates opportunities
for a number of new applications including VoIP, uploading pictures and sending large e-mail messages. The enhanced uplink increases the data rate (up to 5.8 Mbit/s),
the capacity, and also reduces latency. The enhanced
uplink features several improvements similar to those of
HSDPA, including multi-code transmission, short Transmission Time Interval (TTI), fast scheduling and fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ).
23.7 Multi-carrier
HSPA)
HSPA
(MC-
The aggregation of more than two carriers has been studied and 3GPP Release 11 is scheduled to include 4carrier HSPA. The standard is scheduled to be nalised
in Q3 2012 and rst chipsets supporting MC-HSPA in
late 2013. Release 11 species 8-carrier HSPA allowed
in non-contiguous bands with 4 4 MIMO oering peak
Since 2011, HSPA+ has been very widely de- transfer rates up to 672 Mbit/s.
ployed amongst WCDMA operators with nearly
200 commitments.[8]
Mobile broadband
Dual-Carrier HSDPA (also known as Dual-Cell HSDPA), part of 3GPP Release 8, is the natural evolution of
82
23.9 References
[1] Nomor Research: White Paper Technology of High
Speed Packet Access, nomor.de
[2] Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS);
UE Radio Access capabilities (PDF). ETSI. January
2014. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
[3] GSM/3G Market Update. Global mobile Suppliers Association. June 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
[4] Rogers.com
[5] Starhub.com
[6] Elisa.
[7] Ericsson.com
[8] GSA conrms 70% jump in 42 Mbit/s DC-HSPA+ network deployments over past 3 months. Gsacom.com.
Retrieved November 27, 2012.
[9] Nomor Research White Paper: Dual-cell HSPA and its
Evolution, nomor.de
[10] R1-081546, Initial multi-carrier HSPA performance
evaluation, Ericsson, 3GPP TSG-RAN WG1 #52bis,
April, 2008
[11] Dual carrier HSPA: DC-HSPA, DC-HSPDA
[12] Nomor 3GPP Newsletter 2009-03: Standardisation updates on HSPA Evolution, nomor.de
[13] 3GPP releases
Chapter 24
84
24.1.2
EDGE modulation and coding The Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA) states
that,[6] as of May 2013, there were 604 GSM/EDGE netscheme (MCS)
works in 213 countries, from a total of 606 mobile netThe channel encoding process in GPRS as well as EG- work operator commitments in 213 countries.
PRS/EDGE consists of two steps: rst, a cyclic code is
used to add parity bits, which are also referred to as the
Block Check Sequence, followed by coding with a possi- 24.3 See also
bly punctured convolutional code.[4] In GPRS, the Coding Schemes CS-1 to CS-4 specify the number of parity
Evolved EDGE
bits generated by the cyclic code and the puncturing rate
HSDPA
of the convolutional code.[4] In GPRS Coding Schemes
CS-1 through CS-3, the convolutional code is of rate 1/2,
List of device bandwidths
i.e. each input bit is converted into two coded bits.[4] In
Coding Schemes CS-2 and CS-3, the output of the con Mobile broadband
volutional code is punctured to achieve the desired code
Novatel Wireless
rate.[4] In GPRS Coding Scheme CS-4, no convolutional
coding is applied.[4]
Spectral eciency comparison table
In EGPRS/EDGE, the Modulation and Coding Schemes
UMTS
MCS-1 to MCS-9 take the place of the Coding Schemes
of GPRS, and additionally specify which modulation
WiFi
scheme is used, GMSK or 8PSK.[4] MCS-1 through
MCS-4 use GMSK and have performance similar (but
not equal) to GPRS, while MCS-5 through MCS-9 use
8PSK.[4] In all EGPRS Modulation and Coding Schemes, 24.4 References
a convolutional code of rate 1/3 is used, and puncturing
is used to achieve the desired code rate.[4] In contrast to [1] http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/imt-2000/
DocumentsIMT2000/IMT-2000.pdf
GRPS, the Radio Link Control (RLC) and Media Access
Control (MAC) headers and the payload data are coded [2] http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/imt-2000/MiscDocuments/
separately in EGPRS.[4] The headers are coded more roIMT-Deployments-Rev3.pdf[]
bustly than the data.[4] The coding schemes are summarized in the tables below. Note that the bit rates do not [3] ETSI SMG2 99/872
include the overhead incurred by channel coding and the [4] 3rd Generation Partnership Project (September 2012).
RLC and MAC headers.
3GGP TS45.001: Technical Specication Group
24.1.3
Evolved EDGE
24.2 Networks
See also: List of EDGE networks
Chapter 25
Phase-shift keying
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation a data signal. In the case of PSK, the phase is changed
scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating, the to represent the data signal. There are two fundamental
phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave).
ways of utilizing the phase of a signal in this way:
Any digital modulation scheme uses a nite number of
By viewing the phase itself as conveying the infordistinct signals to represent digital data. PSK uses a mation, in which case the demodulator must have
nite number of phases, each assigned a unique pattern of
a reference signal to compare the received signals
binary digits. Usually, each phase encodes an equal numphase against; or
ber of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the symbol that
is represented by the particular phase. The demodulator,
By viewing the change in the phase as conveying inwhich is designed specically for the symbol-set used by
formation dierential schemes, some of which do
the modulator, determines the phase of the received signot need a reference carrier (to a certain extent).
nal and maps it back to the symbol it represents, thus recovering the original data. This requires the receiver to
be able to compare the phase of the received signal to a A convenient method to represent PSK schemes is on
reference signal such a system is termed coherent (and a constellation diagram. This shows the points in the
complex plane where, in this context, the real and
referred to as CPSK).
imaginary axes are termed the in-phase and quadrature
Alternatively, instead of operating with respect to a con- axes respectively due to their 90 separation. Such a repstant reference wave, the broadcast can operate with re- resentation on perpendicular axes lends itself to straightspect to itself. Changes in phase of a single broadcast forward implementation. The amplitude of each point
waveform can be considered the signicant items. In this along the in-phase axis is used to modulate a cosine (or
system, the demodulator determines the changes in the sine) wave and the amplitude along the quadrature axis
phase of the received signal rather than the phase (rel- to modulate a sine (or cosine) wave. By convention, inative to a reference wave) itself. Since this scheme de- phase modulates cosine and quadrature modulates sine.
pends on the dierence between successive phases, it is
termed dierential phase-shift keying (DPSK). DPSK In PSK, the constellation points chosen are usually pocan be signicantly simpler to implement than ordinary sitioned with uniform angular spacing around a circle.
PSK since there is no need for the demodulator to have a This gives maximum phase-separation between adjacent
copy of the reference signal to determine the exact phase points and thus the best immunity to corruption. They are
of the received signal (it is a non-coherent scheme). In positioned on a circle so that they can all be transmitted
with the same energy. In this way, the moduli of the comexchange, it produces more erroneous demodulation.
plex numbers they represent will be the same and thus so
will the amplitudes needed for the cosine and sine waves.
Two common examples are binary phase-shift keying
25.1 Introduction
(BPSK) which uses two phases, and quadrature phaseshift keying (QPSK) which uses four phases, although
There are three major classes of digital modulation tech- any number of phases may be used. Since the data to be
niques used for transmission of digitally represented data: conveyed are usually binary, the PSK scheme is usually
designed with the number of constellation points being a
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)
power of 2.
Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
Phase-shift keying (PSK)
25.1.1 Denitions
All convey data by changing some aspect of a base sig- For determining error-rates mathematically, some denal, the carrier wave (usually a sinusoid), in response to nitions will be needed:
85
86
Eb = Energy-per-bit
1
Q(x) =
2
e
x
t2 /2
1
dt = erfc
2
)
, x0
keying
25.2 Applications
Owing to PSKs simplicity, particularly when compared
with its competitor quadrature amplitude modulation, it
is widely used in existing technologies.
The wireless LAN standard, IEEE 802.11b-1999,[1][2]
uses a variety of dierent PSKs depending on the data
rate required. At the basic rate of 1 Mbit/s, it uses
DBPSK (dierential BPSK). To provide the extended
rate of 2 Mbit/s, DQPSK is used. In reaching 5.5
Mbit/s and the full rate of 11 Mbit/s, QPSK is employed,
but has to be coupled with complementary code keying.
The higher-speed wireless LAN standard, IEEE 802.11g2003,[1][3] has eight data rates: 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48
and 54 Mbit/s. The 6 and 9 Mbit/s modes use OFDM
modulation where each sub-carrier is BPSK modulated.
The 12 and 18 Mbit/s modes use OFDM with QPSK. The
fastest four modes use OFDM with forms of quadrature
amplitude modulation.
Because of its simplicity BPSK is appropriate for lowcost passive transmitters, and is used in RFID standards
such as ISO/IEC 14443 which has been adopted for
biometric passports, credit cards such as American Express's ExpressPay, and many other applications.[4]
1
I
BPSK (also sometimes called PRK, phase reversal keying, or 2PSK) is the simplest form of phase shift keying
(PSK). It uses two phases which are separated by 180
and so can also be termed 2-PSK. It does not particularly matter exactly where the constellation points are positioned, and in this gure they are shown on the real axis,
at 0 and 180. This modulation is the most robust of all
the PSKs since it takes the highest level of noise or distortion to make the demodulator reach an incorrect decision.
It is, however, only able to modulate at 1 bit/symbol (as
seen in the gure) and so is unsuitable for high data-rate
applications.
87
Q
01
25.3.1
11
Implementation
sn (t) =
2Eb
cos(2fc t + (1 n)), n = 0, 1.
Tb
s0 (t) =
2Eb
cos(2fc t + ) =
Tb
00
10
2Eb
cos(2fc t)
Tb
2Eb
cos(2fc t)
Tb
where fc is the frequency of the carrier-wave.
s1 (t) =
Constellation diagram for QPSK with Gray coding. Each adjacent symbol only diers by one bit.
Hence, the signal-space can be represented by the single are exactly the same.) QPSK uses four points on the constellation diagram, equispaced around a circle. With four
basis function
phases, QPSK can encode two bits per symbol, shown in
the diagram with Gray coding to minimize the bit error
25.4.1 Implementation
Sometimes this is known as quadriphase PSK, 4-PSK, or
4-QAM. (Although the root concepts of QPSK and 4- The implementation of QPSK is more general than that
QAM are dierent, the resulting modulated radio waves of BPSK and also indicates the implementation of higher-
88
order PSK. Writing the symbols in the constellation diagram in terms of the sine and cosine waves used to transmit them:
sn (t) =
(
2Es
)
cos 2fc t + (2n 1)
,
Ts
4
This yields the four phases /4, 3/4, 5/4 and 7/4 as
25.4.2
needed.
This results in a two-dimensional signal space with unit Although QPSK can be viewed as a quaternary modulabasis functions
tion, it is easier to see it as two independently modulated
quadrature carriers. With this interpretation, the even (or
odd) bits are used to modulate the in-phase component
2
of the carrier, while the odd (or even) bits are used to
cos(2fc t)
1 (t) =
Ts
modulate the quadrature-phase component of the carrier.
BPSK is used on both carriers and they can be indepen
2
dently demodulated.
2 (t) =
sin(2fc t)
Ts
As a result, the probability of bit-error for QPSK is the
The rst basis function is used as the in-phase component same as for BPSK:
of the signal and the second as the quadrature component
of the signal.
(
)
2Eb
Hence, the signal constellation consists of the signal-space
Pb = Q
.
N0
4 points
(
)
Es /2, Es /2 .
However, in order to achieve the same bit-error probability as BPSK, QPSK uses twice the power (since two bits
are transmitted simultaneously).
The factors of 1/2 indicate that the total power is split The symbol error rate is given by:
equally between the two carriers.
If the signal-to-noise ratio is high (as is necessary for
Comparing these basis functions with that for BPSK practical QPSK systems) the probability of symbol error
shows clearly how QPSK can be viewed as two indepen- may be approximated:
dent BPSK signals. Note that the signal-space points for
BPSK do not need to split the symbol (bit) energy over
( )
the two carriers in the scheme shown in the BPSK conEs
Ps 2Q
stellation diagram.
N0
QPSK systems can be implemented in a number of ways.
The modulated signal is shown below for a short segment
An illustration of the major components of the transmitter
of a random binary data-stream. The two carrier waves
and receiver structure are shown below.
are a cosine wave and a sine wave, as indicated by the
signal-space analysis above. Here, the odd-numbered bits
have been assigned to the in-phase component and the
even-numbered bits to the quadrature component (taking
the rst bit as number 1). The total signal the sum of
the two components is shown at the bottom. Jumps in
phase can be seen as the PSK changes the phase on each
component at the start of each bit-period. The topmost
Conceptual transmitter structure for QPSK. The binary data waveform alone matches the description given for BPSK
stream is split into the in-phase and quadrature-phase compo- above.
nents. These are then separately modulated onto two orthogonal
The binary data that is conveyed by this waveform is: 1
basis functions. In this implementation, two sinusoids are used.
1
0 0 0 1 1 0.
Afterwards, the two signals are superimposed, and the resulting
signal is the QPSK signal. Note the use of polar non-return-tozero encoding. These encoders can be placed before for binary
data source, but have been placed after to illustrate the conceptual dierence between digital and analog signals involved with
digital modulation.
89
QPSK
135
45
t
45
135
Timing diagram for QPSK. The binary data stream is shown beneath the time axis. The two signal components with their bit
assignments are shown at the top, and the total combined signal
at the bottom. Note the abrupt changes in phase at some of the
bit-period boundaries.
25.4.3
45
in practice.
The picture on the right shows the dierence in the behavior of the phase between ordinary QPSK and OQPSK.
It can be seen that in the rst plot the phase can change
by 180 at once, while in OQPSK the changes are never
greater than 90.
11
00
45
135
Variants
01
OQPSK
135
The modulated signal is shown below for a short segment of a random binary data-stream. Note the half
symbol-period oset between the two component waves.
The sudden phase-shifts occur about twice as often as for
QPSK (since the signals no longer change together), but
they are less severe. In other words, the magnitude of
jumps is smaller in OQPSK when compared to QPSK.
10
Signal doesn't cross zero, because only one bit of the symbol is
changed at a time
signal at the bottom. Note the half-period oset between the two
signal components.
/4QPSK
This variant of QPSK uses two identical constellations
which are rotated by 45 ( /4 radians, hence the name)
with respect to one another. Usually, either the even or
odd symbols are used to select points from one of the
constellations and the other symbols select points from
the other constellation. This also reduces the phase-shifts
from a maximum of 180, but only to a maximum of 135
90
01
01
00
11
45
00
11
10
10
and so the amplitude uctuations of /4 QPSK are between OQPSK and non-oset QPSK.
One property this modulation scheme possesses is that if
the modulated signal is represented in the complex domain, it does not have any paths through the origin. In
other words, the signal does not pass through the origin.
This lowers the dynamical range of uctuations in the signal which is desirable when engineering communications
signals.
On the other hand, /4 QPSK lends itself to easy demodulation and has been adopted for use in, for example,
TDMA cellular telephone systems.
The modulated signal is shown below for a short segment
of a random binary data-stream. The construction is the
same as above for ordinary QPSK. Successive symbols
are taken from the two constellations shown in the diagram. Thus, the rst symbol (1 1) is taken from the 'blue'
constellation and the second symbol (0 0) is taken from
the 'green' constellation. Note that magnitudes of the two
component waves change as they switch between constellations, but the total signals magnitude remains constant
(constant envelope). The phase-shifts are between those
of the two previous timing-diagrams.
forms such that they change very smoothly, and the signal stays constant-amplitude even during signal transitions. (Rather than traveling instantly from one symbol
to another, or even linearly, it travels smoothly around the
constant-amplitude circle from one symbol to the next.)
The standard description of SOQPSK-TG involves
ternary symbols.
DPQPSK
Dual-polarization quadrature phase shift keying
(DPQPSK) or dual-polarization QPSK - involves the
polarization multiplexing of two dierent QPSK signals,
thus improving the spectral eciency by a factor of 2.
This is a cost-eective alternative, to utilizing 16-PSK instead of QPSK to double the spectral eciency.
010
011
110
001
111
I
SOQPSK
000
101
These modulations carefully shape the I and Q wave- Any number of phases may be used to construct a PSK
91
The bit-error probability for M -PSK can only be determined exactly once the bit-mapping is known. However,
when Gray coding is used, the most probable error from
one symbol to the next produces only a single bit-error
and
Pb
1
Ps
k
(Using Gray coding allows us to approximate the Lee distance of the errors as the Hamming distance of the errors
25.5.1 Bit error rate
in the decoded bitstream, which is easier to implement in
For the general M -PSK there is no simple expression for hardware.)
the symbol-error probability if M > 4 . Unfortunately, The graph on the left compares the bit-error rates of
it can only be obtained from:
BPSK, QPSK (which are the same, as noted above), 8
Ps = 1
pr (r ) dr
where
pr (r )
1 2s sin2 r
2 e
V =
Ve
2
(V 4s cos r ) /2
=
dV
r12 + r22 ,
Es
N0
and
)
(
Es , N0 /2 and r2 N (0, N0 /2)
r1 N
are jointly Gaussian random variables.
s =
BER
10
10
-2
10
-4
10
-6
BPSK / QPSK
8-PSK
16-PSK
10
-8
10
Eb/N0 (dB)
12
14
16
18
Ps 2Q
(
)
2s sin
M
92
(SDQPSK) is like DQPSK, but encoding is symmetric, must have been. When dierential encoding is used in
using phase shift values of 135, 45, +45 and +135. this manner, the scheme is known as dierential phaseThe modulated signal is shown below for both DBPSK shift keying (DPSK). Note that this is subtly dierent
and DQPSK as described above. In the gure, it is as- from just dierentially encoded PSK since, upon recepsumed that the signal starts with zero phase, and so there tion, the received symbols are not decoded one-by-one to
constellation points but are instead compared directly to
is a phase shift in both signals at t = 0 .
one another.
Call the received symbol in the k th timeslot rk and let it
have phase k . Assume without loss of generality that
the phase of the carrier wave is zero. Denote the AWGN
term as nk . Then
Timing diagram for DBPSK and DQPSK. The binary data stream
is above the DBPSK signal. The individual bits of the DBPSK
signal are grouped into pairs for the DQPSK signal, which only
changes every T = 2T . (the phase of '11' should be inverted in
this diagram)
25.6.2
BER
10
Demodulation
-2
10
-4
10
-6
10
-8
rk rk1
= Es ej(k k1 ) + Es ejk nk1 + Es ejk1 nk +nk nk1
where superscript * denotes complex conjugation. In the
absence of noise, the phase of this is k k1 , the
phase-shift between the two received signals which can
be used to determine the data transmitted.
The probability of error for DPSK is dicult to calculate
in general, but, in the case of DBPSK it is:
Eb/N0 (dB)
10
12
14
1 Eb /N0
e
,
2
BPSK / QPSK
DBPSK
DQPSK
Es ejk + nk
th
Pb =
10
rk =
16
BER comparison between DBPSK, DQPSK and their nondierential forms using gray-coding and operating in white noise.
93
25.6.3
Example:
BPSK
Dierentially encoded The BER curve for this example is compared to ordi-
3.5
10
Channel capacity
BPSK
QPSK
8 PSK
16 PSK
16 QAM
ek = ek1 bk
BPSK
Diff. enc BPSK
-2
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
BER
0.5
10
-4
-5
10
15
20
SNR [dB]
10
-6
10
-8
Eb/N0 (dB)
10
12
14
Like all M-ary modulation schemes with M = 2b symbols, when given exclusive access to a xed bandwidth,
the channel capacity of any phase shift keying modulation scheme rises to a maximum of b bits per symbol as
the signal-to-noise ratio increases.
bk = ek ek1
Polar modulation
PSK31
PSK63
Binary oset carrier modulation
94
25.9 Notes
[1] IEEE Std 802.11-1999: Wireless LAN Medium Access
Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specications
the overarching IEEE 802.11 specication.
[2] IEEE Std 802.11b-1999 (R2003) the IEEE 802.11b
specication.
[3] IEEE Std 802.11g-2003 the IEEE 802.11g specication.
[4] Understanding the Requirements of ISO/IEC 14443 for
Type B Proximity Contactless Identication Cards, Application Note, Rev. 2056BRFID11/05, 2005, ATMEL
[5] Communications Systems, H. Stern & S. Mahmoud, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004, p283
[6] Tom Nelson, Erik Perrins, and Michael Rice. Common
detectors for Tier 1 modulations. T. Nelson, E. Perrins,
M. Rice. Common detectors for shaped oset QPSK
(SOQPSK) and Feher-patented QPSK (FQPSK)" Nelson, T.; Perrins, E.; Rice, M. (2005). Common detectors for shaped oset QPSK (SOQPSK) and Feherpatented QPSK (FQPSK)". GLOBECOM '05. IEEE
Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005. pp. 5 pp.
doi:10.1109/GLOCOM.2005.1578470. ISBN 0-78039414-3. ISBN 0-7803-9414-3
25.10 References
The notation and theoretical results in this article are
based on material presented in the following sources:
Proakis, John G. (1995). Digital Communications.
Singapore: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-113814-5.
Couch, Leon W. II (1997). Digital and Analog
Communications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: PrenticeHall. ISBN 0-13-081223-4.
Haykin, Simon (1988). Digital Communications.
Toronto, Canada: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-47162947-2.
Chapter 26
Minimum-shift keying
Q
01
11
The resulting
is represented by the
formula
s(t) =
( t signal
)
( t
)
aI (t) cos 2T
cos (2fc t)aQ (t) sin 2T
sin (2fc t)
where aI (t) and aQ (t) encode the even and odd information respectively with a sequence of square pulses of duration 2T. aI (t) has its pulse edges on t = [T, T, 3T, ...]
and aQ (t) on t = [0, 2T, 4T, ...] . The carrier frequency
is fc .
00
10
95
96
GMSK is most notably used in the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and the Automatic Identication System (AIS) for maritime navigation.
26.4 Notes
[1] M.L Doelz and E.T. Heald, Minimum Shift Data Communication System, US Patent 2977417, 1958, http://www.
freepatentsonline.com/2977417.html
[2] Poole, Ian. What is GMSK Modulation - Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying. RadioElectronics.com. Retrieved
March 23, 2014.
26.5 References
Subbarayan Pasupathy, Minimum Shift Keying: A
Spectrally Ecient Modulation, IEEE Communications Magazine, 1979
R. de Buda, Fast FSK Signals and their Demodulation, Can. Elec. Eng. J. Vol. 1, Number 1, 1976.
F. Amoroso, Pulse and Spectrum Manipulation in the
Minimum (Frequency) Shift Keying (MSK) Format,
IEEE Trans.
Document from the University of Hull giving a thorough description of GMSK.
Chapter 27
Constellation diagram
A constellation diagram is a representation of a signal modulated by a digital modulation scheme such as
quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-shift keying.
It displays the signal as a two-dimensional scatter diagram
in the complex plane at symbol sampling instants. In a
more abstract sense, it represents the possible symbols
that may be selected by a given modulation scheme as
points in the complex plane. Measured constellation diagrams can be used to recognize the type of interference
and distortion in a signal.
Q
010
011
and the quadrature, or Q-axis, respectively. Plotting several symbols in a scatter diagram produces the constellation diagram. The points on a constellation diagram are
called constellation points. They are a set of modulation
symbols which comprise the modulation alphabet.
Also a diagram of the ideal positions, signal space diagram, in a modulation scheme can be called a constellation diagram. In this sense the constellation is not a
scatter diagram but a representation of the scheme itself.
The example shown here is for 8-PSK, which has also
been given a Gray coded bit assignment.
27.1 Interpretation
110
001
111
0000
0100
1100
1000
0001
0101
1101
1001
000
101
100
A constellation diagram for Gray encoded 8-PSK.
By representing a transmitted symbol as a complex number and modulating a cosine and sine carrier signal with
the real and imaginary parts (respectively), the symbol
can be sent with two carriers on the same frequency. They
are often referred to as quadrature carriers. A coherent
detector is able to independently demodulate these carriers. This principle of using two independently modulated
carriers is the foundation of quadrature modulation. In
pure phase modulation, the phase of the modulating symbol is the phase of the carrier itself.
0011
0111
1111
1011
0010
0110
1110
1010
98
bol. Thus it will demodulate incorrectly if the corruption
has caused the received symbol to move closer to another
constellation point than the one transmitted.
This is maximum likelihood detection. The constellation
diagram allows a straightforward visualization of this process imagine the received symbol as an arbitrary point
in the I-Q plane and then decide that the transmitted symbol is whichever constellation point is closest to it.
For the purpose of analyzing received signal quality, some
types of corruption are very evident in the constellation
diagram. For example:
Gaussian noise shows as fuzzy constellation points
Non-coherent single frequency interference shows
as circular constellation points
Phase noise shows as rotationally spreading constellation points
Attenuation causes the corner points to move towards the center
A constellation diagram visualises phenomena similar to
those an eye pattern does for one-dimensional signals.
The eye pattern can be used to see timing jitter in one
dimension of modulation.
Chapter 28
General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular
communication systems global system for mobile communications (GSM). GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and imode packet-switched cellular technologies. It is now
maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP).[1][2]
28.1.1
Services oered
GPRS extends the GSM Packet circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following services possible:
99
100
When TCP/IP is used, each phone can have one or more external USB devices which are similar in shape and size
IP addresses allocated. GPRS will store and forward the to a computer mouse, or nowadays more like a pendrive.
IP packets to the phone even during handover. The TCP
handles any packet loss (e.g. due to a radio noise induced
28.1.4 Addressing
pause).
A GPRS connection is established by reference to its
access point name (APN). The APN denes the services
such as wireless application protocol (WAP) access, short
Devices supporting GPRS are divided into three classes: message service (SMS), multimedia messaging service
(MMS), and for Internet communication services such as
Class A Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM email and World Wide Web access.
service (voice, SMS), using both at the same time. In order to set up a GPRS connection for a wireless moSuch devices are known to be available today.
dem, a user must specify an APN, optionally a user name
28.1.3
Hardware
Class B Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM and password, and very rarely an IP address, all provided
service (voice, SMS), but using only one or the other by the network operator.
at a given time. During GSM service (voice call
or SMS), GPRS service is suspended, and then resumed automatically after the GSM service (voice 28.2 Coding schemes and speeds
call or SMS) has concluded. Most GPRS mobile
devices are Class B.
The upload and download speeds that can be achieved in
GPRS depend on a number of factors such as:
Class C Are connected to either GPRS service or GSM
service (voice, SMS). Must be switched manually
the number of BTS TDMA time slots assigned by
between one or the other service.
the operator
A true Class A device may be required to transmit on
two dierent frequencies at the same time, and thus will
need two radios. To get around this expensive requirement, a GPRS mobile may implement the dual transfer
mode (DTM) feature. A DTM-capable mobile may use
simultaneous voice and packet data, with the network coordinating to ensure that it is not required to transmit on
two dierent frequencies at the same time. Such mobiles
are considered pseudo-Class A, sometimes referred to as
simple class A. Some networks support DTM since
2007.
28.3. USABILITY
101
28.2.3
Multislot Class
The multislot class determines the speed of data trans the time needed for the MS to get ready to receive.
fer available in the Uplink and Downlink directions. It is
a value between 1 to 45 which the network uses to allocate radio channels in the uplink and downlink direction. The dierent multislot class specication is detailed in
Multislot class with values greater than 31 are referred to the Annex B of the 3GPP Technical Specication 45.002
(Multiplexing and multiple access on the radio path)
as high multislot classes.
A multislot allocation is represented as, for example, 5+2.
The rst number is the number of downlink timeslots and
the second is the number of uplink timeslots allocated for
use by the mobile station. A commonly used value is class
10 for many GPRS/EGPRS mobiles which uses a maximum of 4 timeslots in downlink direction and 2 timeslots in uplink direction. However simultaneously a maximum number of 5 simultaneous timeslots can be used
in both uplink and downlink. The network will automatically congure the for either 3+2 or 4+1 operation depending on the nature of data transfer.
28.3 Usability
The maximum speed of a GPRS connection oered in
2003 was similar to a modem connection in an analog
wire telephone network, about 3240 kbit/s, depending
on the phone used. Latency is very high; round-trip time
(RTT) is typically about 600700 ms and often reaches
1s. GPRS is typically prioritized lower than speech, and
thus the quality of connection varies greatly.
102
Devices with latency/RTT improvements (via, for example, the extended UL TBF mode feature) are generally
available. Also, network upgrades of features are available with certain operators. With these enhancements the
active round-trip time can be reduced, resulting in significant increase in application-level throughput speeds.
28.6 References
[1] ETSI
[2] 3GPP
[3] General packet radio service from Qkport
[4] Mobile Phone Generations from
Chapter 29
Spectral eciency
Spectral eciency, spectrum eciency or bandwidth
= 3,100 hertz. The spectral eciency or
eciency refers to the information rate that can be transmodulation eciency is 56,000/3,100 = 18.1
mitted over a given bandwidth in a specic communica(bit/s)/Hz downstream, and 48,000/3,100 =
tion system. It is a measure of how eciently a limited
15.5 (bit/s)/Hz upstream.
frequency spectrum is utilized by the physical layer protocol, and sometimes by the media access control (the An upper bound for the attainable modulation eciency
channel access protocol).
is given by the Nyquist rate or Hartleys law as follows:
For a signaling alphabet with M alternative symbols, each
symbol represents N = log2 M bits. N is the modulation eciency measured in bit/symbol or bpcu. In
29.1 Link spectral eciency
the case of baseband transmission (line coding or pulseamplitude modulation) with a baseband bandwidth (or
The link spectral eciency of a digital communication upper cut-o frequency) B, the symbol rate can not exsystem is measured in bit/s/Hz,[1] or, less frequently but ceed 2B symbols/s in view to avoid intersymbol interferunambiguously, in (bit/s)/Hz. It is the net bitrate (use- ence. Thus, the spectral eciency can not exceed 2N
ful information rate excluding error-correcting codes) or (bit/s)/Hz in the baseband transmission case. In the passmaximum throughput divided by the bandwidth in hertz band transmission case, a signal with passband bandwidth
of a communication channel or a data link. Alternatively, W can be converted to an equivalent baseband signal (usthe spectral eciency may be measured in bit/symbol, ing undersampling or a superheterodyne receiver), with
which is equivalent to bits per channel use (bpcu), im- upper cut-o frequency W/2. If double-sideband moduplying that the net bit rate is divided by the symbol rate lation schemes such as QAM, ASK, PSK or OFDM are
(modulation rate) or line code pulse rate.
used, this results in a maximum symbol rate of W symLink spectral eciency is typically used to analyse the bols/s, and in that the modulation eciency can not execiency of a digital modulation method or line code, ceed N (bit/s)/Hz. If digital single-sideband modulation
sometimes in combination with a forward error correc- is used, the passband signal with bandwidth W corretion (FEC) code and other physical layer overhead. In the sponds to a baseband message signal with baseband bandlatter case, a bit refers to a user data bit; FEC overhead width W, resulting in a maximum symbol rate of 2W and
an attainable modulation eciency of 2N (bit/s)/Hz.
is always excluded.
The modulation eciency in bit/s is the gross bitrate (including any error-correcting code) divided by the
bandwidth.
Example 1: A transmission technique using
one kilohertz of bandwidth to transmit 1,000
bits per second has a modulation eciency of
1 (bit/s)/Hz.
104
In digital wireless networks, the system spectral eciency or area spectral eciency is typically measured
in (bit/s)/Hz per unit area, in (bit/s)/Hz per cell, or in
(bit/s)/Hz per site. It is a measure of the quantity of users
or services that can be simultaneously supported by a limited radio frequency bandwidth in a dened geographic
area. It may for example be dened as the maximum
aggregated throughput or goodput, i.e. summed over all
users in the system, divided by the channel bandwidth.
This measure is aected not only by the single user transmission technique, but also by multiple access schemes
and radio resource management techniques utilized. It
can be substantially improved by dynamic radio resource
management. If it is dened as a measure of the maximum goodput, retransmissions due to co-channel interference and collisions are excluded. Higher-layer protocol overhead (above the media access control sublayer) is
normally neglected.
Example 8: In a cellular system based on
frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)
with a xed channel allocation (FCA) cellplan
using a frequency reuse factor of 1/4, each base
station has access to 1/4 of the total available
frequency spectrum. Thus, the maximum possible system spectral eciency in (bit/s)/Hz per
site is 1/4 of the link spectral eciency. Each
base station may be divided into 3 cells by
means of 3 sector antennas, also known as a
4/12 reuse pattern. Then each cell has access
to 1/12 of the available spectrum, and the system spectral eciency in (bit/s)/Hz per cell or
(bit/s)/Hz per sector is 1/12 of the link spectral
29.5. REFERENCES
eciency.
The system spectral eciency of a cellular network may
also be expressed as the maximum number of simultaneous phone calls per area unit over 1 MHz frequency
spectrum in E/MHz per cell, E/MHz per sector, E/MHz
per site, or (E/MHz)/m2 . This measure is also aected by
the source coding (data compression) scheme. It may be
used in analog cellular networks as well.
Low link spectral eciency in (bit/s)/Hz does not necessarily mean that an encoding scheme is inecient from a
system spectral eciency point of view. As an example,
consider Code Division Multiplexed Access (CDMA)
spread spectrum, which is not a particularly spectral ecient encoding scheme when considering a single channel
or single user. However, the fact that one can layer multiple channels on the same frequency band means that the
system spectrum utilization for a multi-channel CDMA
system can be very good.
Example 9: In the W-CDMA 3G cellular system, every phone call is compressed to a maximum of 8,500 bit/s (the useful bitrate), and
spread out over a 5 MHz wide frequency channel. This corresponds to a link throughput of
only 8,500/5,000,000 = 0.0017 (bit/s)/Hz. Let
us assume that 100 simultaneous (non-silent)
calls are possible in the same cell. Spread spectrum makes it possible to have as low a frequency reuse factor as 1, if each base station is
divided into 3 cells by means of 3 directional
sector antennas. This corresponds to a system
spectrum eciency of over 1 100 0.0017
= 0.17 (bit/s)/Hz per site, and 0.17/3 = 0.06
(bit/s)/Hz per cell or sector.
The spectral eciency can be improved by radio resource management techniques such as ecient xed or
dynamic channel allocation, power control, link adaptation and diversity schemes.
A combined fairness measure and system spectral eciency measure is the fairly shared spectral eciency.
105
CDMA spectral eciency
Channel capacity
Comparison of mobile phone standards
Goodput
Radio resource management (RRM)
Spatial capacity
Throughput
Orders of magnitude (bit rate)
29.5 References
[1] Sergio Benedetto and Ezio Biglieri (1999). Principles
of Digital Transmission: With Wireless Applications.
Springer. ISBN 0-306-45753-9.
[2] C. T. Bhunia, Information Technology Network And Internet, New Age International, 2006, page 26.
[3] Lal Chand Godara, Handbook of antennas in wireless
communications, CRC Press, 2002, ISBN 0849301246,
ISBN 9780849301247
[4] Anders Furuskr, Jonas Nslund and Hkan Olofsson (1999), "EdgeEnhanced data rates for GSM and
TDMA/136 evolution", Ericsson Review no. 1
[5] KYOCERAs iBurst(TM) System Oers High Capacity,
High Performance for the Broadband Era.
[6] http://www.home.agilent.com/agilent/editorial.jspx?cc=
IN&lc=eng&ckey=1905163&id=1905163
[7] http://www.extremetech.com/tag/lte-advanced
Chapter 30
30.1 Application
The DECT standard fully species a means for a portable
unit, such as a cordless telephone, to access a xed telecoms network via radio. But, unlike the GSM standards,
does not specify any internal aspects of the xed network
itself. Connectivity to the xed network (that may be
of many dierent kinds) is done through a base station
or Radio Fixed Part to terminate the radio link, and a
gateway to connect calls to the xed network. In most
cases the gateway connection is to the public switched
telephone network or telephone jack, although connectivity with newer technologies such as Voice over IP has
become available. There are also other devices such as
some baby monitors utilizing DECT, and in these devices
106
30.3. VOIP/IP-DECT
107
30.3 VoIP/IP-DECT
108
The latest DECT variant is DECT ULE, or DECT Ultra Typical abilities of a domestic DECT Generic Access
low energy. The standard was rst discussed in January Prole (GAP) system includes:
2011 and the rst commercial products were launched
later that year by Dialog Semiconductor. Like DECT,
Multiple handsets to one base station and one phone
DECT ULE standard uses the 1.9 GHz band so suers
line socket. This allows several cordless telephones
less interference than Zigbee, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or mito be placed around the house, all operating from
crowave ovens, which all operate in the ISM unlicensed
the same telephone jack. Additional handsets have
2.4 GHz band.
a battery charger station that does not plug into the
telephone system. Handsets can in many cases be
The standard has been created to enable home automaused as intercoms, communicating between each
tion, security, healthcare and energy monitoring applicaother, and sometimes as walkie-talkies, intercomtions that are battery powered and can easily connect to
municating without telephone line connection.
the web using the large number of existing DECT enabled
modems and be managed using a smartphone app.
Interference-free wireless operation to around 100
metres (110 yd) outdoors, much less indoors when
separated by walls. Operates clearly in common
congested domestic radio trac situations, for in30.5 Standards history
stance, generally immune to interference from other
DECT systems, Wi-Fi networks, video senders,
The DECT standard was developed by ETSI in several
Bluetooth technology, baby monitors and other
phases, the rst of that took place between 1988 and 1992
wireless devices.
when the rst round of standards were published. These
were the ETS 300-175 series in 9 parts dening the air interface, and ETS 300-176 dening how the units should
30.6.1 Technical properties
be type approved. A technical report, ETR-178, was also
published to explain the standard. Subsequent standards
ETSI standards documentation (ETSI EN 300 175were developed and published by ETSI to cover interop1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8, REN/DECT-000268-1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8)
erability proles and standards for testing.
prescribes the following technical properties for DECT.
Initially named Digital European Cordless Telephone
at its launch by CEPT in November 1987, following a
Audio codec: G.726 (standard codec), G.711,
suggestion by Enrico Tosato of Italy, its name was soon
G.722 (wideband), G.729.1 (wideband) and
changed to Digital European Cordless TelecommunicaMPEG-4 ER LD AAC (wideband and supertions to reect its broader range of application, includwideband)
ing data services. In 1995, due to its more global usage,
the name was changed from European to Enhanced.
Net bit rate: 32 kbit/s
It is an ETSI standard for digital portable phones (cord Frequency: Section 4.1.1 (Nominal position of RF
less home telephones), commonly used for domestic or
carriers) of the ETSI standard states: DECT carricorporate purposes. It is recognized by the ITU as fulers are specied for the whole frequency range 1880
lling the IMT-2000 requirements and thus qualies as
MHz to 1980 MHz and 2010 MHz to 2025 MHz.
a 3G system. Within the IMT-2000 group of technoloCarrier positions in the 902 MHz to 928 MHz ISM
gies, DECT is referred to as 'IMT-2000 Frequency Time'
band and the 2400 MHz to 2483,5 MHz ISM band
(IMT-FT).
have been dened for the US market. [...] The most
DECT was developed by ETSI but has since been adopted
common spectrum allocation is 1880 MHz to 1900
by many countries all over the World. The original DECT
MHz, but outside Europe spectrum is also available
frequency band (1880 MHz1900 MHz) is used in all
in 1900 MHz to 1920 MHz and in 1910 MHz to
countries in Europe. Outside Europe, it is used in most
1930 MHz (several countries).
of Asia, Australia and South America. In the United
States, the Federal Communications Commission in 2005
1880 1900 MHz in Europe,
changed channelization and licensing costs in a nearby
1880 1900 MHz in South Africa,
band (1920 MHz1930 MHz, or 1.9 GHz), known as
1880 1900 MHz in Hong Kong [7]
Unlicensed Personal Communications Services (UPCS),
allowing DECT devices to be sold in the U.S. with only
1900 1920 MHz in China, till 2003, after
minimal changes. These channels are reserved exclu2003 2.4 GHz
sively for voice communication applications and therefore
1893 1906 MHz in Japan,
are less likely to experience interference from other wire 1910 1930 MHz in Latin America,
less devices such as baby monitors and wireless networks.
109
Call Control (CC)
Mobility Management (MM)
Optionally it may also contain others:
Call Independent Supplementary Services (CISS)
Connection Oriented Message Service (COMS)
Connectionless Message Service (CLMS)
All these communicate through a Link Control Entity
(LCE).
The call control protocol is derived from ISDN DSS1,
which is a Q.931-derived protocol. Many DECT-specic
changes have been made. The mobility management protocol includes many elements similar to the GSM protocol, but also includes elements unique to DECT.
Unlike the GSM protocol, the DECT network specications do not dene cross-linkages between the operation of the entities (for example, Mobility Management
and Call Control). The architecture presumes that such
linkages will be designed into the interworking unit that
connects the DECT access network to whatever mobilityenabled xed network is involved. By keeping the entities separate, the handset is capable of responding to any
combination of entity trac, and this creates great exibility in xed network design without breaking full interoperability.
DECT GAP is an interoperability prole for DECT. The
intent is that two dierent products from dierent manufacturers that both conform not only to the DECT standard, but also to the GAP prole dened within the
DECT standard, are able to interoperate for basic calling. The DECT standard includes full testing suites for
GAP, and GAP products on the market from dierent
manufacturers are in practice interoperable for the basic
functions.
30.6.2 Security
110
tion can provide up to 120 channels in the DECT spectrum before frequency reuse. Each timeslot can be assigned to a dierent channel in order to exploit advantages of frequency hopping and to avoid interference from
other users in asynchronous fashion.
30.7.1
Radio links
DECT operates in the 18801900 MHz band and denes ten channels from 1881.792 MHz to 1897.344
MHz with a band gap of 1728 kHz. Each base station frame provides 12 duplex speech channels, with each
time slot occupying any channel. DECT operates in multicarrier/TDMA/TDD structure. DECT also provides
Frequency-hopping spread spectrum over TDMA/TDD
structure. If frequency-hopping is avoided, each base sta-
111
WDECT
Wireless local loop
Tuttlebee, Wally H.W. (1996). Cordless Telecommunications Worldwide. Springer. ISBN 978-3540-19970-0.
30.11 References
[1] DECT Information.
[2] Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
(DECT); A high level guide to the DECT standardization. ETR 178. European Telecommunications
Standards Institute. 1997. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
[3] Dect for Cordless Terminal Mobility DECT Forum
Newsletter 6 March 1998
[4] LA TELECOM SPEGNE FIDO"" Il Messaggero 5
April 2000
[5] https://dedected.org/trac/raw-attachment/wiki/25C3/
talk-25c3.pdf[]
[6] http://shop.bigpond.com/ProductSearch.asp?Action=
HeaderSearch&ProductName=dect+6.0 accessed on
October 11, 2011
[7] Beware of Buying Radiocommunications Equipment not
Meeting Prescribed Specications. Oce of the Communications Authority.
[8] Wirlpool Forums - Wi friendly home phones
[9] Serious security vulnerabilities in DECT wireless telephony. Heise. 2008-12-29.
[10] Schuler, Andreas; Tews, Erik; Weinmann, Ralf-Philipp
(2008-12-29). deDECTed.org (PDF).
[11] Nohl, Karsten; Tews, Erik; Weinmann, Ralf-Philipp
(2010-04-04). Cryptanalysis of the DECT Standard Cipher (PDF).
[12] Do you like ice cream?".
alt.anonymous.messages.
adsq2u$p00$1@wanadoo.fr.
Newsgroup:
Usenet:
Chapter 31
WiMAX
Mobile WiMAX (originally based on 802.16e-2005) is
the revision that was deployed in many countries, and is
the basis for future revisions such as 802.16m-2011.
WiMAX is sometimes referred to as Wi-Fi on
steroids[4] and can be used for a number of applications including broadband connections, cellular backhaul,
hotspots, etc. It is similar to Wi-Fi, but it can enable usage at much greater distances.[5]
31.2 Uses
The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for
WiMAX base station equipment with a sector antenna and the following potential applications:
wireless modem on top
31.1 Terminology
112
31.3. CONNECTING
31.2.2
113
Middle-mile backhaul to ber net- media service will accelerate, therefore the opportunity
to leverage cable assets is expected to increase.
works
31.3 Connecting
In North America, backhaul for urban operations is typically provided via one or more copper wire line connections, whereas remote cellular operations are sometimes backhauled via satellite. In other regions, urban
and rural backhaul is usually provided by microwave
links. (The exception to this is where the network is operated by an incumbent with ready access to the copper network.) WiMAX has more substantial backhaul
bandwidth requirements than legacy cellular applications.
Consequently, the use of wireless microwave backhaul
is on the rise in North America and existing microwave A WiMAX USB modem for mobile access to the Internet
backhaul links in all regions are being upgraded.[8] Capacities of between 34 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s [9] are rou- Devices that provide connectivity to a WiMAX network
tinely being deployed with latencies in the order of 1 ms. are known as subscriber stations (SS).
In many cases, operators are aggregating sites using wireless technology and then presenting trac on to ber networks where convenient. WiMAX in this application
competes with microwave radio, E-line and simple extension of the ber network itself.
31.2.3
Triple-play
31.3.1 Gateways
114
Ethernet ports to connect directly to a computer, IEEE 802.16e-2005 improves upon IEEE 802.16-2004
router, printer or DVR on a local wired network.
by:
One or two analog telephone jacks to connect a landline phone and take advantage of VoIP.
Indoor gateways are convenient, but radio losses mean
that the subscriber may need to be signicantly closer
to the WiMAX base station than with professionally installed external units.
Outdoor units are roughly the size of a laptop PC, and
their installation is comparable to the installation of a residential satellite dish. A higher-gain directional outdoor
unit will generally result in greatly increased range and
throughput but with the obvious loss of practical mobility of the unit.
31.3.2
External modems
31.3.3
Mobile phones
115
The system is complex to deploy as it is necessary to track
not only the signal strength and CINR (as in systems like
GSM) but also how the available frequencies will be dynamically assigned (resulting in dynamic changes to the
available bandwidth.) This could lead to cluttered frequencies with slow response times or lost frames.
As a result, the system has to be initially designed in consensus with the base station product team to accurately
project frequency use, interference, and general product
The WiMAX MAC uses a scheduling algorithm for
functionality.
which the subscriber station needs to compete only once
for initial entry into the network. After network entry The Asia-Pacic region has surpassed the North Ameris allowed, the subscriber station is allocated an access ican region in terms of 4G broadband wireless subslot by the base station. The time slot can enlarge and scribers. There were around 1.7 million pre-WIMAX
contract, but remains assigned to the subscriber station, and WIMAX customers in Asia - 29% of the overall marwhich means that other subscribers cannot use it. In addi- ket - compared to 1.4 million in the USA and Canada.[18]
tion to being stable under overload and over-subscription,
the scheduling algorithm can also be more bandwidth ecient. The scheduling algorithm also allows the base sta- 31.4.5 Integration with an IP-based network
tion to control Quality of Service (QoS) parameters by
balancing the time-slot assignments among the application needs of the subscriber station.
31.4.3
31.4.4
Specications
116
AAA: Authentication, Authorization and Account- use WiMAX equipment in any country that recognizes
ing Server, part of the CSN
the IMT-2000.
NAP: a Network Access Provider
NSP: a Network Service Provider
It is important to note that the functional architecture can
be designed into various hardware congurations rather
than xed congurations. For example, the architecture
is exible enough to allow remote/mobile stations of varying scale and functionality and Base Stations of varying
size - e.g. femto, pico, and mini BS as well as macros.
31.4.6
Spectrum allocation
31.4.9
Silicon implementations
117
and contention based, whereas WiMAX runs a
connection-oriented MAC.
WiMAX and Wi-Fi have quite dierent quality of
service (QoS) mechanisms:
WiMAX uses a QoS mechanism based on
connections between the base station and the
user device. Each connection is based on specic scheduling algorithms.
Wi-Fi uses contention access all subscriber
stations that wish to pass data through a
wireless access point (AP) are competing for
the APs attention on a random interrupt basis.
This can cause subscriber stations distant from
the AP to be repeatedly interrupted by closer
stations, greatly reducing their throughput.
Both IEEE 802.11, which includes Wi-Fi, and IEEE
802.16, which includes WiMAX, dene Peer-toPeer (P2P) and wireless ad hoc networks, where an
end user communicates to users or servers on another Local Area Network (LAN) using its access
point or base station. However, 802.11 supports
also direct ad hoc or peer to peer networking between end user devices without an access point while
802.16 end user devices must be in range of the base
station.
TTCN-3 test specication language is used for the purposes of specifying conformance tests for WiMAX im Wi-Fi runs on the Media Access Control's plementations. The WiMAX test suite is being developed
CSMA/CA protocol, which is connectionless by a Specialist Task Force at ETSI (STF 252).[25]
Wi-Fi is more popular in end-user devices.
118
31.6 Associations
31.6.1
WiMAX Forum
A major role for the organization is to certify the interoperability of WiMAX products.[27] Those that pass conformance and interoperability testing achieve the WiMAX
Forum Certied designation, and can display this mark
on their products and marketing materials. Some vendors claim that their equipment is WiMAX-ready,
WiMAX-compliant, or pre-WiMAX, if they are not
ocially WiMAX Forum Certied.
Another role of the WiMAX Forum is to promote the
spread of knowledge about WiMAX. In order to do so, it
has a certied training program that is currently oered
in English and French. It also oers a series of member
events and endorses some industry events.
Speed
Wi-Fi
WiMAX
HSPA
Mobility
UMTS
GSM
WiSOA logo
31.6.2
WiMAX Spectrum Owners Al- UMTS and a general desire for standardization has meant
liance
spectrum has not been allocated for WiMAX: in July
WiSOA was the rst global organization composed exclusively of owners of WiMAX spectrum with plans to
deploy WiMAX technology in those bands. WiSOA focused on the regulation, commercialisation, and deployment of WiMAX spectrum in the 2.32.5 GHz and the
3.43.5 GHz ranges. WiSOA merged with the Wireless
Broadband Alliance in April 2008. [28]
31.6.3
31.7.1 Harmonization
Early WirelessMAN standards, The European standard
HiperMAN and Korean standard WiBro were harmonized as part of WiMAX and are no longer seen as competition but as complementary. All networks now being
deployed in South Korea, the home of the WiBro standard, are now WiMAX.
31.10. DEPLOYMENTS
119
The following table only shows peak rates which are po- 31.10 Deployments
tentially very misleading. In addition, the comparisons
listed are not normalized by physical channel size (i.e., Main article: List of deployed WiMAX networks
spectrum used to achieve the listed peak rates); this obfuscates spectral eciency and net through-put capabiliAs of October 2010, the WiMAX Forum claimed
ties of the dierent wireless technologies listed below.
over 592 WiMAX (xed and mobile) networks deNotes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will ployed in over 148 countries, covering over 621 million
vary by a number of factors, including the use of external subscribers.[37] By February 2011, the WiMAX Forum
antennas, distance from the tower and the ground speed cited coverage of over 823 million people, and estimate
(e.g. communications on a train may be poorer than when over 1 billion subscribers by the end of the year.[38]
standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between
several terminals. The performance of each technology South Korea launched a WiMAX network in the 2nd
is determined by a number of constraints, including the quarter of 2006. By the end of 2008 there were 350,000
[39]
spectral eciency of the technology, the cell sizes used, WiMAX subscribers in Korea.
and the amount of spectrum available. For more infor- Worldwide, by early 2010 WiMAX seemed to be
mation, see Comparison of wireless data standards.
ramping quickly relative to other available technologies,
[40]
Yota, the
For more comparison tables, see bit rate progress trends, though access in North America lagged.
comparison of mobile phone standards, spectral e- largest WiMAX network operator in the world in 4Q
[41]
announced in May 2010 that it will move new
ciency comparison table and OFDM system comparison 2009,
network
deployments
to LTE and, subsequently, change
table.
its existing networks as well.[42]
A study published September 2010 by Blycroft Publishing estimated 800 management contracts from 364
31.8 Development
WiMAX operations worldwide oering active services
(launched or still trading as opposed to just licensed and
[43]
[32]
The IEEE 802.16m-2011 standard was the core tech- still to launch).
nology for WiMAX 2. The IEEE 802.16m standard was submitted to the ITU for IMT-Advanced
standardization.[33] IEEE 802.16m is one of the ma- 31.11 See also
jor candidates for IMT-Advanced technologies by ITU.
Among many enhancements, IEEE 802.16m systems can
List of deployed WiMAX networks
provide four times faster data speed than the WiMAX
Release 1.
WiBro (mobile WiMax in Korea)
WiMAX Release 2 provided backward compatibility
with Release 1. WiMAX operators could migrate from
release 1 to release 2 by upgrading channel cards or
software. The WiMAX 2 Collaboration Initiative was
formed to help this transition.[34]
It was anticipated that using 4X2 MIMO in the urban microcell scenario with only a single 20 MHz TDD channel available system wide, the 802.16m system can support both 120 Mbit/s downlink and 60 Mbit/s uplink per
site simultaneously. It was expected that the WiMAX
Release 2 would be available commercially in the 2011
2012 timeframe.[35]
Cognitive radio
Category 5 cable
Evolved HSPA
High-Speed Packet Access
Mobile broadband
Mobile VoIP
Municipal broadband
Packet Burst Broadband
31.9 Interference
A eld test conducted in 2007 by SUIRG (Satellite Users
Interference Reduction Group) with support from the
U.S. Navy, the Global VSAT Forum, and several member
organizations yielded results showing interference at 12
km when using the same channels for both the WiMAX
systems and satellites in C-band.[36]
Super Wi-Fi
Switched mesh
Yota Egg
Wireless bridge
Wireless local loop
120
31.12 Notes
[30] LTE. 3GPP web site. 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
Newsre-
31.13 References
K. Fazel and S. Kaiser, Multi-Carrier and Spread
Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC-CDMA to
LTE and WiMAX, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons,
2008, ISBN 978-0-470-99821-2
M. Ergen, Mobile Broadband - Including WiMAX
and LTE, Springer, NY, 2009 ISBN 978-0-38768189-4
Ramon Ray(2009) WiMax - Your Fast and Longer
Distance WiFi has arrived. Personal Technology.
121
Chapter 32
5G
For other uses, see 5G (disambiguation).
5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) denotes the next major phase of
mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current
4G/IMT-Advanced standards.
The Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance denes
the following requirements for 5G networks:
Data rates of several tens of Mb/s should be supported for tens of thousands of users
1 Gbit/s to be oered simultaneously to tens of
workers on the same oce oor
Telephone, was introduced in 1981. The rst 2G system was commercially deployed in 1992, and the rst
3G system appeared in 2001. 4G systems fully compliant with IMT Advanced were rst standardized in 2012.
The development of the 2G (GSM) and 3G (IMT-2000
and UMTS) standards took about 10 years from the ofcial start of the R&D projects, and development of 4G
systems began in 2001 or 2002.[3][4] Predecessor technologies have been present on the market a few years
before the new mobile generation, for example the pre3G system CdmaOne/IS95 in the US in 1995, and the
pre-4G systems Mobile WiMAX in South-Korea 2006,
and rst release-LTE in Scandinavia 2009. In April
2008, NASA partnered with Machine-to-Machine Intelligence (M2Mi) Corp to develop 5G communications
technology[5]
Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections to be supported for massive sensor deploy- Mobile generations typically refer to nonbackwardsments
compatible cellular standards following requirements
Spectral eciency should be signicantly enhanced stated by ITU-R, such as IMT-2000 for 3G and IMTAdvanced for 4G. In parallel with the development of
compared to 4G
the ITU-R mobile generations, IEEE and other standard Coverage should be improved
ization bodies also develop wireless communication technologies, often for higher data rates and higher frequen Signalling eciency enhanced
cies but shorter transmission ranges. The rst gigabit
Latency should be signicantly reduced compared to IEEE standard was IEEE 802.11ac, commercially available since 2013, soon to be followed by the multi-gigabit
LTE[1]
standard WiGig or IEEE 802.11ad.
The Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance feels
that 5G should be rolled out by 2020 to meet business
and consumer demands.[2] In addition to simply providing 32.2 Debate
faster speeds, they predict that 5G networks will also need
to meet the needs of new use-cases such as the Internet
Based on the above observations, some sources suggest
of Things as well as broadcast-like services and lifeline
that a new generation of 5G standards may be introduced
communications in times of natural disaster.
approximately in the early 2020s.[6][7] However, internaAlthough updated standards that dene capabilities be- tional 5G development projects have yet to be ocially
yond those dened in the current 4G standards are un- launched, and there is still a large extent of debate on what
der consideration, those new capabilities are still being 5G is exactly about. Prior to 2012, some industry repregrouped under the current ITU-T 4G standards.
sentatives have expressed skepticism towards 5G,[8] but
later took a positive stand.
New mobile generations are typically assigned new frequency bands and wider spectral bandwidth per frequency
channel (1G up to 30 kHz, 2G up to 200 kHz, 3G up to
A new mobile generation has appeared approximately ev- 20 MHz, and 4G up to 100 MHz), but skeptics argue that
ery 10 years since the rst 1G system, Nordic Mobile there is little room for larger channel bandwidths and new
32.1 Background
122
123
In 2012, NYU WIRELESS was established as a multidisciplinary research center, with a focus on 5G wireless
research as well as in the medical and computer science
elds. The center is funded by the National Science Foundation and a board of 10 major wireless companies (as of
July 2014) who serve on the Industrial Aliates board
of the center. NYU WIRELESS has conducted and published channel measurements that show that millimeter
wave frequencies will be viable for multi-Gigabit per second data rates for future 5G networks.
In 2012, the European Commission, under the lead of
Neelie Kroes, committed 50 million euros for research to
deliver 5G mobile technology by 2020.[13] In particular,
The METIS 2020 Project is driven by several telecommunications companies, and aims at reaching world-wide
consensus on the future global mobile and wireless communications system. The METIS overall technical goal
is to provide a system concept that supports 1000 times
higher mobile system spectral eciency as compared
with current LTE deployments.[7] In addition, in 2013,
another project has started, called 5GrEEn,[14] linked to
project METIS and focusing on the design of Green 5G
Mobile networks. Here the goal is to develop guidelines
for the denition of new generation network with particular care of energy eciency, sustainability and aordability aspects.
A super-ecient mobile network that delivers a better performing network for lower investment cost. It addresses the mobile network operators pressing need to see
the unit cost of data transport falling at roughly the same
rate as the volume of data demand is rising. It would be
a leap forward in eciency based on the IET Demand
In November 2012, a research project funded by the
Attentive Network (DAN) philosophy.[10]
European Union under the ICT Programme FP7 was
A super-fast mobile network comprising the next gen- launched under the coordination of IMDEA Networks Ineration of small cells densely clustered together to give a stitute (Madrid, Spain): i-JOIN (Interworking and JOINt
contiguous coverage over at least urban areas and gets the Design of an Open Access and Backhaul Network Arworld to the nal frontier for true wide area mobility. It chitecture for Small Cells based on Cloud Networks).
would require access to spectrum under 4 GHz perhaps iJOIN introduces the novel concept RAN-as-a-Service
via the worlds rst global implementation of Dynamic (RANaaS), where RAN functionality is exibly centralSpectrum Access.
ized through an open IT platform based on a cloud infrasA converged bre-wireless network that uses, for the tructure. iJOIN aims for a joint design and optimisation
rst time for wireless Internet access, the millimeter wave of access and backhaul, operation and management albands (20 60 GHz) so as to allow very wide bandwidth gorithms, and architectural elements, integrating smallradio channels able to support data access speeds of up to cells, heterogeneous backhaul, and centralized process10 Gbit/s. The connection essentially comprises short ing. Additionally to the development of technology canwireless links on the end of local ber optic cable. It didates across PHY, MAC, and the network layer, iJOIN
would be more a nomadic service (like WiFi) rather will study the requirements, constraints, and implications
for existing mobile networks, specically 3GPP LTE-A.
than a wide area mobile service.
In January 2013, a new EU project named CROWD
(Connectivity management for eneRgy Optimised Wire32.3 Research & Development less Dense networks) was launched under the technical supervision of IMDEA Networks Institute, to deprojects
sign sustainable networking and software solutions for the
deployment of very dense, heterogeneous wireless netIn 2008, the South Korean IT R&D program of 5G works. The project targets sustainability targeted in terms
mobile communication systems based on beam-division of cost eectiveness and energy eciency. Very high
multiple access and relays with group cooperation was density means 1000x higher than current density (users
formed.[11]
per square meter). Heterogeneity involves multiple diIn 2012, the UK Government announced the setting up mensions, from coverage radius to technologies (4G/LTE
of a 5G Innovation Centre at the University of Surrey vs. Wi-Fi), to deployments (planned vs. unplanned disthe worlds rst research centre set up specically for 5G tribution of radio base stations and hot spots).
mobile research.[12]
124
In September 2013, the Cyber-Pysical System (CPS) Lab
at Rutgers University, NJ, started to work on dynamic
provisioning and allocation under the emerging Cloud
Radio Access Network (C-RAN). They have shown that
the dynamic demand-aware provisoning in the cloud will
decrease the energy consumption while increasing the
resource utilization.[15] They have also implemented a
real testbed for feasibility of C-RAN and developed new
cloud-based interference cancellation techniques. Their
project is funded by National Science Foundation.
In November 2013, Chinese telecom equipment vendor
Huawei said it will invest $600 million in research for
5G technologies in the next ve years.[16] The companys
5G research initiative does not include investment to productize 5G technologies for global telecom operators.
Huawei will be testing 5G technology in Malta.[17][18]
32.4 Research
Key concepts suggested in scientic papers discussing 5G
and beyond 4G wireless communications are:
The IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
published a special issue on 5G - see the issue for June
2014, containing, among other papers, a comprehensive survey of 5G enabling technologies and solutions.[19]
IEEE Spectrum has a story about millimeter wave wireless communications as a viable means to support 5G in
its September 2014 issue.
Radio propagation and channel models for millimeter wave wireless communications may be found in
IEEE papers: Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!" in IEEE Access, Vol. 1, May 2013; Broadband MillimeterWave Propagation Measurements and Models Using Adaptive-Beam Antennas for Outdoor Urban
Cellular Communications, in IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation, April 2013, and many other
peer-reviewed conference and journal papers. Pearson/Prentice Hall has released a comprehensive text
on Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications,
authored by Ted Rappaport, R. W Heath, Jr., Robert
Daniels, and James Murdock. This text, over 700
pages in length, covers technical areas regarding potential 5G technologies, including major global 60
GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) and personal local area network (WPAN) standards.
Massive Dense Networks also known as Massive
Distributed MIMO providing green exible small
cells 5G Green Dense Small Cells. A transmission
point equipped with a very large number of antennas that simultaneously serve multiple users. With
massive MIMO multiple messages for several terminals can be transmitted on the same time-frequency
CHAPTER 32. 5G
resource, maximizing beamforming gain while minimizing interference.[20][21][22][23]
Advanced interference and mobility management,
achieved with the cooperation of dierent transmission points with overlapped coverage, and encompassing the option of a exible usage of resources for uplink and downlink transmission in
each cell, the option of direct device-to-device
transmission and advanced interference cancellation
techniques.[24][25][26]
Ecient support of machine-type devices to enable
the Internet of Things with potentially higher numbers of connected devices, as well as novel applications such as mission critical control or trac safety,
requiring reduced latency and enhanced reliability.
The usage of millimetre wave frequencies (e.g. up to
90 GHz) for wireless backhaul and/or access (IEEE
rather than ITU generations)
Pervasive networks providing Internet of things,
wireless sensor networks and ubiquitous computing: The user can simultaneously be connected to
several wireless access technologies and seamlessly
move between them (See Media independent handover or vertical handover, IEEE 802.21, also expected to be provided by future 4G releases. See
also multihoming.). These access technologies can
be 2.5G, 3G, 4G, or 5G mobile networks, Wi-Fi,
WPAN, or any other future access technology. In
5G, the concept may be further developed into multiple concurrent data transfer paths.[27]
Multi-hop networks: A major issue in beyond
4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially to
users in an exposed position in between several
base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by cellular repeaters and macro-diversity
techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, where also users could be potential cooperative
nodes thanks to the use of direct device-to-device
(D2D) communications.[11]
Wireless network virtualization: Virtualization will
be extended to 5G mobile wireless networks. With
wireless network virtualization, network infrastructure can be decoupled from the services that it
provides, where dierentiated services can coexist
on the same infrastructure, maximizing its utilization. Consequently, multiple wireless virtual networks operated by dierent service providers (SPs)
can dynamically share the physical substrate wireless networks operated by mobile network operators
(MNOs). Since wireless network virtualization enables the sharing of infrastructure and radio spectrum resources, the capital expenses (CapEx) and
32.5. HISTORY
operation expenses (OpEx) of wireless (radio) access networks (RANs), as well as core networks
(CNs), can be reduced signicantly. Moreover, mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) who may
provide some specic telecom services (e.g., VoIP,
video call, over-the-top services) can help MNOs attract more users, while MNOs can produce more
revenue by leasing the isolated virtualized networks
to them and evaluating some new services.[28]
Cognitive radio technology, also known as smartradio: allowing dierent radio technologies to share
the same spectrum eciently by adaptively nding unused spectrum and adapting the transmission
scheme to the requirements of the technologies currently sharing the spectrum. This dynamic radio
resource management is achieved in a distributed
fashion, and relies on software-dened radio.[29][30]
See also the IEEE 802.22 standard for Wireless Regional Area Networks.
Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN),[3]
essentially identical to Mobile ad hoc network
(MANET), Wireless mesh network (WMN) or
wireless grids, combined with smart antennas,
cooperative diversity and exible modulation.
Vandermonde-subspace frequency division multiplexing (VFDM): a modulation scheme to allow
the co-existence of macro-cells and cognitive radio
small-cells in a two-tiered LTE/4G network.[31]
IPv6, where a visiting care-of mobile IP address
is assigned according to location and connected
network.[27]
Wearable devices with AI capabilities.[3] such as
smartwatches and optical head-mounted displays for
augmented reality
One unied global standard.[3]
Real wireless world with no more limitation with access and zone issues.[27]
User centric (or cell phone developer initiated) network concept instead of operator-initiated (as in 1G)
or system developer initiated (as in 2G, 3G and 4G)
standards[32]
Li-Fi (a portmanteau of light and Wi-Fi) is a massive
MIMO visible light communication network to advance 5G. Li-Fi uses light-emitting diodes to transmit data, rather than radio waves like Wi-Fi.[33]
World wide wireless web (WWWW), i.e. comprehensive wireless-based web applications that include
full multimedia capability beyond 4G speeds.[3]
125
32.5 History
In April 2008, NASA partnered with Geo Brown
and Machine-to-Machine Intelligence (M2Mi) Corp
to develop 5G communications technology[5]
In 2008, the South Korean IT R&D program of 5G
mobile communication systems based on beamdivision multiple access and relays with group cooperation was formed.[11]
On 8 October 2012, the UKs University of Surrey secured 35M for a new 5G research centre,
joint funded between the British governments UK
Research Partnership Investment Fund (UKRPIF)
and a consortium of key international mobile operators and infrastructure providers including Huawei,
Samsung, Telefonica Europe, Fujitsu Laboratories
Europe, Rohde & Schwarz, and Aircom International it will oer testing facilities to mobile operators keen to develop a mobile standard that uses less
energy and radio spectrum whilst delivering faster
than current 4G speeds, with aspirations for the new
technology to be ready within a decade.[34][35][36][37]
On 1 November 2012, the EU project Mobile and
wireless communications Enablers for the Twentytwenty Information Society (METIS) starts its activity towards the denition of 5G. METIS intends
to ensure an early global consensus on these systems.
In this sense, METIS will play an important role
of building consensus among other external major
stakeholders prior to global standardization activities. This will be done by initiating and addressing
work in relevant global fora (e.g. ITU-R), as well as
in national and regional regulatory bodies.[38]
Also on November 2012, the iJOIN EU project
was launched, focusing on small cell" technology,
which is of key importance for taking advantage of
limited and strategic resources, such as the radio
wave spectrum. According to Gnther Oettinger,
the European Commissioner for Digital Economy
and Society (201419), an innovative utilization of
spectrum is one of the key factors at the heart of 5G
success. Oettinger further described it as the essential resource for the wireless connectivity of which
5G will be the main driver.[39] iJOIN was selected
by the European Commission as one of the pioneering 5G research projects to showcase early results on
this technology at the Mobile World Congress 2015
(Barcelona, Spain).
In February 2013, ITU-R Working Party 5D (WP
5D) started two study items: (1) Study on IMT Vision for 2020 and beyond, and; (2) Study on future technology trends for terrestrial IMT systems.
Both aiming at having a better understanding of future technical aspects of mobile communications towards the denition of the next generation mobile.
126
On 12 May 2013, Samsung Electronics stated that
they have developed the worlds rst 5G system.
The core technology has a maximum speed of tens
of Gbit/s (gigabits per second). In testing, the transfer speeds for the 5G network sent data at 1.056
Gbit/s to a distance of up to 2 kilometres.with the
use of an 8*8 MIMO.[40][41]
In July 2013, India and Israel have agreed to work
jointly on development of fth generation (5G) telecom technologies.[42]
CHAPTER 32. 5G
On 22 June 2015, Greek government announced to
Euro-group council talks that potential licencing 5G
and 4G technology would oer 350 million euros
earnings, as a result they were criticized for misleading European leaders in producing potential earnings from a technology that is supposed to roll-out
after 2020.[51]
4G
On 8 May 2014, NTT DoCoMo start testing 5G mobile networks with Alcatel Lucent, Ericsson, Fujitsu,
NEC, Nokia and Samsung.[45]
Ka band
At the end of September 2014, Dresden university inaugurates a 5G laboratory in partnership with
Vodafone.[46]
On October 2014, the research project TIGRE5CM (Integrated technologies for management and
operation of 5G networks) is launched with the aim
to design an architecture for future generation mobile networks, based on the SDN (Software Dened
Networking) paradigm. IMDEA Networks Institute
is the project coordinator.
In November 2014, it was announced that Megafon
and Huawei will be developing a 5G network in
Russia. A pilot network will be available by the end
of 2017, just in time for the 2018 World Cup.[47][48]
On 19 November 2014, Huawei and SingTel announced the signing of a MoU to launch a joint 5G
innovation programme.[49]
On 28 April 2015, President Recep Tayyip Erdoan
announced Turkey might cancel 4G tender and move
straight to 5G from 3G directly in two years.[50]
1G
2G
3G
Femtocell
Head-mounted display (HMD)
IEEE P1905 hybrid networking
OpenFlow/OpenRadio for sharing backhaul.
Picocell
Ultra-wideband (UWB)
Virtual retinal display
Web 2.0
Web 3.0
32.7 References
[1] http://www.techrepublic.com/article/
does-the-world-really-need-5g
[2] https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN_5G_
White_Paper_V1_0.pdf
[3] Akhtar, Shakil (August 2008) [2005].
Pagani,
Margherita, ed.
2G-5G Networks: Evolution of
Technologies, Standards, and Deployment (Second ed.).
Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States: IGI Global.
pp. 522532. doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch070.
ISBN 978-1-60566-014-1. Archived from the original
(pdf) on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
[4] Emerging Wireless Technologies; A look into the future of
wireless communications beyond 3G (PDF). SafeCom
(a US Department of Homeland Security program). Retrieved 27 September 2013. Since the general model of 10
years to develop a new mobile system is being followed,
that timeline would suggest 4G should be operational some
time around 2011.
32.7. REFERENCES
127
[21] T. L. Marzetta (November 2010). Noncooperative Cellular Wireless with Unlimited Numbers of Base Station
Antennas. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 9, no. 11. Bell Labs., Alcatel-Lucent. pp. 56
61, 35903600. ISSN 1536-1276. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
[22] J. Hoydis; S. ten Brink; M. Debbah (February 2013).
Massive MIMO in the UL/DL of Cellular Networks:
How Many Antennas Do We Need?". IEEE Journal on
Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 31, no. 2. Bell
Labs., Alcatel-Lucent. pp. 160171. Retrieved 27
September 2013.
[23] Rusek, F.; Persson, D.; Buon Kiong Lau; Larsson, E.G.;
Marzetta, T.L.; Edfors, O.; Tufvesson, F. Scaling Up
MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large
Arrays. Signal Processing Magazine,IEEE,vol.30, no.1,
pp.40,60. Retrieved Jan 2013.
[24] D. Gesbert; S. Hanly; H. Huang; S. Shamai; O. Simeone;
W. Yu (December 2010). Multi-cell MIMO cooperative networks: A new look at interference. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 28, no. 9.
EURECOM. pp. 13801408. Retrieved 27 September
2013.
[25] Emil Bjrnson; Eduard Jorswieck (2013). Optimal Resource Allocation in Coordinated Multi-Cell Systems.
Foundations and Trends in Communications and Information Theory, vol. 9, no. 2-3. NOW The Essence of
Knowledge. pp. 113381. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
[26] R. Baldemair; E. Dahlman; G. Fodor; G. Mildh; S. Parkvall; Y. Selen; H. Tullberg; K. Balachandran (March
2013). Evolving Wireless Communications: Addressing the Challenges and Expectations of the Future. IEEE
Vehicular Technology Magazine, vol. 8, no. 1. Ericsson
Research. pp. 2430. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
[16] http://pr.huawei.com/en/news/hw-314871-5g.htm
[17] http://www.timesofmalta.com/
articles/view/20150714/local/
updated-agreement-for-5g-technology-testing-signed.
576618#
[28] C. Liang; F. Richard Yu (2014). Wireless Network Virtualization: A Survey, Some Research Issues and Challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
128
CHAPTER 32. 5G
Chapter 33
129
130
ness of the system doesn't aect the image formed on the angular resolution =
retina
1.22
D
131
Another important advantage is privacy: Only the in Brother Industries from Japan exhibited VRD systended user (in the usual case of single-user devices) is
tem named AirScouter in September 2010.[4]
able to see the image displayed. This kind of device is
also less vulnerable to TEMPEST type side-channel leak
of information.
It was subsequently commercialised in August 2011.[5][6]
33.5.1
Safety
33.5.2
LED enhancements
33.9 References
Although the power required is low, light must be collected and focused down in a point. This is an inherent
property with lasers, but not so simple with a LED. Advances in LED technology will be needed to further concentrate the light coming from these devices.
[1] The Virtual Retinal Display A Retinal Scanning Imaging System. Michael Tidwell, Richard S. Johnston, David
Melville, and Thomas A. Furness III, Ph.D. Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington.
[2] DISPLAY DEVICE published 1986-09-03 (Japanese
publication number JP61198892)
33.6 Utilities
33.6.1
Military utilities
VRDs have been investigated for military use as an alternative display system for Helmet Mounted Displays.
However no VRD-based system has yet reached operational use and current military HMD development
now appears focused on other technologies such as holographic waveguide optics.
132
Chapter 34
2G
For other uses, see 2G (disambiguation).
34.1 2G technologies
2G technologies can be divided into Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)-based and Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA)-based standards depending on the type
of multiplexing used. The main 2G standards are:
GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but
used in most of the world outside North America. Today accounts for over 80% of all subscribers
around the world. Over 60 GSM operators are also
using CDMA2000 in the 450 MHz frequency band
(CDMA450).[2]
Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more eectively than analog voice encodings through the use of various codecs, allowing
more calls to be transmitted in same amount of radio
bandwidth.
The digital systems were designed to emit less radio
power from the handsets. This meant that cells had
to be smaller, so more cells had to be placed in the
same amount of space. This was possible because
cell towers and related equipment had become less
expensive.
134
CHAPTER 34. 2G
With GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), you the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the
have a theoretical transfer speed of max. 50 kbit/s introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).
(40 kbit/s in practice).
CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved through the introduction of 2.5G
With EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), you have a theoretical transfer speed of max.
1 Mbit/s (500 kbit/s in practice).
34.3.2 2.75G (EDGE)
34.2.2
Disadvantages
GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced Data rates for
GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or
IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible
digital mobile phone technology that allows improved
data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard
GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning
in 2003initially by AT&T in the United States.
34.2.3
Advantage
Optus announced that they will shut down their GSM network in April 2017. [5]
34.3 Evolution
2G networks were built mainly for voice services and 34.4.3 Singapore
slow data transmission (dened in IMT-2000 specication documents), but are considered by the general pub- Singtel, M1 and StarHub will cease 2G services eective
[8] [9] [10]
.
lic to be 2.5G or 2.75G services because they are several 1 April 2017
times slower than present-day 3G service.
2.5G (GPRS)
Various carriers such as AT&T have made announcements that 2G GSM technology in the United States is
in the process of being shut down so that carriers can reclaim those radio bands and re-purpose them for future
technology needs. The shut down will be complete by
the end of 2016. All 2G GSM devices will lose service
at some point between now and the end of 2016.[11]
34.6. REFERENCES
This shut down is having a notable impact on the electronic security industry where many 2G GSM radios are
in use for alarm signal communication to Central Station
dispatch centers. 2G GSM radios must be replaced by
newer generation radios to avoid service outages.[12]
34.6 References
[1] Radiolinjas History. April 20, 2004. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
[2] CDMA Worldwide. Archived from the original on 30
January 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
[3] http://support.en.belgacom.be/app/answers/detail/a_id/
13580
[4] http://exchange.telstra.com.au/2014/07/23/
its-time-to-say-goodbye-old-friend/
[5] http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/581224/
optus-shut-down-2g-network-2017/
[6] Addressing the demand for faster data
[7] beginning with its EV-DO network, which was shut down
on September 30, 2014.SaskTel Turning Down EV-DO
Data Service
[8] http://info.singtel.com/about-us/news-releases/
singapore-cease-2g-services-april-2017
[9] https://www.m1.com.sg/AboutM1/NewsReleases/
2015/Singapore%20to%20cease%202G%20services%
20from%20April%202017.aspx
[10] http://www.starhub.com/about-us/newsroom/2015/june/
singapore-to-cease-2g-services-from-april-2017.html
[11] http://www.marketwatch.com/story/
att-to-shut-down-2g-network-by-2017-2012-08-03
[12] http://www.telguard.com/2GSunset/Overview
135
Chapter 35
LTE (telecommunication)
Long-term evolution redirects here. For the biological
concept, see Evolution and E. coli long-term evolution
experiment.
LTE, an abbreviation for Long-Term Evolution, com-
35.1 Overview
See also: LTE timeline and List of LTE networks
LTE stands for Long Term Evolution[7] and is a registered trademark owned by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) for the wireless data
communications technology and a development of the
GSM/UMTS standards. However other nations and companies do play an active role in the LTE project. The goal
of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of wireless
4G sign shown in notication bar on an Android-based smart- data networks using new DSP (digital signal processing)
phone.
techniques and modulations that were developed around
the turn of the millennium. A further goal was the remonly marketed as 4G LTE, is a standard for wireless design and simplication of the network architecture to
communication of high-speed data for mobile phones an IP-based system with signicantly reduced transfer
136
35.1. OVERVIEW
137
latency compared to the 3G architecture. The LTE wireless interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G networks,
so that it must be operated on a separate radio spectrum.
LTE was rst proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan in
2004, and studies on the new standard ocially commenced in 2005.[8] In May 2007, the LTE/SAE Trial
Initiative (LSTI) alliance was founded as a global collaboration between vendors and operators with the goal
of verifying and promoting the new standard in order
to ensure the global introduction of the technology as
quickly as possible.[9][10] The LTE standard was nalized in December 2008, and the rst publicly available
LTE service was launched by TeliaSonera in Oslo and
Stockholm on December 14, 2009 as a data connection
with a USB modem. The LTE services were launched by
major North American carriers as well, with the Samsung
SCH-r900 being the worlds rst LTE Mobile phone starting on September 21, 2010[11][12] and Samsung Galaxy
Indulge being the worlds rst LTE smartphone starting
on February 10, 2011[13][14] both oered by MetroPCS
and HTC ThunderBolt oered by Verizon starting on
March 17 being the second LTE smartphone to be sold
commercially.[15][16] In Canada, Rogers Wireless was the
rst to launch LTE network on July 7, 2011 oering
the Sierra Wireless AirCard 313U USB mobile broad-
138
measured by Juniper Networks in 2013 and published by
Bloomberg.[22][23]
35.2 Features
See also: E-UTRA
Much of the LTE standard addresses the upgrading of 3G
UMTS to what will eventually be 4G mobile communications technology. A large amount of the work is aimed
at simplifying the architecture of the system, as it transits from the existing UMTS circuit + packet switching
combined network, to an all-IP at architecture system.
E-UTRA is the air interface of LTE. Its main features are:
Peak download rates up to 299.6 Mbit/s and upload
rates up to 75.4 Mbit/s depending on the user equipment category (with 44 antennas using 20 MHz of
spectrum). Five dierent terminal classes have been
dened from a voice centric class up to a high end
terminal that supports the peak data rates. All terminals will be able to process 20 MHz bandwidth.
Low data transfer latencies (sub-5 ms latency for
small IP packets in optimal conditions), lower latencies for handover and connection setup time than
with previous radio access technologies.
Improved support for mobility, exemplied by support for terminals moving at up to 350 km/h (220
mph) or 500 km/h (310 mph) depending on the frequency band.[24]
OFDMA for the downlink, SC-FDMA for the uplink to conserve power.
Support for both FDD and TDD communication
systems as well as half-duplex FDD with the same
cs domLTE CSFB to GSM/UMTS network interconnects
radio access technology.
Support for all frequency bands currently used by The LTE standard supports only packet switching with
its all-IP network. Voice calls in GSM, UMTS and
IMT systems by ITU-R.
CDMA2000 are circuit switched, so with the adoption
Increased spectrum exibility: 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 of LTE, carriers will have to re-engineer their voice call
MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz wide cells are network.[26] Three dierent approaches sprang up:
standardized. (W-CDMA has no option for other
than 5 MHz slices, leading to some problems rollingVoice over LTE (VoLTE) Main article: VoLTE
out in countries where 5 MHz is a commonly allocated width of spectrum so would frequently already
be in use with legacy standards such as 2G GSM and
Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB) In this approach,
cdmaOne.)
LTE just provides data services, and when a voice
Support for cell sizes from tens of metres radius
call is to be initiated or received, it will fall back to
(femto and picocells) up to 100 km (62 miles) rathe circuit-switched domain. When using this sodius macrocells. In the lower frequency bands to
lution, operators just need to upgrade the MSC inbe used in rural areas, 5 km (3.1 miles) is the opstead of deploying the IMS, and therefore, can protimal cell size, 30 km (19 miles) having reasonable
vide services quickly. However, the disadvantage is
performance, and up to 100 km cell sizes supported
longer call setup delay.
139
feature.[32]
35.5 Patents
According to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute's (ETSI) intellectual property rights (IPR)
database, about 50 companies have declared, as of
March 2012, holding essential patents covering the LTE
standard.[40] The ETSI has made no investigation on the
correctness of the declarations however,[40] so that any
analysis of essential LTE patents should take into account
While the industry has seemingly standardized on VoLTE more than ETSI declarations.[41]
for the future, the demand for voice calls today has led
LTE carriers to introduce CSFB as a stopgap measure.
When placing or receiving a voice call, LTE handsets will
35.6 Devices
fall back to old 2G or 3G networks for the duration of the
call.
As of 2015, many LTE supporting mobile phones and
tablet phones are being released for sale to the public
across the world. The table below mentions only some
35.3.1 Enhanced voice quality
of the better known models.
To ensure compatibility, 3GPP demands at least AMRNB codec (narrow band), but the recommended speech
codec for VoLTE is Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband, also 35.7 See also
known as HD Voice. This codec is mandated in 3GPP
networks that support 16 kHz sampling.[30]
4G-LTE lter
Fraunhofer IIS has proposed and demonstrated Full Comparison of wireless data standards
HD Voice, an implementation of the AAC-ELD (Advanced Audio Coding Enhanced Low Delay) codec
E-UTRA the radio access network used in LTE
for LTE handsets.[31] Where previous cell phone voice
eMBMS Multicast Broadcast Multimedia Services
codecs only supported frequencies up to 3.5 kHz and up(MBMS) enhanced for LTE
coming wideband audio services branded as HD Voice up
to 7 kHz, Full-HD Voice supports the entire bandwidth
Flat IP at IP architectures in mobile networks
range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. For end-to-end Full-HD
HSPA+ an enhancement of the 3GPP HSPA stanVoice calls to succeed however, both the caller and redard
cipients handsets as well as networks have to support the
140
[14] MetroPCS snags rst LTE Android phone. Networkworld.com. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
[15] Verizon launches its rst LTE handset. Telegeography.com. 2011-03-16. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
[16] HTC ThunderBolt is ocially Verizons rst LTE handset, come March 17th. Phonearena.com. Retrieved
2012-03-15.
the
re-
TD-LTE (LTE TDD) an alternative LTE standard [18] LTE An End-to-End Description of Network Architecture
and Elements. 3GPP LTE Encyclopedia. 2009.
developed by China
UMB a proposed competitor to LTE, never commercialized
ZadoChu sequence
[21] Long Term Evolution (LTE)" (PDF). Motorola. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
35.8 References
[22] http://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2013-09-19/
countries-with-the-most-4g-mobile-users.html#slide1
[23] http://gigaom.com/2013/09/20/
mapping-out-the-worlds-lte-coverage-its-in-fewer-places-than-you-think/
[24] Sesia, Touk, Baker: LTE The UMTS Long Term Evolution; From Theory to Practice, page 11. Wiley, 2009.
141
142
35.10.1
LTE Technology Overview and Tutorial Series including Webinars and Video presentations
The Long Term Evolution of 3G on Ericsson Review, no. 2, 2005
LTE technology introduction
3G Long-Term Evolution by Dr. Erik Dahlman at
Ericsson Research
Long-Term 3G Evolution Radio Access by Dr.
Stefan Parkvall at Ericsson Research
3GPP Long-Term Evolution / System Architecture
Evolution: Overview by Ulrich Barth at Alcatel
The 3G Long-Term Evolution Radio Interface
Concepts and Performance Evaluation
LTE and the Evolution to 4G Wireless Design and
Measurement Challenges LTE Security
Role of Crypto in Mobile Communications LTE
Security
Dr. Maode Ma "Security Investigation in 4G LTE
Wireless Networks", 2012.
LTE Uplink Interference Modeling
Chapter 36
4G
This article is about the mobile telecommunications mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationstandard. For other uses, see 4G (disambiguation).
ary users).[1]
Since the rst-release versions of Mobile WiMAX and
LTE support much less than 1 Gbit/s peak bit rate, they
are not fully IMT-Advanced compliant, but are often
branded 4G by service providers. According to operators, a generation of network refers to the deployment
of a new non-backward-compatible technology. On December 6, 2010, ITU-R recognized that these two technologies, as well as other beyond-3G technologies that do
not fulll the IMT-Advanced requirements, could nevertheless be considered 4G, provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced compliant versions and a subTwo 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: stantial level of improvement in performance and capato the initial third generation systems
the Mobile WiMAX standard (rst used in South Ko- bilities with respect
[2]
now
deployed.
rea in 2007), and the rst-release Long Term Evolution
(LTE) standard (in Oslo, Norway and Stockholm, Swe- Mobile WiMAX Release 2 (also known as WirelessMANden since 2009). It has however been debated if these Advanced or IEEE 802.16m') and LTE Advanced (LTErst-release versions should be considered to be 4G or A) are IMT-Advanced compliant backwards compatible
not, as discussed in the technical denition section be- versions of the above two systems, standardized during
the spring 2011, and promising speeds in the order of 1
low.
In the United States, Sprint (previously Clearwire) has Gbit/s. Services were expected in 2013.
4G, short for fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A 4G system, in addition to
the usual voice and other services of 3G, provides mobile broadband Internet access, for example to laptops
with wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Potential and current applications include
amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-denition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D
television, and cloud computing.
36.2 Background
The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to
a change in the fundamental nature of the service, nonbackwards-compatible transmission technology, higher
peak bit rates, new frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz, and higher capacity for many
143
144
simultaneous data transfers (higher system spectral eciency in bit/second/Hertz/site).
New mobile generations have appeared about every ten
years since the rst move from 1981 analogue (1G) to
digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in
2001, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and at least 200 kbit/s peak bit rate, in 2011/2012
to be followed by real 4G, which refers to all-Internet
Protocol (IP) packet-switched networks giving mobile
ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access.
While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be used for future global communications, they do not actually perform the standardization or development work themselves, instead relying on
the work of other standard bodies such as IEEE, The
WiMAX Forum and 3GPP.
CHAPTER 36. 4G
(meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the downlink should be
possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth).
System spectral eciency is, in indoor cases, 3bit/s/Hz/cell for downlink and 2.25-bit/s/Hz/cell for
uplink.[1]
Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.
The ability to oer high quality of service for next
generation multimedia support.
In September 2009, the technology proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union
(ITU) as 4G candidates.[6] Basically all proposals are
based on two technologies:
In the mid-1990s, the ITU-R standardization organiza LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP
tion released the IMT-2000 requirements as a framework
for what standards should be considered 3G systems, re 802.16m standardized by the IEEE (i.e. WiMAX)
quiring 200 kbit/s peak bit rate. In 2008, ITU-R specied
the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.
Implementations of Mobile WiMAX and rst-release
The fastest 3G-based standard in the UMTS family is LTE are largely considered a stopgap solution that will
the HSPA+ standard, which is commercially available oer a considerable boost until WiMAX 2 (based on the
since 2009 and oers 28 Mbit/s downstream (22 Mbit/s 802.16m spec) and LTE Advanced are deployed. The
upstream) without MIMO, i.e. only with one antenna, latters standard versions were ratied in spring 2011, but
[4]
and in 2011 accelerated up to 42 Mbit/s peak bit rate are still far from being implemented.
downstream using either DC-HSPA+ (simultaneous use The rst set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced
of two 5 MHz UMTS carriers)[3] or 2x2 MIMO. In the- was approved in June 2008.[7] LTE Advanced was to be
ory speeds up to 672 Mbit/s are possible, but have not standardized in 2010 as part of Release 10 of the 3GPP
been deployed yet. The fastest 3G-based standard in the specication. LTE Advanced will be based on the existCDMA2000 family is the EV-DO Rev. B, which is avail- ing LTE specication Release 10 and will not be dened
able since 2010 and oers 15.67 Mbit/s downstream.
as a new specication series. A summary of the technolo-
gies that have been studied as the basis for LTE Advanced
is included in a technical report.[8]
36.4.1
145
146
CHAPTER 36. 4G
In the United Kingdom, LTE services were launched by 36.4.3 Discontinued candidate systems
EE in October 2012,[20] and by O2 and Vodafone in August 2013.[21]
UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C)
Main article: Ultra Mobile Broadband
Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)
The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA) standard (also known as
WiBro in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s
uplink over 20 MHz wide channels.
In June 2006, the worlds rst commercial mobile
WiMAX service was opened by KT in Seoul, South Korea.[22]
The iBurst system (or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access) was at an early stage considered to be a 4G predecessor. It was later further
developed into the Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
(MBWA) system, also known as IEEE 802.20.
Just as Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and WiMAX are being vigorously promoted in the global telecommunications industry, the former (LTE) is also the most powerful 4G mobile communications leading technology and 36.5 Data rate comparison
has quickly occupied the Chinese market. TD-LTE, one
of the two variants of the LTE air interface technologies,
is not yet mature, but many domestic and international The following table shows a comparison of the 4G canwireless carriers are, one after the other turning to TD- didate systems as well as other competing technologies.
LTE.
Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will
IBMs data shows that 67% of the operators are consid- vary by a number of factors, including the use of external
ering LTE because this is the main source of their fu- antennas, distance from the tower and the ground speed
ture market. The above news also conrms IBMs state- (e.g. communications on a train may be poorer than when
ment that while only 8% of the operators are consider- standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between
ing the use of WiMAX, WiMAX can provide the fastest several terminals. The performance of each technology
network transmission to its customers on the market and is determined by a number of constraints, including the
spectral eciency of the technology, the cell sizes used,
could challenge LTE.
and the amount of spectrum available. For more inforTD-LTE is not the rst 4G wireless mobile broadband mation, see Comparison of wireless data standards.
network data standard, but it is Chinas 4G standard that
was amended and published by Chinas largest telecom For more comparison tables, see bit rate progress trends,
operator - China Mobile. After a series of eld trials, comparison of mobile phone standards, spectral eis expected to be released into the commercial phase in ciency comparison table and OFDM system comparison
the next two years. Ulf Ewaldsson, Ericssons vice pres- table.
ident said: the Chinese Ministry of Industry and China
Mobile in the fourth quarter of this year will hold a largescale eld test, by then, Ericsson will help the hand. But 36.6 Principal technologies in all
viewing from the current development trend, whether this
candidate systems
standard advocated by China Mobile will be widely recognized by the international market is still debatable.
36.6.1
147
Key features
WiMax is using OFDMA in the downlink and in the uplink. For the LTE (telecommunication), OFDMA is used
The following key features can be observed in all sug- for the downlink; by contrast, Single-carrier FDMA is
used for the uplink since OFDMA contributes more to the
gested 4G technologies:
PAPR related issues and results in nonlinear operation of
Physical layer transmission techniques are as ampliers. IFDMA provides less power uctuation and
thus requires energy-inecient linear ampliers. Simifollows:[27]
larly, MC-CDMA is in the proposal for the IEEE 802.20
MIMO: To attain ultra high spectral eciency standard. These access schemes oer the same ecienby means of spatial processing including multi- cies as older technologies like CDMA. Apart from this,
scalability and higher data rates can be achieved.
antenna and multi-user MIMO
Frequency-domain-equalization, for example multi-carrier modulation (OFDM) in the
downlink or single-carrier frequency-domainequalization (SC-FDE) in the uplink: To exploit the frequency selective channel property
without complex equalization
In addition to improvements in these multiplexing systems, improved modulation techniques are being used.
Whereas earlier standards largely used Phase-shift keying, more ecient systems such as 64QAM are being
proposed for use with the 3GPP Long Term Evolution
standards.
36.6.2
148
CHAPTER 36. 4G
36.6.5
In September 2007, NTT Docomo demonstrated eUTRA data rates of 200 Mbit/s with power consumption below 100 mW during the test.[36]
The 4G system was originally envisioned by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
The DARPA selected the distributed architecture and
end-to-end Internet protocol (IP), and believed at an early
stage in peer-to-peer networking in which every mobile device would be both a transceiver and a router for
other devices in the network, eliminating the spoke-andhub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems.[30] Since
the 2.5G GPRS system, cellular systems have provided
dual infrastructures: packet switched nodes for data services, and circuit switched nodes for voice calls. In 4G
systems, the circuit-switched infrastructure is abandoned
and only a packet-switched network is provided, while
2.5G and 3G systems require both packet-switched and
circuit-switched network nodes, i.e. two infrastructures
in parallel. This means that in 4G, traditional voice calls
are replaced by IP telephony.
149
In April 2008, LG and Nortel demonstrated eUTRA data rates of 50 Mbit/s while travelling at
110 km/h.[43]
On 12 November 2008, HTC announced the rst
WiMAX-enabled mobile phone, the Max 4G[44]
In 15 December 2008, San Miguel Corporation, the
largest food and beverage conglomerate in southeast Asia, has signed a memorandum of understanding with Qatar Telecom QSC (Qtel) to build wireless broadband and mobile communications projects
in the Philippines. The joint-venture formed witribe Philippines, which oers 4G in the country.[45]
Around the same time Globe Telecom rolled out the
rst WiMAX service in the Philippines.
On 3 March 2009, Lithuanias LRTC announcing
the rst operational 4G mobile WiMAX network
in Baltic states.[46]
In December 2009, Sprint began advertising 4G
service in selected cities in the United States, despite average download speeds of only 36 Mbit/s
with peak speeds of 10 Mbit/s (not available in all
markets).[47]
On 14 December 2009, the rst commercial
LTE deployment was in the Scandinavian capitals Stockholm and Oslo by the Swedish-Finnish
network operator TeliaSonera and its Norwegian brandname NetCom (Norway). TeliaSonera
branded the network 4G. The modem devices
on oer were manufactured by Samsung (dongle
GT-B3710), and the network infrastructure created
by Huawei (in Oslo) and Ericsson (in Stockholm).
TeliaSonera plans to roll out nationwide LTE across
Sweden, Norway and Finland.[48][49] TeliaSonera
used spectral bandwidth of 10 MHz, and single-insingle-out, which should provide physical layer net
bitrates of up to 50 Mbit/s downlink and 25 Mbit/s
in the uplink. Introductory tests showed a TCP
throughput of 42.8 Mbit/s downlink and 5.3 Mbit/s
uplink in Stockholm.[50]
In Kazakhstan, 4G LTE was launched on December 26, 2012 in the entire territory in the frequency
bands 18651885/17601780 MHz for the urban
population and in 794-799/835-840 MHz for those
sparsely populated
150
36.7.1
CHAPTER 36. 4G
Deployment plans
Africa
Rwanda As of 11 November 2014 Rwanda became the
newest country to begin introducing 4G LTE services in
its capital Kigali after months of testing.[64]
Kenya Safaricom, the company with a 79% share of
the market released its 4G network on December 4, 2014
in Nairobi and Mombasa ahead of rivals Airtel Kenya,
yuMobile and Orange Kenya.[65]
Morocco In 2009, Morocco launched Maroc Numeric
2013, an accelerated plan to position the country among
the leading emerging countries in communications and
technology.[66] Discussions about the introduction of 4G
surfaced since 2012 by the National Telecom Regulatory
Agency (ANRT) and the 3 major providers, but licenses
and auctions were delayed until late 2013.[67]
As of November 2014, Maroc Telecom, Meditel and Inwi
have already realised tests over mobile 4G and succeed to
reach debits up to 100Mbit/s.[68]
The ocial launch of 4G is due in early 2015.[69]
On 12 March 2015, ANRT have reviewed all applications, and accorded 4G licenses to the main operators.
Algeria Algrie Tlcom announced the ocial launch
of its new xed-wireless LTE high-speed Internet, Tuesday, April 29, 2014.[70] Although the company brands its
oer as 4G, the network is available only through xed
home equipments, the mobile 4G is yet to be launched in
late 2015.[71]
Just few days after the announcements, controversies circulated around the use of the term 4G to describe the
India uses 2.3 GHz frequency (band 40).
oers.[72]
Tikona Digital Networks holds broadband wireless access spectrum in the 2300 MHz band and is waiting for
the appropriate time and maturity of the 4G ecosystem
China In China, there are over 160 million 4G users. before making a foray into the space. Tikona holds 4G
spectrum[79] licences in ve circles in northwest India,
covering Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh (East and
Afghanistan Telecom giant Etisalat Afghanistan, the West) and Himachal Pradesh.[80]
rst telecom company to launch 3.75G services in
Afghanistan on 19th Feb, 2013 announced the commencement of test of its Long-term Evolution (LTE) 4G Indonesia During APEC meeting on October 18,
mobile network.
2013 in Bali, Telkomsel will conduct 4G LTE network
trial. Telkomsel 4G LTE network will operate at 1800
sell simIndia Bharti Airtel launched Indias rst 4G service, MHz frequency. As part of the program it will
[81]
PATI
LTE
Trial
Edition
prepaid
SIM
card.
using TD-LTE technology, in Kolkata on 10 April
Asia
151
Kazakhstan By the end of 2012, the national telecommunication operator JSC Kazakhtelecom launched 4G
services in both Astana and Almaty. It is expected that
by the end of 2013 the service will be available across the
whole country.
In September, Globe launched its 4G LTE network covering key commercial as well as residential areas in Makati,
with more sites following shortly in Manila, Cebu, Davao,
Saudi Arabia: In mid September 2011, Mobily, an- and other select regions. As more key activations are
nounced their 4G LTE networks to be ready after completed in the coming months, Globe subscribers will
soon enjoy best-in-class mobile and broadband services
months of testing and evaluations.
across the Philippines.
Oman: In July 2012, Omantel launched 4G
LTE commercially.[83] In February 2013, Nawras Smart Communications was the rst to roll out the 4G
LTE in the country (Philippines). Over 900 sites served
launched 4G LTE commercially.[84][85]
nationwide with partner establishments. Cherry Mobile
UAE: In December 2012, Etisalat announced the was the rst local brand to release LTE ready mobile
commercial launch of 4G LTE services covering phone in the Philippines with its Cherry Mobile W900
over 70% of countrys urban areas. As of May, 2013 LTE and Ultra others are Cosmos Force, their recent
Flagship Cosmos One Plus and the Newly Released Cosonly few areas have been covered..
mos S2.
Lebanon: In 2012, Alfa and touch, announced their
4G LTE networks to be ready after months of testing and evaluations. And 4G LTE was ocially South Korea On July 7, 2008, South Korea announced
plans to spend 60 billion won, or US$58,000,000, on delaunched in April 2013.
veloping 4G and even 5G technologies, with the goal of
Qatar: 15 April 2013, Qtel, (now called Ooredoo) having the highest mobile phone market share by 2012,
launched its rst 4G LTE commercially in Qatar. and the hope of becoming an international standard.[91]
after that Ooredoo also launched 4G+. on 3 June
2014 Vodafone Launched 4G in Doha [86]
Sri Lanka On December 30, 2012, Dialog Broad Iran: MTN Irancell launched Irans rst 4G LTE band Networks launched Sri Lankas rst xed TD-LTE
network in November 2014 shortly after regulatorys service.[92]
approval.
On April 2, 2013, Dialog Axiata launched South Asias
rst FD-LTE service in Sri Lanka.[93]
Jordan: In February 2015, Zain Jordan launched 4G On June 2, 2013, Mobitel launched FD-LTE service in
LTE commercially.[87]
Sri Lanka.[94]
On January 19, 2014, Sri Lanka Telecom successfully
[95]
Pakistan Main article: Pakistani Telecom Spectrum demonstrated & launched its 4G LTE service.
Middle East
Auction
Thailand Thailand National Broadcasting & TelecomOn July 7, 2013, the Government of Pakistan announced munications Commission (NBTC) has earmarked 1.8
GHz and 2.3 GHz spectrum for 4G services. The 1.8
the auction of 3G/4G operators in Pakistan[88]
On 23 April 2014, the government auctioned of 3G and GHz will be available for auction around the 4th quarter
4G licenses to cellular service providers raising $1.182 of 2014 when the license for GSM service on the specbillion in revenues. Zong became the countrys rst and trum will expire. The 2.3 GHz spectrum is currently held
only company to win a 4G license. Mobilink and Zong by TOT Corp, a state enterprise. Negotiation on refarmbid for the superior 10 MHz band, while Telenor and ing part of the band is ongoing.
Ufone preferred to bid on the cheaper 5 MHz band. Al- Truemove-H has launched Thailands rst commercial
though Mobilink, having acquired the 10 MHz band, 4G LTE service on 8 May 2013 using 2100 MHz Band
152
CHAPTER 36. 4G
I.[96]
At the end of November, 2013, Huchtison 3 and TMobile Austria intent to appeal auction results.[111][112]
Turkmenistan On 18 September 2013, the national On 4 December 2013, according to A1 Telekom Austria
[113]
telecommunication operator TM Cell launched 4G ser- Klosterneuburg is covered with LTE.
vices in Turkmenistan.[97]
International LTE Roaming: 19. December, 2013, A1
Telekom Austria is the rst Austrian operator which introduced LTE Roaming. The company signed a roaming
Europe
agreement with Swisscom following by further countries
Austria In August, 2009 Huawei and T-Mobile intro- (planned: Brazil, Canada, Croatia, Germany, Italy, The
duced Europes largest trial LTE network. Both compa- Netherlands, New Zealand, Romania, Slovenia, South
nies set up 60 cells in Innsbruck which are since July 2009 Africa, South Korea, Spain, United Kingdom, United
States) in 2014. If Customers of A1 Telekom Austria
in service.[98]
want use LTE abroad they need either a LTE package or
In June, 2010 A1 Telekom Austria tested LTE with its one of their new A1 Go! contract plans, launched in Departner Huawei in Vienna.[99]
cember 2013.[114]
On October 18, 2010, the allocation procedure for 2600 On 28 January 2014, A1 announced commercial service
MHz frequency band was completed.[100] The follow- for LTE 800 MHz on more than 200 sites. Austrians
ing gure shows the current allocation for this frequency largest mobile operator covers currently 45% of the popband:[101][102]
ulation with LTE. The company plans to cover more than
50% of the population until the end of 2014.[115][116]
*License holder formerly Orange Austria, now
On 11 March 2014, T-Mobile announced top LTE transHutchison Drei Austria GmbH
mission speed raises to 150 Mbit/s.[117]
A1 Telekom Austria started the rst commercial (FDD)LTE service in Austria on 19 October 2010. Iniatially
A1 Telekom Austria covered Vienna with 49 eNodeB's
and St. Plten with 3 eNodeBs.[103]
On 6 May 2014, Austrian Media announced that Hutchison 3 is waiting for approval to refarm 1800 MHz frequency to go further with LTE deployment.[118]
153
in several rural communities, including Oberreichenbach received a mobile communications license from the Irish
in the Black Forest or Zscherben in Saxony-Anhalt.[126] telecoms regulator ComReg. This service will be isused
24 April 2012, Deutsche Telekom announced LTE for sued the mobile code 088 in Ireland and will be
[139][140]
for
the
provision
of
4G
mobile
communications.
[127]
Bonn, Hamburg, Leipzig and Munich.
Digiweb launched a mobile broadband network using
3 July 2012, Deutsche Telekom announced LTE ser- FLASH-OFDM technology at 872 MHz.
vice for the following cities in Baden-Wrttemberg:
On November 15, 2012 the Commission for CommuniFreiburg, Friedrichshafen, Heidelberg, Heilbronn, Karlthe results of its
sruhe, Mannheim, Pforzheim.
Berlin.
Bremen. cations Regulation (ComReg) announced
[141]
multi-band
spectrum
auction.
This
auction
awarded
Hesse: Darmstadt, Hanau, Ludwigshafen. Lower Saxspectrum
rights
of
use
in
the
800
MHz,
900
MHz
and
ony: Braunschweig, Celle, Hildesheim, Oldenburg.
1800
MHz
bands
in
Ireland
from
2013
to
2030.
The
winNorth Rhine-Westphalia: Gtersloh, Paderborn, Velbert. Rhineland-Palatinate: Kaiserslautern, Mainz. ners of spectrum were Three Ireland, Meteor, O2 Ireland
Saxony: Halle (Saale). Schleswig-Holstein: Neumnster. and Vodafone. All of the winning bidders in the auction
have indicated that they intend to move rapidly to deploy
Thuringia: Erfurt and Gera.[128]
advanced services.[142]
7 February 2013, o2 claimed to do the worlds rst hanthrough Meteor and
dovers of voice calls from LTE to UMTS under realistic Eircom launched their 4G network
[143]
eMobile
on
26
September
2013.
conditions.[129]
On 14 October 2013, Vodafone started their 4G of2 July 2013, o2 added LTE service in Duisburg, Essen
fer (mobile broadband only) in six cities (Dublin, Cork,
[130]
and Hamburg.
Limerick, Galway, Waterford and Kilkenny) and 23
5 September 2013, Deutsche Telekom announced LTE towns (Carlow, Tralee, Wexford, Middleton, Carrigacategory 4 with download speed of 150 Mbit/s at the IFA. line, Mallow, Killarney, Enniscorthy, Dungarvan, New
LTE category 4 or LTE+, so called by Deutsche Telekom, Ross, Kenmare, Tullow, Kanturk, Bagnelstown, Thomasis available in areas which are covered by the 1800 MHz town, Millstreet, Bunclody, Newmarket, Dunmanway,
and 2600 MHz frequency.[131]
Lismore, Rosslare Harbour, Rosslare Strand and Killor[144]
15 November 2013, Telefnica and Vodafone have an- glin) across the country.
nounced that they are testing LTE-Advanced in the Ger- On 9 December 2013, Vodafone switched on 4G for
man cities of Munich and Dresden.[132]
Smartphones and turned 4G service in eight additional
20 February 2014, Deutsche Telekom announced 580 towns (Ballincollig, Carrigtohill, Cloyne, Cobh, Enniscorthy, Fermoy, Gorey, Kinsale) on.[145]
Mbit/s data speed during LTE-A trials in Alzey.[133]
5 March 2014, E-Plus started commercial LTE service in On 27 January 2014, Three launched their 4G network
Berlin, Nuremberg and Leipzig by using the 1800 MHz in Dublin, Cork, Galway, Limerick, Wexford and Waterford.
frequency.[134]
10 March 2014, at the CeBIT in Hannover Deutsche
Telekom announced the launch of LTE-A with 300 Italy Since the rst half of December 2012, all of
Italys ISP have been oering or have plans to oer 4G
Mbit/s for Q3 in 2014.[135]
services in some cities:
International LTE Roaming: 22 May 2014, Vodafone added LTE Roaming within the Vodafone Group
TIM: 2.500 cities (November 2014) and 60 cities in
in the following six European countries. Greece, Italy,
LTE Advanced
The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and UK. Vodafone also
plans to launch LTE Roaming in other countries and on
Vodafone: 2.500 cities (November 2014)
other networks.[136]
3 Italia: 280 cities (November 2014).[146]
17 June 2014, Deutsche Telekom announced LTE Roaming for six European countries. (Belgium (Mobistar),
WIND: 300 cities (November 2014)
France (Orange), Italy (TIM), Norway (Telenor), Poland
(Orange) and Spain (Orange)) Followed by the UK. International LTE Roaming: From 5 May 2014 cusThe company also plans further agreements with other tomers of TIM are able to use 4G while roaming in
operators.[137]
Switzerland on Swisscom and from 14 May 2014 on
19 August 2014, Deutsche Telekom announced LTE Orange in Spain.[147] TIM added new roaming partners
Roaming for The Netherlands (KPN) and UK (EE).[138] in Germany (Telekom) and Hong Kong (CSL) in June
2014.[148]
Ireland In May 2005, Digiweb, an Irish wired and Greenland TELE Greenland started LTE service (800
wireless broadband company, announced that they had MHz - Band 20) at the beginning of December 2013.[149]
154
CHAPTER 36. 4G
Luxembourg Orange and Tango launched LTE in Oc- Norway After the multiband spectrum auction in Detober 2012.[150] Post Telecom (formerly LuxGSM[151] ) cember 2013.[165]
launched LTE in October 2013.[152] All operators are us- In April, 2014, Netcom launched LTE 800 MHz.[166]
ing the 1800 MHz frequency.
In May, 2014, Tele2 launched LTE.[167]
International LTE Roaming: On 24 June 2014 Orange
announced LTE Roaming for the following countries
from July 1, 2014: Canada, China, Germany, Greece, Poland On 31 August 2011, Plus (Polkomtel) launched
Italy, Romania, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, the UK 4G commercially in Poland. The download speed was up
and the USA.[153]
to 100 Mbit/s, while upload speed was up to 50 Mbit/s.
On 25 October 2012, download speed was increased to
150 Mbit/s. It uses 1800 MHz spectrum belonging to
Republic of Macedonia T-Mobile introduced 4G in CenterNet and Mobyland.
Macedonia at the beginning of December 2013.[154]
In Poland, the construction of LTE networks cooperate:
Vip launched LTE service at the beginning of July
2014.[155]
155
Slovakia After the multiband spectrum auction[179] the Orange started LTE on 28 May 2013. The second largest
operator was the rst who introduced prepaid LTE in
frequency allocation in Slovakia is as follows:
Switzerland. The following frequency range is in service for LTE. 800 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2600 MHz. (ESlovenia After the multiband spectrum auction in April UTRA Bands 20, 3 und 7) Orange LTE oers up to 100
2014.[180]
Mbit/s. The company will upgrade the maximum speed
up to 150 Mbit/s at the end of 2013.[195]
International LTE Roaming: Swisscom is the rst European operator which oers international LTE Roaming. Since the 21 of June 2013 customers of Swisscom are able to use LTE network of the South Korean operators SK Telecom and KT. According to SwissOn May 13, Orange Espana announced it will launch its com Canada (Rogers) and Hong Kong (SmarTone) are
4G network on 8 July, simultaneously in six of the coun- the next countries where customers of the former statetrys largest cities: Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, owned company will be able to use LTE roaming.[196]
Malaga and Murcia. A further nine cities Bilbao,
Zaragoza, Alicante, Cordoba, A Corua, Valladolid and Sunrise was the last operator in Switzerland who introVigo on the mainland, Palma de Mallorca in the Balearic duced LTE. Commercial service is available as of 19
Islands and Las Palmas in the Canary Islands will be June 2013. The smallest operator in Switzerland oers
speed up to 100 Mbit/s. In 2013 Sunrise is using only the
live by the end of 2013.[182]
1800 MHz frequency for LTE service. (E-UTRA Band
Since 30 May 2013, 4G is available in Spain thanks to 3) The operator will use other frequency bands (800 MHz
Vodafone 4G. According to the company, services will and 2600 MHz - E-UTRA Bands 7 and 20) in the fuuse 1800 MHz and 2600 MHz spectrum and will oer ture as well.[197] Prepaid customers of Sunrise are able to
download speeds of up to 150Mbit/s and upload speeds use LTE with maximum network speed - even MVNO
of 50Mbit/s.[183]
customer.[198]
On week 9, 2014, during the Mobile World Congress Since the beginning of July 2013 Swisscom prepaid cusin Barcelona Vodafone tested LTE-A with speed of 540 tomers are able to enter the LTE network. Maximum
Mbit/s.[184]
speed depends on the subscribed plan.[194]
Spain On May 9, 2013, Yoigo announced its service,
which will use the 1800 MHz band and oer speeds up to
100Mbit/s, and will rst be launched in Madrid on July
19.[181]
On 7 March 2014, Vodafone announced LTE service for On 19 November 2013, Orange and UPC Cablecom anBurgos.[185]
nounced a new partnership. Over the next two years,
On 11 March 2012, Vodafone announced LTE service UPC Cablecom will connect more than 1,000 4G masts
with top bandwidths of between 1 and 10 Gbit/s.[199][200]
for Castilla La Mancha.[186]
On 12 March 2014, Vodafone announced LTE service At the end of November 2013, Swisscom added new
LTE Roaming partners in Asia (Japan: Softbank, Philipfor Logroo.[187][188]
pines: Globe Telecom, Singapore: M1), Europe (France:
After the multiband spectrum auction in July 2011.[189]
Bouygues Telecom) and the Middle East (Saudi Arabia:
Mobily).[201][202]
Switzerland In September 2010, Swisscom tested On 19 December 2013, Swisscom added new LTE
LTE in Grenchen by using the 2.6 GHz frequency (E- Roaming partners in Asia (Hong Kong: China Mobile
UTRA Band 7).[190] In December 2011 after the LTE HK and PCCW) and Europe (Austria: A1). At this time
eld experiment in Grenchen has become a success the Swisscom covers nine countries and twelve foreign LTE
company used the 1.8 GHz frequency (E-UTRA Band networks.[202][203]
3) for further testing in Grindelwald, Gstaad, Leukerbad,
On 22 January 2014, Swisscom added new LTE Roaming
Montana, Saas-Fee and St. Moritz/Celerina.[191]
partner in Russia (MegaFon).[202][204]
After the multiband spectrum auction (06.02.
22.02.2012[192] ) the frequency allocation in Switzerland On 29 January 2014, Sunrise announced 300 Mbit/s LTE
trials by using LTE-A carrier aggregation. Commercial
is as follows:
service is planned for Q3 2014.[205]
Swisscom announced on 29 November 2012, commercial service of its category 3 LTE network with maxi- On 17 Februar 2014, Swisscom added new roaming
mum speed of 100 Mbit/s.[193] The following frequency partners (Canada: Telus, France: SFR, Hong Kong:
156
CHAPTER 36. 4G
Huchison 3, Norway: Telenor, USA: AT&T) to their LTE service in December 2013, initially it was only available
roaming list. The company also mentioned an upcoming to a selected few thousand customers in London precedRussia operator (MTS) for 3. March 2014.[202]
ing a nationwide rollout in 2014.[222][223]
On 10 June 2014, Swisscom added for the upcoming
World Cup in Brazil new roaming partners among other
countries (Belgium: Belgacom; Brazil: Claro Oi, Vivo;
France: Orange; Italy: TIM; Spain: Orange). Further
more Swisscom also announced more LTE Roaming in
Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Netherland, Portugal
and Romania.[202][206]
2015.[235]
Brazil On 27 April 2012, Brazils telecoms regulator Agncia Nacional de Telecomunicaes (Anatel) anOn 12 November 2012 Ofcom published nal regulations nounced that the 6 host cities for the 2013 Confederations
and a timetable[215] for the 4G mobile spectrum auction. Cup to be held there will be the rst to have their networks
It also launched a new 4G consumer page,[216] provid- upgraded to 4G.[231]
ing information on the upcoming auction and the consumer benets that new services will deliver. Ofcom auctioned o the UK-wide 4G spectrum previously used by Mexico 4G technology was introduced by Telcel on
[232]
Movistar launched its 4G netthe countrys analogue television signals in the 800 MHz November 7, 2012.
[233]
[217]
work
on
September
22,
2014
and Nextel did on OcOn 20 Februband as well as in the 2,600 MHz band.
[234]
tober
13,
2014.
ary 2013, the winners of the 4G spectrum auction were
announced by Ofcom.[218] The four major networks, EE,
O2, Vodafone and 3, were awarded spectrum along with United States Verizon Wireless, AT&T, T-Mobile and
Niche Spectrum Ventures Ltd (a subsidiary of BT Group Sprint Corporation all use 4G LTE. Only Sprint still utiplc).
lizes WiMAX, but plans to end its use of WiMax by
On September 20, 2007, Verizon Wireless announced
plans for a joint eort with the Vodafone Group to transition its networks to the 4G standard LTE. On December
Both O2 and Vodafone launched their 4G networks on 29 9, 2008, Verizon Wireless announced their intentions to
August 2013.[220][221] The 3 network launched their 4G build and roll out an LTE network by the end of 2009.
157
Since then, Verizon Wireless has said that they will start to Wellington on September 8, 2014, then Hamilton,
their roll out by the end of 2010.
Christchurch, Tauranga before Christmas, and Te AwaSprint oers a 3G/4G connection plan, currently available mutu, Fielding, Levin and Dunedin in 2015.
in select cities in the United States.[47] It delivers rates up
to 10 Mbit/s. Sprint has also launched an LTE network
Australia Main article: 4G connectivity in Australia
in early 2012.[236]
Verizon Wireless has announced that it plans to augment
its CDMA2000-based EV-DO 3G network in the United
States with LTE, and is supposed to complete a rollout of
175 cities by the end of 2011, two thirds of the US population by mid-2012, and cover the existing 3G network
by the end of 2013.[237] AT&T, along with Verizon Wireless, has chosen to migrate toward LTE from 2G/GSM
and 3G/HSPA by 2011.[238]
Main article: 5G
A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit
rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially
to users in an exposed position in between several base
stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by
macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, and also by Beam-Division Multiple Access
(BDMA).[252]
158
CHAPTER 36. 4G
hando, IEEE 802.21). These access technologies can be [10] Parkvall, Stefan; Dahlman, Erik; Furuskr, Anders; Jading, Ylva; Olsson, Magnus; Wnstedt, Stefan; Zangi,
Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other future access techKambiz (2124 September 2008). LTE Advanced
nology. Included in this concept is also smart-radio (also
Evolving LTE towards IMT-Advanced (PDF). Vehicular
known as cognitive radio) technology to eciently manTechnology Conference Fall 2008. Stockholm: Ericsson
age spectrum use and transmission power as well as the
Research. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
use of mesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network.
[11] Parkvall, Stefan; Astely, David (April 2009). The evolution of LTE toward LTE Advanced. Journal of Communications 4 (3): 14654. doi:10.4304/jcm.4.3.146-154.
36.10 References
[1] ITU-R, Report M.2134, Requirements related to technical performance for IMT-Advanced radio interface(s),
Approved in November 2008
[2] ITU World Radiocommunication Seminar highlights
future communication technologies.
International
Telecommunication Union.
[3] 62 commercial networks support DC-HSPA+, drives
HSPA investments LteWorld February 7, 2012
[4] Vilches, J. (2010, April 29). Everything you need to know
about 4G Wireless Technology. TechSpot.
[5] Moray Rumney, IMT-Advanced: 4G Wireless Takes
Shape in an Olympic Year, Agilent Measurement Journal, September 2008
[6] Nomor Research Newsletter: The way of LTE towards 4G
[7] 3GPP specication: Requirements for further advancements for E-UTRA (LTE Advanced)". 3GPP. Retrieved
August 21, 2013.
[8] 3GPP Technical Report: Feasibility study for Further
Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE Advanced)". 3GPP.
Retrieved August 21, 2013.
[9] ITU paves way for next-generation 4G mobile technologies (press release). ITU. 21 October 2010
36.10. REFERENCES
159
[45] San Miguel and Qatar Telecom Sign MOU at the Wayback
Machine (archived February 18, 2009) San Miguel Corporation, December 15, 2008
March
[33] 4G Mobile Broadband. Sprint. Archived from the original on February 22, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
[34] Consumer Price Index (estimate) 18002014. Federal
Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved February 27,
2014.
[35] DoCoMo Achieves 5 Gbit/s Data Speed. NTT DoCoMo Press. February 9, 2007.
[36] Reynolds, Melanie (September 14, 2007). NTT DoCoMo develops low power chip for 3G LTE handsets.
Electronics Weekly. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
[37] Auctions Schedule. FCC. Archived from the original on
24 January 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
[38] European Commission proposes TV spectrum for
WiMax. zdnetasia.com. Archived from the original on
14 December 2007. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
[39] Skyworks Rolls Out Front-End Module for 3.9G Wireless Applications. (Skyworks Solutions Inc.)" (free registration required). Wireless News. February 14, 2008.
Retrieved September 14, 2008.
[40] Wireless News Briefs February 15, 2008. WirelessWeek. February 15, 2008. Retrieved September 14,
2008.
[41] Skyworks Introduces Industrys First Front-End Module
for 3.9G Wireless Applications.. Skyworks press release
(Free with registration). 11 February 2008. Retrieved
September 14, 2008.
[42] ITU-R Report M.2134, Requirements related to technical performance for IMT-Advanced radio interface(s),
November 2008.
[43] Nortel and LG Electronics Demo LTE at CTIA and with
High Vehicle Speeds :: Wireless-Watch Community at
the Wayback Machine (archived June 6, 2008) (Access
through web.archive.org)
[44] Scartel and HTC Launch Worlds First Integrated
GSM/WiMAX Handset (Press release). HTC Corporation. 12 November 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
160
CHAPTER 36. 4G
[70] http://www.algerietelecom.dz/siteweb.php?p=4glte
[71] http://www.telegeography.com/products/
commsupdate/articles/2014/03/18/
[96] True Move H The First To Oer LTE Service On 2100
algeria-to-launch-fixed-lte-in-may-2014-mobile-4g-in-2015 MHz In Thailand While Reinforcing Its Leadership As
The Largest 3G Operator,. http://www.thaipr.net/. May
[72] http://www.agenceecofin.com/operateur/
10, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
1606-20809-la-4g-en-mode-fixe-d-algerie-telecom-est-une-supercherie-selon-un-expert
[97] TMCELL starts to connect the subscribers to the LTE net[73] Airtel launches 4G in Kolkata The Times of India.
work
The Times Of India.
[98] T-Mobile Austria betreibt Europas grtes LTE-Netz in
[74] Airtel ties up with Samsung, starts 4G trials in Chennai.
Innsbruck (in German). teltarif.de. August 24, 2009.
The Economic Times. 15 May 2015.
Retrieved December 8, 2013.
[75] Reliance Jio 4G service to be rolled out nationwide in
2015. IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved June 18,
2014.
[76] 4g in punjab.
[80] http://www.tele.net.in/company-stories/item/
[103] A1 Telekom Austria startet LTE in der Bundeshauptstadt
15209-tikona-digital-networks-biding-its-time-for-launching-4g
Wien (in German). A1 Telekom Austria. October 19,
[81] Telkomsel to serve 2013 APEC meeting with its 4g LTE
2010. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
trial network. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
[104] T-Mobile verspricht mobiles Internet mit bis zu 100
[82] Indonesia nally gets a taste of 4G. Retrieved 20
Mbit/s (in German). Der Standard. July 28, 2011. ReNovember 2013.
trieved December 8, 2013.
[83] Omantel launches Omans rst 4G LTE mobile broad- [105] Drei startet den LTE-Turbo (in German). Futurezone.
band network. Muscat Daily. July 15, 2012. Retrieved
November 16, 2011. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
February 12, 2014.
[106] A1 erreicht bereits jeden dritten sterreicher mit LTE
[84] Life gets even faster with the launch of 4G. Nawras.
(in German). A1 Telekom Austria. November 26, 2012.
February 17, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
Retrieved December 8, 2013.
[85] 4G. Nawras. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
[107] 1.000 4G/LTE Stationen im Netz von A1: Mobilfunknetz der 4. Generation wchst (in German). A1
[86] Ooredoo Announces 4G LTE Commercial Launch for
Telekom Austria. August 7, 2010. Retrieved December
April. Marhaba. March 14, 2013. Retrieved August 21,
8, 2013.
2013.
[108] A1 erweitert Glasfasernetz und Mobilfunknetz der
[87] Zain Jordan launches Jordans rst 4G LTE mobile
vierten Generation im Groraum Bregenz (in German).
broadband network. Zain Facebook Page. February 14,
A1 Telekom Austria. September 4, 2013. Retrieved De2015. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
cember 8, 2013.
[88] 4G Licence in Pakistan
[89] $1.182 billion raised in spectrum auction: Live updates
[90] 4G - Globe Network - Empowering
web.archive.org. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
you.
36.10. REFERENCES
161
[112] H3G to spearhead Austrian spectrum appeal. Tele- [130] O2 LTE 4G all over Germany: Starting July 2, all high
Geography. November 28, 2013. Retrieved December
speed areas are on air. Telefnica. June 7, 2013. Re8, 2013.
trieved March 3, 2014.
[113] A1 erweitert Glasfasernetz und Mobilfunknetz der [131] LTE+: Network turbo with up to 150 Mbit/s. September 5, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
vierten Generation im Groraum Klosterneuburg (in
German). A1 Telekom Austria. December 4, 2013. Re[132] Telefonica und Vodafone testen LTE-Advanced. heise
trieved December 8, 2013.
online. November 15, 2013. Retrieved November 15,
2013.
[114] A1 ermglicht als erster Mobilfunkbetreiber sterreichs
4G/LTE Nutzung im Ausland (in German). A1 Telekom
[133] DT leads the way to LTE Advanced. Deutsche Telekom.
Austria. December 19, 2013. Retrieved December 20,
February 20, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
2013.
[134] LTE bei E-Plus fr alle ohne Aufpreis: Am Mittwoch
[115] A1 startet LTE 800 High-Speed Mobilfunknetz am Stadgehts los (in German). teltarif.de. March 3, 2014. Retrand und im lndlichen Bereich (in German). A1. Jantrieved March 3, 2014.
uary 28, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
[135] Deutsche Telekom: Ab Sommer bis zu 300 MBit/s ber
[116] Multiband Auction 800/900/1800 MHz (2013) - Results
LTE (in German). teltarif.de. March 10, 2014. Re800 MHz. Austrian Regulatory Authority for Broadcasttrieved March 11, 2014.
ing and Telecommunications (RTR). Retrieved January
29, 2014.
[136] Vodafone Deutschland bietet ab sofort LTE-Roaming in
Europa an. teltarif.de. May 22, 2014. Retrieved May
[117] T-Mobile Austria raises top LTE transmission speed to
22, 2014.
150Mbps. TeleGeography. March 11, 2014. Retrieved
[137] Mit LTE auch im Ausland schneller surfen (in German).
March 13, 2014.
Deutsche Telekom. June 17, 2014. Retrieved June 17,
[118] LTE-Netzausbau: 3 wartet auf Genehmigung (in Ger2014.
man). derStandard. May 6, 2014. Retrieved May 6,
[138] Deutsche Telekom starts LTE roaming in Netherlands
2014.
and UK. Telecompaper. August 19, 2014. Retrieved
[119] Si.mobil rst Slovenian operator with LTE roaming
August 19, 2014.
abroad. Telecompaper. June 11, 2014. Retrieved June
[139] Press Release: Digiweb Mobile Takes 088
12, 2014.
[120] Roll-out of the rst 4G network in Belgium and strategic [140] RT News article:
provider
partnership with Fon
[141] ComReg Announces Results of its Multi-Band Spectrum Auction (PDF). comreg.ie. Retrieved November
15, 2012.
[122] Frequenzvergabeverfahren 2010 (in German).
Bundesnetzagentur. May 20, 2010. Retrieved December
[142] ComReg reveals 4G auction results - 450m instant
8, 2013.
windfall for Irish Govt. www.siliconrepublic.com. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
[123] Deutsche Telekom nimmt ersten LTE-Sender in Betrieb. teltarif.de. August 30, 2010. Retrieved May 22,
[143] Irelands rst 4G phone service goes live. RT. Re2014.
trieved September 26, 2013.
[121] Belgacom extends 4G network in ve more cities
[124] Vodafone: Ab 1. Dezember LTE-Surfstick mit Vertrag [144] Vodafone Ireland 4G Mobile Broadband Goes Live.
fr 1 Euro (in German). teltarif.de. November 30, 2010.
Vodafone Ireland. October 14, 2013. Retrieved DecemRetrieved March 3, 2014.
ber 23, 2013.
[125] Das ist LTE (in German). Deutsche Telekom. Re- [145] Vodafone Switches on 4G for Smartphones in 6 Cities &
trieved March 3, 2014.
31 Towns across Ireland. Vodafone Ireland. December
9, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
[126] O2 LTE fr Zuhause. Telefnica. May 30, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
[146] http://www.webnews.it/2014/06/19/
3-italia-coperte-oltre-130-citta-con-la-rete-4g/
[127] LTE fr Bonn, Hamburg, Leipzig und Mnchen (in
German). April 24, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
[147] TIM oers 4G roaming in Switzerland and Spain. Telecompaper. May 6, 2014. Retrieved May 6, 2014.
[128] Deutsche Telekom bringt LTE in den Freistaat Thringen (in German). July 3, 2012. Retrieved March 11, [148] TIM expands 4G roaming to Hong Kong and Germany.
2014.
Telecompaper. June 4, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
[129] Telefnica Deutschland: Worlds rst handovers of voice [149] Tele Greenland to roll out 4G LTE on 1 December.
calls from LTE to UMTS under realistic conditions.
TeleGeography. November 29, 2013. Retrieved NovemTelefnica. February 7, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
ber 30, 2013.
162
CHAPTER 36. 4G
[150] Orange unveils 29 October LTE launch date. TeleGeog- [172] Orange Romania launches 4G roaming. Telecompaper.
raphy. September 28, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
May 14, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
[151] P&T Luxembourg, LuxGSM to rebrand as Post Tele- [173] MegaFon launches 4G services via Yota; resolves owncom. TeleGeography. June 20, 2013. Retrieved June
ership disputes. TeleGeography. April 24, 2012. Re26, 2014.
trieved June 18, 2014.
[152] 4G Americas Western Europe Deployment Status Up- [174] Russian LTE round-up: Rostelecom postpones MVNO
date. 4G Americas. June 14, 2014. Retrieved June 26,
launch, MTS goes live in Moscow, Kazan boasts 4G triple2014.
threat. TeleGeography. September 5, 2012. Retrieved
June 18, 2014.
[153] Orange is the rst provider in Luxembourg to oer 4G
roaming (PDF). Orange. June 24, 2014. Retrieved June [175] Roskomnadzor objects to Vainakh Telecom LTE launch
26, 2014.
in Chechnya. TeleGeography. January 23, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
[154] T-Mobile Macedonia opens 4G network to end users.
TeleGeography. December 4, 2013. Retrieved July 6, [176] Vimpelcom launches LTE network in Moscow. Tele2014.
Geography. May 28, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
[155] Vip Operator switches on LTE network c.
[180] SWAN wins 4G mobile licence alongside three incumbents. TeleGeography. January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
36.10. REFERENCES
163
[191] LTE pilot project in seven tourist regions starting today. [208] Factsheet
LTE
Advanced
Theoretische
Swisscom. December 8, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
Geschwindigkeit von bis zu 450 Mbit/s (PDF) (in
German). Swisscom. October 8, 2014. Retrieved
[192] Orange, Sunrise and Swisscom purchase mobile radio
October 9, 2014.
frequencies at auction. OFCOM. February 23, 2012.
[209] Neate, Rupert (December 12, 2009). Slough accepts the
Retrieved July 14, 2013.
call to be 4G mobile phone trailblazer. The Daily Tele[193] Swisscom launches Switzerlands rst 4G/LTE network.
graph (London). Archived from the original on 2 April
Swisscom. November 28, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
2010. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
[194] Swisscom customers can now surf even faster on the [210] 4G LTE Network From UK Broadband Goes Live
In London | TechWeekEurope UK. Techweekeu4G/LTE network. Swisscom. May 23, 2013. Retrieved
rope.co.uk. February 29, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
July 14, 2013.
[195] Orange bernimmt die Marktfhrerschaft bei 4G, [211] Everything Everywhere sells services to 3 allowing for
4G. SourcingFocus. Com. SourcingFocus. Com. Relanciert weitere Service Excellence Initiativen und erzielt
trieved September 9, 2012.
ein solides Quartalsergebnis (PDF). Orange. May 28,
2013. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
[212] EE to launch 4G mobile services in 16 UK cities in
2012. BBC News. September 11, 2012. Retrieved Au[196] 4G/LTE roaming for Swisscom customers. Swisscom.
gust 22, 2013.
June 20, 2013. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
[197] Sunrise LTE FAQ. Sunrise. Retrieved December 1, [213] Tripathi, Shruti (September 11, 2012). EE by gum! 4G
(almost!) launches. Q&A with the man making it happen |
2013.
Features. LondonlovesBusiness.com. Retrieved October
30, 2012.
[198] 4G/LTE: Mobiles Highspeed Internet fr alle Sunrise
Kunden. Sunrise. June 19, 2013. Retrieved July 14,
[214] Tripathi, Shruti. Its live! EE launches superfast 4G
2013.
mobile network in 10 cities | News. LondonlovesBusiness.com. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
[199] Orange looking to bre optic in the further expansion of
its 4G capacities (PDF). Orange. November 19, 2013. [215] Ofcom nalises 4G auction rules. ofcom.org.uk. ReRetrieved December 1, 2013.
trieved November 12, 2012.
[200] upc cablecom to connect mobile phone masts for Or- [216] 4G. ofcom.org.uk. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
ange (PDF). UPC Cablecom. November 19, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
[217] Warman, Matt (May 13, 2012). 4G mobile phone launch
before Christmas". The Daily Telegraph (London). Re[201] Fast data connections now also available while holidaying
trieved May 14, 2012.
in France. Swisscom. November 26, 2013. Retrieved
[218] Ofcom announces winners of the 4G mobile auction.
December 1, 2013.
Ofcom. 20 February 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
[202] List of LTE Roaming partners (PDF). Swisscom.
[219] Jackson, Mark (July 9, 2013). Ofcom UK Open
November 25, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
900MHz, 1800MHz and 2100MHz to 4G Mobile Broadband. ISPreview. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
[203] Swisscom bietet 4G/LTE-Roaming ab heute in sterreich und damit nun in neun Lndern an, darunter
Frankreich, Japan, Hongkong und Singapur. (in Ger- [220] Kelion, Leo (August 1, 2013). O2 4G mobile network
launch date announced for the UK. BBC News. Reman). Swisscom. December 19, 2013. Retrieved Detrieved
August 22, 2013.
cember 19, 2013.
[221] Vodafone announces 4G launch in UK. BBC News.
[204] Pnktlich zu den Olympischen Spielen in Sotchi: Mit
August 7, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
Swisscom Roaming ber 4G/LTE neu auch in Russland und damit in insgesamt zehn Lndern (in German). [222] Three UK Delays 4G Mobile Broadband Launch to Q4
Swisscom. January 22, 2014. Retrieved January 23,
2013. March 27, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
2014.
[223] Woods, Ben (August 28, 2013). Three nally unveils 4G
[205] Das Sunrise LTE-Mobilfunknetz wird noch schneller
rollout plans: The stage is now set for UKs 4G future.
(PDF) (in German). Sunrise. January 29, 2014. ReThe Next Web. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
trieved January 30, 2014.
[224] AT&T signs LTE roaming agreement with EE. http:
[206] Swisscom lets you surf even faster in Europe and Brazil.
//www.telecoms.com/. December 17, 2013. Retrieved
Swisscom. June 10, 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
December 20, 2013.
[207] Swisscom speeds up mobile communications even more [225] EE CUSTOMERS TO BENEFIT FROM SUPERFAST
with the rollout of LTE advanced. Swisscom. June 16,
4G IN FRANCE AND SPAIN. EE. March 13, 2014.
2014. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
Retrieved March 13, 2014.
164
CHAPTER 36. 4G
[226] EE signs 4G roaming agreements in France, Spain. [247] Colley, Andrew (August 29, 2012). Telstras 4G plan to
Telecompaper. March 13, 2014. Retrieved March 13,
reach 14 million. The Australian. Retrieved August 21,
2014.
2013.
[227] Vodafone cuts cost of EuroTraveller roaming option. [248] 4G Network - Mobile Phones & Plans. Telstra. ReTelecompaper. May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
trieved October 30, 2012.
[228] VODAFONE ANNOUNCES ARRIVAL OF 4G IN [249] Optus to build faster 4G network with acquisition of
NORTHERN IRELAND (PDF). Vodafone. June 12,
Vividwireless. Optus. February 20, 2012. Retrieved
2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
August 21, 2013.
[229] TELUS (October 10, 2008). Next Generation Network [250] Optus introduces worlds rst TD-LTE Advanced carrier
Evolution. TELUS.
aggregation network. Optus. December 19, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
[230] BELL (December 4, 2013). Bell - LTE. BELL.
[251] Optus tests TD-LTE Advanced carrier aggregation.
[231] Anatel will begin reviewing 4G tender proposals and reTelecoms.com. December 19, 2013. Retrieved Decemveal auction date on 5 June
ber 30, 2013.
[232] https://www.telegeography.com/products/
[252] IT R&D program of MKE/IITA: 2008-F-004-01 5G
commsupdate/articles/2012/11/07/
mobile communication systems based on beam-division
telcel-announces-launch-of-commercial-lte-in-nine-cities/
multiple access and relays with group cooperation.
[233] http://www.eluniversal.com.
mx/computacion-tecno/2014/
movistar-lanza-su-nueva-red-4g-lte-en-mexico-94798.
html
[234] http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/computacion-tecno/
2014/red-4g-telcel-celulares-smartphones-90882.html
[235] Sprint to Scrap WiMAX by Late 2015. PC Magazine.
11 October 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
[236] Cheng, Roger (September 27, 2011). Sprint to launch
own 4G LTE network in early 2012 (scoop) | Mobile
CNET News. News.cnet.com. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
[237] Americas Most Reliable Network. Verizon Wireless.
Retrieved August 21, 2013.
[238] AT&T, Verizon, Vodafone to share same 4G network.
Electronista. September 21, 2007. Retrieved April 8,
2010.
[239] Worlds First 3G/4G Android Phone, HTC EVO 4G,
Coming this Summer Exclusively from Sprint (Press release). Sprint. 23 March 2010. Retrieved November 26,
2010.
[240] FCC White Paper. The Public Safety Nationwide Interoperable Broadband Network, A New Model For Capacity, Performance and Cost, June 2010.
[241] Vodafone Fijis 4G network goes live. TeleGeography.
December 5, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
[242] FAQs - 4G. Vodafone Fiji. Retrieved December 29,
2013.
[243] 4G is Live now | LTE Network | Vodafone NZ
[244] Small, rural NZ town gets 4G. 3 News NZ. May 25,
2013.
[245] 2degrees turns on Auckland 4G. Stu.co.nz. June 30,
2014.
[246] Telstra to launch 4G mobile broadband network by end
2011 Telstra, February 15, 2011
Chapter 37
IP Multimedia Subsystem
The IP Multimedia Subsystem or IP Multimedia
Core Network Subsystem (IMS) is an architectural
framework for delivering IP multimedia services. Historically, mobile phones have provided voice call services
over a switched-circuit-style network, rather than strictly
over an IP packet-switched network. Alternative methods of delivering voice or other multimedia services over
IP have become available on smartphones (e.g. VoIP or
Skype), but they have not become standardized across the
industry. IMS is an architectural framework to provide
such standardization.
37.1 History
166
3GPP release 8 added support for LTE / SAE, multimedia session continuity, enhanced emergency sessions and IMS centralized services.
3GPP release 9 added support for IMS emergency calls over GPRS and EPS, enhancements to
multimedia telephony, IMS media plane security,
enhancements to services centralization and continuity.
3GPP release 10 added support for inter device
transfer, enhancements to the single radio voice call
continuity (SRVCC), enhancements to IMS emergency sessions.
3GPP release 11 added USSD simulation service,
network-provided location information for IMS, 3GPP / TISPAN IMS architectural overview HSS in IMS layer
SMS submit and delivery without MSISDN in IMS, (as by standard)
and overload control.
37.2 Architecture
roaming in another network or country (the visited network). The only requirement is that they can use IP
and run SIP user agents. Fixed access (e.g., Digital
Subscriber Line (DSL), cable modems, Ethernet), mobile access (e.g. W-CDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, GPRS)
and wireless access (e.g., WLAN, WiMAX) are all supported. Other phone systems like plain old telephone
service (POTSthe old analogue telephones), H.323
and non IMS-compatible systems, are supported through
gateways.
37.2. ARCHITECTURE
sip:john.doe@example.com" ).
IP Multimedia Private Identity The IP Multimedia
Private Identity (IMPI) is a unique permanently allocated
global identity assigned by the home network operator,
and is used, for example, for Registration, Authorization,
Administration, and Accounting purposes. Every IMS
user shall have one IMPI.
IP Multimedia Public Identity The IP Multimedia
Public Identity (IMPU) is used by any user for requesting communications to other users (e.g. this might be included on a business card). There can be multiple IMPU
per IMPI. The IMPU can also be shared with another
phone, so that both can be reached with the same identity
(for example, a single phone-number for an entire family).
Globally Routable User Agent URI Globally
Routable User Agent URI (GRUU) is an identity that
identies a unique combination of IMPU and UE
instance. There are two types of GRUU: Public-GRUU
(P-GRUU) and Temporary GRUU (T-GRUU).
P-GRUU reveal the IMPU and are very long lived.
T-GRUU do not reveal the IMPU and are valid until
the contact is explicitly de-registered or the current
registration expires
Wildcarded Public User Identity A wildcarded Public User Identity expresses a set of IMPU grouped together.
The HSS subscriber database contains the IMPU, IMPI,
IMSI, MSISDN, subscriber service proles, service triggers, and other information.
CSCF Call Session Control Function
Several roles of SIP servers or proxies, collectively called
Call Session Control Function (CSCF), are used to process SIP signalling packets in the IMS.
A Proxy-CSCF (P-CSCF) is a SIP proxy that is the
rst point of contact for the IMS terminal. It can
be located either in the visited network (in full IMS
networks) or in the home network (when the visited
network is not IMS compliant yet). Some networks
may use a Session Border Controller (SBC) for this
function. The P-CSCF is at its core a specialized
SBC for the Usernetwork interface which not only
protects the network, but also the IMS terminal. The
use of an additional SBC between the IMS terminal
and the P-CSCF is unnecessary and infeasible due
to the signaling being encrypted on this leg. The
167
terminal discovers its P-CSCF with either DHCP, or
it may be congured (e.g. during initial provisioning
or via a 3GPP IMS Management Object (MO)) or in
the ISIM or assigned in the PDP Context (in General
Packet Radio Service (GPRS)).
It is assigned to an IMS terminal before registration, and does not change for the duration
of the registration.
It sits on the path of all signalling, and can inspect every signal; the IMS terminal must ignore any other unencrypted signalling.
It provides subscriber authentication and may
establish an IPsec or TLS security association
with the IMS terminal. This prevents spoong
attacks and replay attacks and protects the privacy of the subscriber.
It inspects the signaling and ensures that the
IMS terminals do not misbehave (e.g. change
normal signaling routes, do not obey home networks routing policy).
It can compress and decompress SIP messages
using SigComp, which reduces the round-trip
over slow radio links.
It may include a Policy Decision Function
(PDF), which authorizes media plane resources e.g., quality of service (QoS) over the
media plane. It is used for policy control,
bandwidth management, etc. The PDF can
also be a separate function.
It also generates charging records.
An Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF) is another SIP
function located at the edge of an administrative domain. Its IP address is published in the Domain
Name System (DNS) of the domain (using NAPTR
and SRV type of DNS records), so that remote
servers can nd it, and use it as a forwarding point
(e.g., registering) for SIP packets to this domain.
it queries the HSS to retrieve the address of the
S-CSCF and assign it to a user performing SIP
registration
it also forwards SIP request or response to the
S-CSCF
Up to Release 6 it can also be used to hide
the internal network from the outside world
(encrypting parts of the SIP message), in
which case its called a Topology Hiding Internetwork Gateway (THIG). From Release 7 onwards this entry point function is removed
from the I-CSCF and is now part of the Interconnection Border Control Function (IBCF).
The IBCF is used as gateway to external networks, and provides NAT and rewall functions (pinholing). The IBCF is practically a
168
Session Border Controller specialized for the Functional model The AS-ILCM and AS-OLCM
NNI.
store transaction state, and may optionally store session
state depending on the specic service being executed.
A Serving-CSCF (S-CSCF) is the central node of the The AS-ILCM interfaces to the S-CSCF (ILCM) for an
signalling plane. It is a SIP server, but performs ses- incoming leg and the AS-OLCM interfaces to the Ssion control too. It is always located in the home CSCF (OLCM) for an outgoing leg. Application Logic
network. It uses Diameter Cx and Dx interfaces provides the service(s) and interacts between the ASto the HSS to download user proles and upload ILCM and AS-OLCM.
user-to-S-CSCF associations (the user prole is only
cached locally for processing reasons only and is not
changed). All necessary subscriber prole informa- Public Service Identity Public Service Identities (PSI)
are identities that identify services, which are hosted by
tion is loaded from the HSS.
application servers. As user identities, PSI takes the form
it handles SIP registrations, which allows it to of either a SIP or Tel URI. PSIs are stored in the HSS
bind the user location (e.g., the IP address of either as a distinct PSI or as a wildcarded PSI:
the terminal) and the SIP address
it sits on the path of all signaling messages of
the locally registered users, and can inspect every message
Breakout gateway
IP Multimedia Service Switching Function (IMSSF): Interfaces SIP to CAP to communicate with A Breakout Gateway Control Function (BGCF) is a SIP
proxy which processes requests for routing from an SCAMEL Application Servers
CSCF when the S-CSCF has determined that the session
OSA service capability server (OSA SCS) : Inter- cannot be routed using DNS or ENUM/DNS. It includes
faces SIP to the OSA framework
routing functionality based on telephone numbers.
37.2. ARCHITECTURE
PSTN gateways
A PSTN/CS gateway interfaces with PSTN circuit
switched (CS) networks. For signalling, CS networks use
ISDN User Part (ISUP) (or BICC) over Message Transfer
Part (MTP), while IMS uses SIP over IP. For media, CS
networks use Pulse-code modulation (PCM), while IMS
uses Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP).
169
of the specic end to end service and, as a consequence, service specic network performance, QoS
and security requirements are not necessarily assured. This denition does not exclude that some
services may provide a dened level of interoperability. However only SoIx fully satises NGN interoperability requirements.
An NGN interconnection mode can be direct or indirect. Direct interconnection refers to the interconnection
between two network domains without any intermediate
network domain. Indirect interconnection at one layer
refers to the interconnection between two network domains with one or more intermediate network domain(s)
acting as transit networks. The intermediate network domain(s) provide(s) transit functionality to the two other
A media gateway controller function (MGCF) is a network domains. Dierent interconnection modes may
SIP endpoint that does call control protocol con- be used for carrying service layer signalling and media
version between SIP and ISUP/BICC and inter- trac.
faces with the SGW over SCTP. It also controls the
resources in a Media Gateway (MGW) across an
37.2.4 Charging
H.248 interface.
A signalling gateway (SGW) interfaces with the signalling plane of the CS. It transforms lower layer
protocols as Stream Control Transmission Protocol
(SCTP, an IP protocol) into Message Transfer Part
(MTP, an Signalling System 7 (SS7) protocol), to
pass ISDN User Part (ISUP) from the MGCF to the
CS network.
A media gateway (MGW) interfaces with the media plane of the CS network, by converting between RTP and PCM. It can also transcode when
the codecs don't match (e.g., IMS might use AMR,
PSTN might use G.711).
Oine charging is applied to users who pay for their services periodically (e.g., at the end of the month). Online
charging, also known as credit-based charging, is used for
prepaid services, or real-time credit control of postpaid
services. Both may be applied to the same session.
Online charging : The S-CSCF talks to a IMS gateway function (IMS-GWF) which looks like a regular SIP application server. The IMS-GWF can signal the S-CSCF to terminate the session when the
user runs out of credits during a session. The AS
170
37.2.5
37.6. REFERENCES
171
Softswitch
Mobile VoIP
Voice over IP
SIMPLE
3GPP Long-Term Evolution, UMB (4G network efforts that will use technologies like IMS)
Mobile broadband
Peer-to-peer video sharing
Video share
Image share
IP connectivity access network
Text over IP
Multimedia telephony (MMTel)
37.6 References
[1] Technical Specication Group Services and System Aspects (2006), IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), Stage 2, TS
23.228, 3rd Generation Partnership Project
[2] Alexander Harrowell, Sta Writer (October 2006), A
Pointless Multimedia Subsystem?, Mobile Communications International, archived from the original on September 2010
[3] 3GPP Release Descriptions. 3GPP.
[4] 3GPP, 23.228. 3GPP Stage 2 Specications.
[5] 3GPP, 29.228. 3GPP Stage 2 Specications.
172
37.8 Books
Camarillo, Gonzalo; Garca-Martn, Miguel A.
(2007). The 3G IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) :
Merging the Internet and the Cellular Worlds (2 ed.).
Chichester [u.a.]: Wiley. ISBN 0-470-01818-6.
Poikselk, Miikka (2007). The IMS : IP multimedia
concepts and services (2 ed.). Chichester [u.a.]: Wiley. ISBN 0-470-01906-9.
Syed A. Ahson, Mohammed Ilyas, ed. (2009). IP
multimedia subsystem (IMS) handbook. Boca Raton:
CRC Press. ISBN 1-4200-6459-2.
Wuthnow, Mark; Staord, Matthew; Shih, Jerry
(2010). IMS : A New Model for Blending Applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 1-4200-92855.
Chapter 38
IS-95
This article is about the mobile phone technology . For supplanted by IS-2000 (CDMA2000), a later CDMAthe channel access method, see Code division multiple based standard.
access.
Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) was the rst ever
CDMA-based digital cellular technology. It was developed by Qualcomm and later adopted as a standard by the Telecommunications Industry Association in
TIA/EIA/IS-95 release published in 1995. The proprietary name for IS-95 is cdmaOne.
P_REV=1 was developed under an ANSI standards process with documentation reference J-STD-008. J-STD008, published in 1995, was only dened for the thennew North American PCS band (Band Class 1, 1900
MHz). The term IS-95 properly refers to P_REV=1, developed under the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) standards process, for the North American
cellular band (Band Class 0, 800 MHz) under roughly the
same time frame. IS-95 oered interoperation (including
hando) with the analog cellular network. For digital operation, IS-95 and J-STD-008 have most technical details
in common. The immature style and structure of both
documents are highly reective of the standardizing of
Qualcomms internal project.
In North America, the technology competed with Digital P_REV=6 and beyond fall under the CDMA2000 umAMPS (IS-136, a TDMA technology). It is now being brella. Besides technical improvements, the IS-2000 doc173
174
uments are much more mature in terms of layout and BTS sector in the network is assigned a PN oset in steps
content. They also provide backwards-compatibility to of 64 chips. There is no data carried on the forward piIS-95.
lot. With its strong autocorrelation function, the forward
pilot allows mobiles to determine system timing and distinguish dierent BTSs for hando.
SMSC
BSC
SCP
BSC
MSC
MSC
HLR
BSC
BSC
MSC
BSC
Inne sieci
PSTN i PLMN
The IS-95 standards describe an air interface, a set of protocols used between mobile units and the network. IS-95
is widely described as a three-layer stack, where L1 corresponds to the physical (PHY) layer, L2 refers to the
Media Access Control (MAC) and Link-Access Control
(LAC) sublayers, and L3 to the call-processing state machine.
When a mobile is searching, it is attempting to nd pilot signals on the network by tuning to particular radio
frequencies, and performing a cross-correlation across all
possible PN phases. A strong correlation peak result indicates the proximity of a BTS.
Other forward channels, selected by their Walsh code,
carry data from the network to the mobiles. Data consists of network signaling and user trac. Generally,
data to be transmitted is divided into frames of bits. A
frame of bits is passed through a convolutional encoder,
adding forward error correction redundancy, generating
a frame of symbols. These symbols are then spread with
the Walsh and PN sequences and transmitted.
BTSs transmit a sync channel spread with Walsh code
32. The sync channel frame is 80
3 ms long, and its frame
boundary is aligned to the pilot. The sync channel continually transmits a single message, the Sync Channel Message, which has a length and content dependent on the
P_REV. The message is transmitted 32 bits per frame,
encoded to 128 symbols, yielding a rate of 1200 bit/s.
The Sync Channel Message contains information about
the network, including the PN oset used by the BTS sector.
175
aligned) are essentially removed in the de-spreading process. The variable-rate nature of trac channels provide lower-rate frames to be transmitted at lower power
causing less noise for other signals still to be correctly received. These factors provide an inherently lower noise
level than other cellular technologies allowing the IS-95
network to squeeze more users into the same radio spectrum.
Active (slow) power control is also used on the forward
trac channels, where during a call, the mobile sends
signaling messages to the network indicating the quality
of the signal. The network will control the transmitted
power of the trac channel to keep the signal quality just
good enough, thereby keeping the noise level seen by all
other users to a minimum.
The receiver also uses the techniques of the rake receiver
to improve SNR as well as perform soft hando.
38.2.2 Layer 2
Once a call is established, a mobile is restricted to using the trac channel. A frame format is dened in the
MAC for the trac channel that allows the regular voice
(vocoder) or data (RLP) bits to be multiplexed with signaling message fragments. The signaling message fragments are pieced together in the LAC, where complete
signaling messages are passed on to Layer 3.
38.4 References
38.5 External links
TR-45 Engineering Committee CDMA Standards
Developing Group
Chapter 39
CDMA2000
39.1 1X
CDMA2000 1X (IS-2000), also known as 1x and
1xRTT, is the core CDMA2000 wireless air interface
standard. The designation 1x, meaning 1 times Radio
Transmission Technology, indicates the same radio frequency (RF) bandwidth as IS-95: a duplex pair of 1.25
MHz radio channels. 1xRTT almost doubles the capacity
of IS-95 by adding 64 more trac channels to the forward
link, orthogonal to (in quadrature with) the original set
of 64. The 1X standard supports packet data speeds of
up to 153 kbit/s with real world data transmission averaging 80100 kbit/s in most commercial applications.[3]
Huawei CDMA2000 EVDO USB wireless modem
IMT-2000 also made changes to the data link layer for
greater use of data services, including medium and link
access control protocols and QoS. The IS-95 data link
CDMA2000 (also known as C2K or IMT
[1] layer only provided best eorts delivery for data and
MultiCarrier (IMTMC)) is a family of 3G
circuit switched channel for voice (i.e., a voice frame once
mobile technology standards for sending voice, data,
every 20 ms).
and signaling data between mobile phones and cell sites.
It is developed by 3GPP2 as a backwards-compatible
successor to second-generation cdmaOne (IS-95) set
of standards and used especially in North America and
South Korea.
CDMA2000 compares to UMTS, a competing set of 3G
standards, which is developed by 3GPP and used in Europe, Japan, and China.
39.2 1xEV-DO
177
39.3 1X Advanced
1X Advanced is the evolution of CDMA2000 1X. It provides up to four times the capacity and 70% more coverage compared to 1X.[5]
39.4 Networks
See also: List of CDMA2000 networks
The CDMA Development Group states that, as of April
2014, there are 314 operators in 118 countries oering
CDMA2000 1X and/or 1xEV-DO service.[6]
39.5 History
The intended 4G successor to CDMA2000 was UMB
(Ultra Mobile Broadband); however, in November 2008,
Qualcomm announced it was ending development of the
technology, favoring LTE instead.[7]
39.6 References
[1] What really is a Third Generation (3G) Mobile Technology (PDF). International Telecommunications Union.
Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
[2] CDMA2000 trademark application, uspto.gov, November
17, 2009
Chapter 40
Service layer
In intelligent networks (IN) and cellular networks, service layer is a conceptual layer within a network service
provider architecture. It aims at providing middleware
that serves third-party value-added services and applications at a higher application layer. The service layer
provides capability servers owned by a telecommunication network service provider, accessed through open and
secure Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) by
application layer servers owned by third-party content
providers. The service layer also provides an interface
to core networks at a lower resource layer.[1] The lower
layers may also be named control layer and transport layer
(the transport layer is also referred to as the access layer
in some architectures).
IM-SSF
An OSA Service Capability Server acts as a secure gateThe concept of service layer is used in contexts such as way between the IMS network and an application which
Intelligent networks (IN), WAP, 3G and IP Multimedia runs upon the Open Services Architecture (this is typiSubsystem (IMS). It is dened in the 3GPP Open Ser- cally a SIP to Parlay gateway)
vices Architecture (OSA) model, which reused the idea
of the Parlay API for third-party servers.
40.1.4 IM-SSF
In software design, for example Service-oriented architecture, the concept of service layer has a dierent mean- The IM-SSF (IP Multimedia Service Switching Funcing.
tion) acts as a gateway between the IMS network and
application servers using other telecommunication signalling standards such as INAP and CAMEL.
The service layer of an IMS architecture provides mul- 40.2 Service layer in SOA
timedia services to the overall IMS network. This layer
contains network elements which connect to the ServingIn service-oriented architecture (SOA), the service layer
CSCF (Call Session Control Function) using the IP multiis
the third layer in a ve abstraction layer model. The
media Subsystem Service Control Interface (ISC).[2] The
model consists of Object layer, Component layer, Service
ISC interface uses the SIP signalling protocol.
layer, Process layer and Enterprise layer.[3] The service
layer can be considered as a bridge between the higher and
lower layers, and is characterized by a number of services
40.1.1 Elements of the IMS service layer
that are carrying out individual business functions.
The network elements contained within the service layer
are generically referred to as 'service platforms however
the 3GPP specication (3GPP TS 23.228 V8.7.0) denes
several types of service platforms:
40.3 References
[1] Kristofer Kimbler, Service Interaction in Next Generation Networks: Challenges and Opportunities. Feature Interactions in Telecommunications and Software Systems.
Papers from the sixths International Workshop on Feature
Interactions in Telecommunications and Software Systems May 2000. Edition: illustrated. Published by: IOS
Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58603-065-5, ISBN 978-1-58603065-0.
[2] http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/23228.htm
[3] Service-oriented Architecture Compass: Business Value,
Planning, and Enterprise Roadmap. Author: Norbert
Bieberstein, Sanjay Bose, Marc Fiammante, Keith Jones,
Rawn Shah. Edition: illustrated. Published by: FT Press,
2005. ISBN 0-13-187002-5, ISBN 978-0-13-187002-4
179
Chapter 41
W3C
41.2 History
The OMA was created in June 2002 as an answer to the The OMA maintains a number of specications, includproliferation of industry forums each dealing with a few ing
180
181
Mobile Platform
OMA SIMPLE IM Instant messaging based on SIPSIMPLE (see Session Initiation Protocol)
OMA CAB Converged Address Book, a social address book service standard.
OMA CPM Converged IP Messaging, the underlying enabler for Rich Communication Services.
OMA LAWMO (OMA LAWMO) Specications
for Lock and Wipe functionality LAWMO.
OMA LWM2M (OMA LWM2M) Specications
for Lightweight Machine to Machine functionality.
OMA Client Provisioning (OMA CP) specication
for Client Provisioning.
41.6 References
[1]
[2] dret.net Glossary WAP1
OMA Data Synchronization (OMA DS) specication for Data Synchronization using SyncML.
OMA Device Management (OMA DM) specication for Device Management using SyncML.
Chapter 42
182
Chapter 43
GSM services
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
services + noman are a standard collection of applications and features available to mobile phone subscribers
all over the world. The GSM standards are dened by the
3GPP collaboration and implemented in hardware and
software by equipment manufacturers and mobile phone
operators. The common standard makes it possible to
use the same phones with dierent companies services,
or even roam into dierent countries. GSM is the worlds
most dominant mobile phone standard.
Once the SIM card is loaded into the phone and the phone
is powered on, it will search for the nearest mobile phone
mast (also called a Base Transceiver Station/BTS) with
the strongest signal in the operators frequency band. If a
mast can be successfully contacted, then there is said to
be coverage in the area. The phone then identies itself
to the network through the control channel. Once this is
successfully completed, the phone is said to be attached
The design of the service is moderately complex because to the network.
it must be able to locate a moving phone anywhere in the The key feature of a mobile phone is the ability to reworld, and accommodate the relatively small battery ca- ceive and make calls in any area where coverage is availpacity, limited input/output capabilities, and weak radio able. This is generally called roaming from a customer
transmitters on mobile devices.
perspective, but also called visiting when describing the
A billing relationship with a mobile phone operator. This is usually either where services are paid
for in advance of them being consumed (prepaid),
or where bills are issued and settled after the service Every SIM card contains a secret key, called the Ki, which
has been consumed (postpaid).
is used to provide authentication and encryption services.
This is useful to prevent theft of service, and also to pre A mobile phone that is GSM compliant and operates
vent over the air snooping of a users activity. The netat the same frequency as the operator. Most phone
work does this by utilising the Authentication Center and
companies sell phones from third-party manufacturis accomplished without transmitting the key directly.
ers.
Every GSM phone contains a unique identier (dierent
A Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card, which from the phone number), called the International Mobile
is activated by the operator once the billing rela- Equipment Identity (IMEI). This can be found by dialing
tionship is established. After activation the card is *#06#. When a phone contacts the network, its IMEI
then programmed with the subscribers Mobile Sub- may be checked against the Equipment Identity Register
scriber Integrated Services Digital Network Num- to locate stolen phones and facilitate monitoring.
ber (MSISDN) (the telephone number). Personal
information such as contact numbers of friends and
family can also be stored on the SIM by the subscriber.
After subscribers sign up, information about their identity
(telephone number) and what services they are allowed to
183
184
43.2.1
All Outgoing
43.2.2
Incoming calls
185
43.2.3
Voice charges
186
43.3.2
General
(GPRS)
Packet
Radio
Service
The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packetswitched data transmission protocol, which was incorporated into the GSM standard in 1997. It is backwardscompatible with systems that use pre-1997 versions of the
standard. GPRS does this by sending packets to the local
mobile phone mast (BTS) on channels not being used by
circuit-switched voice calls or data connections. Multiple
GPRS users can share a single unused channel because
each of them uses it only for occasional short bursts.
The advantage of packet-switched connections is that
bandwidth is only used when there is actually data to
transmit. This type of connection is thus generally billed
by the kilobyte instead of by the second, and is usually a
cheaper alternative for applications that only need to send
and receive data sporadically, like instant messaging.
GPRS is usually described as a 2.5G technology; see the
main article for more information.
43.3.3
Identication
presenta-
43.5 References
[1] ETSI: Advice of Charge (AoC) Supplementary Services Stage 1
[2] Advice of Charge: Simplifying Wireless Data Pricing.
Billing World. Virgo Publishing, LLC. 1 November 2002.
Retrieved 23 September 2011.
[3] Plans: Pay as you Go. Airvoice Wireless. Retrieved 27
December 2011. You also receive balance notications at
the end of each phone call as well as after sending and receiving messages. To help keep you updated, you will receive an automated recording when your account balance
reaches $2.00 or below, and 5 days before your expiration
date reminding you to rell your account. This message
will be played on your rst outgoing call of the day until you add more airtime or for the last 5 days of service.
Click on the How to Add Funds to My Account tab to
see the original quoted text.
[4] How do I check my giga balance?". Giga. Retrieved 27 December 2011. Balance notications: Your
balance is also automatically displayed on your handset
briey after every chargeable call you make or message
you send.
[5] Advice of Charge. MTN Irancell. Retrieved 23
September 2011. Irancell will itself send you the cost of
the last call and the balance of your airtime.
Call forwarding.
Barring of Outgoing Calls.
Barring of Incoming Calls.
Advice of Charge (AoC). This service estimates
the call cost for display on the users mobile
187
Chapter 44
44.2 Technology
Structure of an UMTS network
PSTN
PSTN
ME : Mobile
Equipment
MT/TE
44.1 Features
VLR
1
CS : Circuit
Switched
cell
Nb
Iub
1
4
CS-MGW
1
4
Node B
UE : User
Equipment
MS : Mobile Station
AN : Access Network
D
HSS
MSC server
H
HLR
AuC
RNC
Cu
USIM
UICC
Mc
IuCS
GMSC Nc
MSC
Iur
Uu
Gf,Sv
IuPS
SGSN
Gi
GPRS PS :
Packet Switched
Gn
Gc
Gp GGSN
Gd
EIR
SMS-GMSC
PS & CS
CN : Core Network
Internet
188
44.2. TECHNOLOGY
44.2.1
Air interfaces
189
was already used.[5] While UMTS2100 is the most widely
deployed UMTS band, some countries UMTS operators use the 850 MHz and/or 1900 MHz bands (independently, meaning uplink and downlink are within the
same band), notably in the US by AT&T Mobility, New
Zealand by Telecom New Zealand on the XT Mobile Network and in Australia by Telstra on the Next G network.
Some carriers such as T-Mobile use band numbers to
identify the UMTS frequencies. For example, Band I
(2100 MHz), Band IV (1700/2100 MHz), and Band V
(850 MHz).
190
tiple base stations, possibly using dierent terrestrial air The CN can be connected to various backbone networks,
interface standards and frequency bands.
such as the Internet or an Integrated Services Digital NetUMTS and GSM/EDGE can share a Core Network (CN), work (ISDN) telephone network. UMTS (and GERAN)
making UTRAN an alternative radio access network include the three lowest layers of OSI model. The netto GERAN (GSM/EDGE RAN), and allowing (mostly) work layer (OSI 3) includes the Radio Resource Managetransparent switching between the RANs according to ment protocol (RRM) that manages the bearer channels
available coverage and service needs. Because of that, between the mobile terminals and the xed network, inUMTSs and GSM/EDGEs radio access networks are cluding the handovers.
sometimes collectively referred to as UTRAN/GERAN.
UMTS networks are often combined with GSM/EDGE,
the latter of which is also a part of IMT-2000.
The UE (User Equipment) interface of the RAN (Radio Access Network) primarily consists of RRC (Radio Resource Control), RLC (Radio Link Control) and
MAC (Media Access Control) protocols. RRC protocol handles connection establishment, measurements,
radio bearer services, security and handover decisions.
RLC protocol primarily divides into three Modes
Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledge Mode (UM),
Acknowledge Mode (AM). The functionality of AM entity resembles TCP operation whereas UM operation resembles UDP operation. In TM mode, data will be sent to
lower layers without adding any header to SDU of higher
layers. MAC handles the scheduling of data on air interface depending on higher layer (RRC) congured parameters.
Over 130 licenses have already been awarded to operators worldwide (as of December 2004), specifying WCDMA radio access technology that builds on GSM. In
Europe, the license process occurred at the tail end of
the technology bubble, and the auction mechanisms for
allocation set up in some countries resulted in some extremely high prices being paid for the original 2100 MHz
licenses, notably in the UK and Germany. In Germany,
bidders paid a total 50.8 billion for six licenses, two
of which were subsequently abandoned and written o
by their purchasers (Mobilcom and the Sonera/Telefonica
consortium). It has been suggested that these huge license
fees have the character of a very large tax paid on future
income expected many years down the road. In any event,
the high prices paid put some European telecom operators close to bankruptcy (most notably KPN). Over the
last few years some operators have written o some or
all of the license costs. Between 2007 and 2009, all three
Finnish carriers began to use 900 MHz UMTS in a shared
arrangement with its surrounding 2G GSM base stations
for rural area coverage, a trend that is expected to expand
over Europe in the next 13 years.
The 2100 MHz band (downlink around 2100 MHz and
uplink around 1900 MHz) allocated for UMTS in Europe
and most of Asia is already used in North America. The
1900 MHz range is used for 2G (PCS) services, and 2100
MHz range is used for satellite communications. Regulators have, however, freed up some of the 2100 MHz range
for 3G services, together with a dierent range around
1700 MHz for the uplink.
44.2.3
Core network
191
are now 11 dierent frequency combinations used around
the worldincluding frequencies formerly used solely for
2G services.
UMTS phones can use a Universal Subscriber Identity
Module, USIM (based on GSMs SIM) and also work (including UMTS services) with GSM SIM cards. This is a
global standard of identication, and enables a network
to identify and authenticate the (U)SIM in the phone.
Roaming agreements between networks allow for calls to
a customer to be redirected to them while roaming and
determine the services (and prices) available to the user.
In addition to user subscriber information and authentication information, the (U)SIM provides storage space
for phone book contact. Handsets can store their data
on their own memory or on the (U)SIM card (which is
usually more limited in its phone book contact information). A (U)SIM can be moved to another UMTS or GSM
phone, and the phone will take on the user details of the
(U)SIM, meaning it is the (U)SIM (not the phone) which
determines the phone number of the phone and the billing
for calls made from the phone.
192
to UMTS
44.5 Other competing standards
The main competitor to UMTS is CDMA2000 (IMT Home Location Register (HLR)
MC), which is developed by the 3GPP2. Unlike UMTS,
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
CDMA2000 is an evolutionary upgrade to an existing
2G standard, cdmaOne, and is able to operate within the
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
same frequency allocations. This and CDMA2000s narrower bandwidth requirements make it easier to deploy
Mobile Switching Center (MSC) (vendor depenin existing spectra. In some, but not all, cases, existdent)
ing GSM operators only have enough spectrum to imple Authentication Center (AUC)
ment either UMTS or GSM, not both. For example, in
the US D, E, and F PCS spectrum blocks, the amount of
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) (vendor despectrum available is 5 MHz in each direction. A stanpendent)
dard UMTS system would saturate that spectrum. Where
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
CDMA2000 is deployed, it usually co-exists with UMTS.
In many markets however, the co-existence issue is of little relevance, as legislative hurdles exist to co-deploying From a GSM/GPRS communication radio network, the
following elements cannot be reused:
two standards in the same licensed slice of spectrum.
Another competitor to UMTS is EDGE (IMT-SC), which
is an evolutionary upgrade to the 2G GSM system, leveraging existing GSM spectrums. It is also much easier,
quicker, and considerably cheaper for wireless carriers to
bolt-on EDGE functionality by upgrading their existing GSM transmission hardware to support EDGE rather
than having to install almost all brand-new equipment to
deliver UMTS. However, being developed by 3GPP just
as UMTS, EDGE is not a true competitor. Instead, it is
used as a temporary solution preceding UMTS roll-out or
44.8. RELEASES
Node B (base transceiver station)
Radio Network Controller (RNC)
Media Gateway (MGW)
193
Even with current technologies and low-band UMTS,
telephony and data over UMTS requires more power
than on comparable GSM networks. Apple Inc. cited[9]
UMTS power consumption as the reason that the rst generation iPhone only supported EDGE. Their release of
the iPhone 3G quotes talk time on UMTS as half that
available when the handset is set to use GSM. Other manufacturers indicate dierent battery lifetime for UMTS
mode compared to GSM mode as well. As battery and
network technology improve, this issue is diminishing.
The functionality of MSC and SGSN changes when going to UMTS. In a GSM system the MSC handles all
the circuit switched operations like connecting A- and Bsubscriber through the network. SGSN handles all the
packet switched operations and transfers all the data in the
network. In UMTS the Media gateway (MGW) take care
of all data transfer in both circuit and packet switched net44.7.1 Security issues
works. MSC and SGSN control MGW operations. The
nodes are renamed to MSC-server and GSN-server.
As early as 2008 it was known that carrier networks
can be used to surreptitiously gather user location
information.[10] In August 2014, the Washington Post re44.7 Problems and issues
ported on widespread marketing of surveillance systems
using Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) protocols to locate
Some countries, including the United States, have allo- callers anywhere in the world.[10]
cated spectrum dierently from the ITU recommendaIn December 2014, news broke that SS7s very own functions, so that the standard bands most commonly used
tions can be repurposed for surveillance, because of its
for UMTS (UMTS-2100) have not been available. In
lax security, in order to listen to calls in real time or to
those countries, alternative bands are used, preventing
record encrypted calls and texts for later decryption,or to
the interoperability of existing UMTS-2100 equipment,
defraud users and cellular carriers.[11]
and requiring the design and manufacture of dierent
equipment for the use in these markets. As is the case The German Telekom and Vodafone declared the same
with GSM900 today, standard UMTS 2100 MHz equip- day that they had xed gaps in their networks, but that the
ment will not work in those markets. However, it ap- problem is global and can only be xed with a telecompears as though UMTS is not suering as much from munication system-wide solution.[12]
handset band compatibility issues as GSM did, as many
UMTS handsets are multi-band in both UMTS and GSM
modes. Penta-band (850, 900, 1700 / 2100, and 1900 44.8 Releases
MHz bands), quad-band GSM (850, 900, 1800, and 1900
MHz bands) and tri-band UMTS (850, 1900, and 2100
The evolution of UMTS progresses according to planned
MHz bands) handsets are becoming more commonplace.
releases. Each release is designed to introduce new feaIn its early days, UMTS had problems in many countries: tures and improve upon existing ones.
Overweight handsets with poor battery life were rst to
arrive on a market highly sensitive to weight and form factor. The Motorola A830, a debut handset on Hutchisons 44.8.1 Release '99
3 network, weighed more than 200 grams and even fea Bearer services
tured a detachable camera to reduce handset weight. Another signicant issue involved call reliability, related to
64 kbit/s circuit switch
problems with handover from UMTS to GSM. Customers
found their connections being dropped as handovers were
384 kbit/s packet switched
possible only in one direction (UMTS GSM), with the
Location services
handset only changing back to UMTS after hanging up.
In most networks around the world this is no longer an
Call service: compatible with Global System
issue.
for Mobile Communications (GSM), based on
Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)
Compared to GSM, UMTS networks initially required a
higher base station density. For fully-edged UMTS in Voice quality features Tandem Free Operation
corporating video on demand features, one base station
needed to be set up every 11.5 km (0.620.93 mi). This
was the case when only the 2100 MHz band was being
44.8.2 Release 4
used, however with the growing use of lower-frequency
bands (such as 850 and 900 MHz) this is no longer so.
Edge radio
This has led to increasing rollout of the lower-band net Multimedia messaging
works by operators since 2006.
194
3G
44.8.3
Release 5
HSDPA
PDCP
44.8.4
Release 6
WLAN integration
UMTS channels
Improvements in IMS
HSUPA
Fractional DPCH
44.8.5
Release 7
W-CDMA 2100
TD-SCDMA
Other, non-UMTS, 3G and 4G standards
Enhanced L2
64 QAM, MIMO
FOMA
GSM
GPRS
EDGE
44.8.6
Release 8
Dual-Cell HSDPA
ETSI
Other information
Mobile modem
44.8.7
Release 9
Dual-Cell HSUPA
195
Common pilot channel or CPICH, a simple synchro- [11] Craig Timberg (18 December 2014). German researchers discover a aw that could let anyone listen to
nisation channel in WCDMA.
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is the major issue of multiple antenna research.
Wi-Fi: a local area wireless technology that is complementary to UMTS.
List of device bandwidths
44.10 Notes
Martin Sauter: Communication Systems for the Mobile Information Society, John Wiley, September
2006, ISBN 0-470-02676-6
Ahonen and Barrett (editors), Services for UMTS
(Wiley, 2002) rst book on the services for 3G,
ISBN 978-0-471-48550-6
Holma and Toskala (editors), WCDMA for UMTS,
(Wiley, 2000) rst book dedicated to 3G technology, ISBN 978-0-471-72051-5
Kreher and Ruedebusch, UMTS Signaling: UMTS
Interfaces, Protocols, Message Flows and Procedures
Analyzed and Explained (Wiley 2007), ISBN 9780-470-06533-4
44.11 References
Citations
44.11.2 Bibliography
44.11.1
your cell calls.. The Switch- Washington Post (Washington Post). Retrieved 20 December 2014.
Laiho, Wacker and Novosad, Radio Network Planning and Optimization for UMTS (Wiley, 2002) rst
book on radio network planning for 3G, ISBN 9780-470-01575-9
3G Glossary
[4] ITU-D Study Group 2. Guidelines on the smooth transition of existing mobile networks to IMT-2000 for developing countries (GST); Report on Question 18/2 (PDF).
pp. 4, 2528. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
Chapter 45
iDEN
For other uses, see Iden (disambiguation).
45.1 History
45.3 Hardware
197
45.4 Operators
In the United States of America there are a few iDEN
service providers, SouthernLINC Wireless and several
small public and private iDEN service providers. Numerous private systems exist, including one run by ARINC,
covering all major airports. Countries which have
operating iDEN networks include Canada, Argentina,
Peru, Mexico, Brazil, Jordan, Chile, Israel, Philippines,
Singapore, Saudi Arabia, Japan, El Salvador, China and
most recently India and Guatemala.
Sprint Nextel provided iDEN service across the United
States, but its iDEN network was decommissioned on
June 30, 2013.
45.4.1
45.6 References
[1] Lawson, Stephen (December 7, 2010). Sprints iDEN
nally headed for sign-o. Computerworld.com. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
[2] Motorola iDEN Technical Overview
Chapter 46
Satellite phone
to a regular mobile phone while some prototype satellite
phones have no distinguishable dierence from an ordinary smartphone.[1][2] Satphones are popular on expeditions into remote areas where terrestrial cellular service
is unavailable.
A xed installation, such as one used aboard a ship, may
include large, rugged, rack-mounted electronics, and a
steerable microwave antenna on the mast that automatically tracks the overhead satellites. Smaller installations
using VoIP over a two-way satellite broadband service
such as BGAN or VSAT bring the costs within the reach
of leisure vessel owners. Internet service satellite phones
have notoriously poor reception indoors, though it may be
possible to get a consistent signal near a window or in the
top oor of a building if the roof is suciently thin. The
phones have connectors for external antennas that can be
installed in vehicles and buildings. The systems also allow for the use of repeaters, much like terrestrial mobile
phone systems.
199
Tracking
MSAT / SkyTerra: An American satellite phone
company that uses equipment similar to Inmarsat, LEO systems have the ability to track a mobile units locabut plans to launch a service using hand-held devices tion using doppler shift calculations from the satellite.[5]
However, this method can be inaccurate by tens of kiloin the Americas similar to Thurayas.
meters. On some Iridium hardware the coordinates can
Terrestar: Satellite phone system for North America be extracted using AT commands, while recent Global[6]
ICO Global Communications: A satellite phone star handsets will display them on the screen.
company which has launched a single geosynchronous satellite which is not yet active.
46.1.2
200
Low earth orbit systems including some of the defunct ones have been allocated number ranges in the
International Telecommunications Union's Global Mobile Satellite System virtual country code +881. Iridium
satellite phones are issued with codes +881 6 and +881
7. Globalstar, although allocated +881 8 and +881 9 use
U.S. telephone numbers except for service resellers located in Brazil which use the +881 range.
46.10. REFERENCES
201
Globalstar
Thuraya
The cost of making voice calls from a satellite phone
varies from around $0.15 to $2 per minute, while call Inmarsat
ing them from landlines and regular mobile phones is
Iridium Communications
more expensive. Costs for data transmissions (particularly broadband data) can be much higher. Rates from
landlines and mobile phones range from $3 to $14 per
minute with Iridium, Thuraya[23] and INMARSAT being 46.10 References
some of the most expensive networks to call. The receiver
of the call pays nothing, unless they are being called via Notes
a special reverse-charge service.
Making calls between dierent satellite phone networks is
often similarly expensive, with calling rates of up to $15
per minute.
Calls from satellite phones to landlines are usually around
$0.80 to $1.50 per minute unless special oers are used.
Such promotions are usually bound to a particular geographic area where trac is low.
[5]
Most mobile telephone networks operate close to capacjails Indian rebel chief. BBC. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
ity during normal times, and large spikes in call volumes caused by widespread emergencies often overload [8] Dobie, Michael (September 28, 2007). Junta tightens
media screw. BBC. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
the systems when they are needed most. Examples reported in the media where this has occurred include [9] http://www.aduana.co.cu/index.php?option=com_
the 1999 zmit earthquake, the September 11 event, the
content&view=article&id=15&Itemid=61&lang=en
2006 Hawaii earthquake, the 2003 Northeast blackouts,
Hurricane Katrina,[24] the 2007 Minnesota bridge col- [10] Alan Gross
lapse, the 2010 Chile earthquake, and the 2010 Haiti
[11] http://www.trai.gov.in/Content/ReDis/526_83.aspx
Earthquake. Reporters and journalists have also been using satellite phones to communicate and report on events [12] http://www.dot.gov.in/carrier-services/
in war zones such as Iraq.
restrictions-use-satellite-phone
Terrestrial cell antennas and networks can be damaged by [13] http://www.dot.gov.in/carrier-services/inmarsat
natural disasters. Satellite telephony can avoid this problem and be useful during natural disasters. Satellite phone [14] http://www.intmsearch.gov.in/bimonthly/2015/01%
20of%202015.pdf
networks themselves are prone to congestion as satellites
and spot beams cover a large area with relatively few voice [15] http://www.cbec.gov.in/customs/cs-circulars/
channels.
cs-circulars10/circ37-2k10-cus.htm
[16] http://www.outfittersatellite.com/blog/inmarsat-bgan/
satellite-phones-russia-iridium.html
[17] The Satellite Phone Subsidy Scheme. Dbcde.gov.au.
Retrieved April 7, 2011.
[18] Benedikt Driessen, Ralf Hund, Carsten Willems, Christof
Paar, Thorsten Holz (2012). Dont Trust Satellite
Phones: A Security Analysis of Two Satphone Standards
(PDF). 2012 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy.
Retrieved 2013-04-28.
202
[19] Satellite Phone Rentals and Sales. Allroadcommunications.com. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
[20] BlueCosmo BGAN Pricing.
trieved April 7, 2011.
Bluecosmo.com.
Re-
Chapter 47
Smartphone
Smartphones redirects here. For the song by Trey
Songz, see SmartPhones (song).
A smartphone (or smart phone) is a mobile phone with
47.1 History
47.1.1 Early years
204
A rened version of the product was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator. The Simon was the rst cellular
device that can be properly referred to as a smartphone,
although it was not called that in 1994.[7][8][9] In addition
to its ability to make and receive cellular phone calls, Simon was able to send and receive faxes and emails and
included several other apps like address book, calendar,
appointment scheduler, calculator, world time clock, and
note pad through its touch screen display. Simon is the
rst smartphone to be incorporated with the features of a
PDA.[10]
47.1.2
47.1.3 PDAs
Forerunner
47.1. HISTORY
stylus.[15]
In early 2001, Palm, Inc. introduced the Kyocera
6035, which combined a PDA with a mobile phone
and operated on Verizon. It also supported limited web
browsing.[16][17]
205
2008 saw the release of the rst phone to use Android
called the HTC Dream (also known as the T-Mobile
G1).[24][25] Android is an open-source platform founded
by Andy Rubin and now owned by Google.[26][27] Although Androids adoption was relatively slow at rst, it
started to gain widespread popularity in 2010, and now
dominates the market.
Smartphones before Android, iOS and BlackBerry, typically ran on Symbian, which was originally developed by
Psion. It was the worlds most widely used smartphone These new platforms led to the decline of earlier ones.
Microsoft, for instance, started a new OS from scratch,
operating system until the last quarter of 2010.
called Windows Phone. Nokia abandoned Symbian
and partnered with MS to use Windows Phone on its
smartphones. Windows Phone then became the third47.1.4 Mass adoption
most-popular OS. Palms webOS was bought by HewlettPackard and later sold to LG Electronics for use on LG
In 1999, the Japanese rm NTT DoCoMo released the smart TVs. BlackBerry Limited, formerly known as Rerst smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a coun- search In Motion, also made a new platform from scratch,
try. These phones ran on i-mode, which provided data BlackBerry 10.
transmission speeds up to 9.6 kbit/s.[18] Unlike future
generations of wireless services, NTT DoCoMos i-mode The capacitive touchscreen also had a knock-on eect on
used cHTML, a language which restricted some aspects smartphone form factors. Before 2007 it was common
of traditional HTML in favor of increasing data speed for for devices to have a physical numeric keypad or physthe devices. Limited functionality, small screens and lim- ical QWERTY keyboard in either a candybar or sliding
ited bandwidth allowed for phones to use the slower data form factor. However, by 2010, there were no top-selling
smartphones with physical keypads.
speeds available.[19]
The rise of i-mode helped NTT DoCoMo accumulate an
estimated 40 million subscribers by the end of 2001. It 47.1.6 Recent technological developments
was also ranked rst in market capitalization in Japan and
second globally. This power would wane in the face of
In 2013, the Fairphone company launched its rst
the rise of 3G and new phones with advanced wireless
socially ethical smartphone at the London Design
network capabilities.[20]
Festival to address concerns regarding the sourcing
of materials in the manufacturing.[28]
Outside of Japan smartphones were still rare, although
throughout the mid-2000s, devices based on Microsofts
In late 2013, QSAlpha commenced production of
Windows Mobile started to gain popularity among busia smartphone designed entirely around security, enness users in the U.S. The BlackBerry later gained mass
cryption and identity protection.[29]
adoption in the U.S., and American users popularized
the term CrackBerry in 2006 due to its addictive
In December 2013, the worlds rst curved-OLED
nature.[21] The company rst released its GSM Blacktechnology smartphones were introduced to the reBerry 6210, BlackBerry 6220, and BlackBerry 6230 detail market with the sale of the Samsung Galaxy
vices in 2003.[22]
Round and LG G Flex models.[30] Samsung phones
Symbian was the most popular smartphone OS in Europe
during the middle to late 2000s. Initially, Nokias Symbian devices were focused on business, similar to Windows Mobile and BlackBerry devices at the time. From
2006 onwards, Nokia started producing entertainmentfocused smartphones, popularized by the Nseries. In
Asia, with the exception of Japan, the trend was similar
to that of Europe.
47.1.5
with more bends and folds in the screens were expected in 2014.[31]
In early 2014, smartphones were beginning to use
Quad HD (2K) 2560x1440 on 5.5 screens with up
to 534 ppi on devices such as the LG G3 which is
a signicant improvement over Apples Retina Display. Quad HD is used in advanced televisions and
computer monitors, but with 110 ppi or less on such
larger displays.[32]
As of 2014, Wi-Fi networks were much used for
smartphones. As Wi-Fi becomes more prevalent
and easier to connect to, Wi-Fi phones service will
start to take o.[33][34][35]
Smartphones are increasingly integrated with everyday uses. For instance, credit cards and mobile payments are integrated into smartphones where users
206
47.1.7
47.2.3
Windows Phone
207
47.2.4 BlackBerry
Main article: BlackBerry
In 1999, RIM released its rst BlackBerry devices, providing secure real-time push-email communications on
wireless devices. Services such as BlackBerry Messenger
provide the integration of all communications into a single inbox. In September 2012, RIM announced that the
200 millionth BlackBerry smartphone was shipped. As
of September 2014, there are around 46 million active
BlackBerry service subscribers.[55] Most recently, RIM
has undergone a platform transition, changing its name to
BlackBerry and making new devices on a new platform
named BlackBerry 10.[56]
208
47.2.5
Firefox OS
Ubuntu Touch (also known as Ubuntu Phone) is a mobile version of the Ubuntu operating system developed by
Canonical UK Ltd and Ubuntu Community.[65] It is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as
smartphones and tablet computers.
209
47.3.4
Palm OS
47.3.5
webOS
47.5 Display
Main article: Display device
One of the main characteristics of smartphones is their
screen. It usually lls virtually almost the entire phone
surface (about 70%); screen size usually denes the size
of a smartphone. Usually have aspect ratio 4:3 or 16:9.
They are measured in diagonal inches, starting from 2.45
inches.[83] Phones with screens larger than 5.2 inches are
called "phablets". Smartphones with screens over 4.5
inches commonly are moved around in the hand or used
with both hands, since the average thumb cannot reach
the entire screen surface. Types of screen include LCD,
LED, OLED, AMOLED, IPS and others.
210
between 15% to 20.9% during the same period. BlackBerrys market share fell from 14.3% in Q4 2011 to 0.6%
in Q4 2013. Windows Mobile market share rose from
1.5% to 3% during the same time frame.[102]
47.7 Issues
47.6.2
By manufacturer
Smartphones have issues besides those aecting other
mobile telephones.
Compared to earlier non-smartphones, smartphone battery life has generally been poor and a signicant drain
on customer satisfaction.[110][111][112]
47.7.2 Social
Main article: Smartphone addiction
211
A patent war between Samsung and Apple started when Microsoft, HTC, Asus and Motorola smartphones that
the latter claimed that the original Galaxy S Android were available worldwide.
phone copied the interfaceand possibly the hardware
of Apples iOS for the iPhone 3GS.
Medical
47.7.5
Security
47.7.6
Sleep
47.11 References
[1] Smartphone. Phone Scoop. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
[2] Feature Phone. Phone Scoop. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
[3] Andrew Nusca (20 August 2009). Smartphone vs. feature phone arms race heats up; which did you buy?".
ZDNet. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
[4] Brett Molina and Marco della Cava, USA TODAY (3
March 2015). Apple beats Samsung in Q4 smartphone
sales. USA TODAY.
[5] U.S. Patent #3,812,296/5-21-1974 (Apparatus for Generating and Transmitting Digital Information), U.S. Patent
#3,727,003/4-10-1973 (Decoding and Display Apparatus
for Groups of Pulse Trains), U.S. Patent #3,842,208/1015-1974 (Sensor Monitoring Device)
47.8 Devices
212
[23] The iPhone is not a smartphone. Engadget.com. 9 January 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
[44] Your next phone may charge and receive data through this
incredible screen, Digital Trends, 19 January 2014, Jeffrey Van Camp
47.11. REFERENCES
213
[67] Symbian Device The OS Evolution (PDF). Independent Symbian Blog. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
[57] Feb 26 2013 (2013-02-25). Sony Mobile Plans to Release Firefox OS Devices by 2014. Mozilla Philippines.
Retrieved 2014-06-17.
30,
2001).
Business-
[62] Tung, Liam. Inside Nokia Bridge: How Nokia funds exemployees new start-ups. zdnet.com. 2013 CBS Interactive. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
[83] Save Big 2.45 " IPS Touch Screen the Worlds Smallest
Android Smartphone Dual Sim Quadband - USA Store.
USA Store.
[84] Don Reisinger (17 October 2012). Worldwide smartphone user base hits 1 billion. CNet. CBS Interactive,
Inc. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
[86] Jon Fingas (February 11, 2014). Two-thirds of Americans now have smartphones.
214
[88] beyondbrics (2012-08-24). Apple in China: not as cool [107] Quarterly Device Sales In 2011 (Infographic). Mobile
as before. ft.com. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
Statistics. Mobile Statistics. 2013. Retrieved 25 July
2013.
[89] Steven Millward (2014-12-22). China now has 520M
smartphone users, will top 700M by 2018. Tech in Asia. [108] Gartner Says Annual Smartphone Sales Surpassed Sales
of Feature Phones for the First Time in 2013. GartRetrieved 2014-12-22.
ner.com. Retrieved on 2014-07-24.
[90] Erica Ogg (22 December 2011). Smartphones killing
point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos. GI- [109] Gartner Says Smartphone Sales Surpassed One Billion
Units in 2014. Gartner. March 3, 2015. Retrieved June
GAOM. GIGAOM. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
28, 2015.
[91] Leena Rao (19 September 2012). comScore: 4 Out Of
5 Smartphone Owners Use Device To Shop; Amazon Is [110] J.D. Power and Associates Reports: Smartphone Battery
Life has Become a Signicant Drain on Customer SatisThe Most Popular Mobile Retailer. TechCrunch. AOL
faction and Loyalty. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
Inc. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
[92] http://boletines.prisadigital.com/PIP_Smartphone_
adoption_2013.pdf
215
ap-
ap-
Chapter 48
A TracFone Wireless SIM card has no distinctive carrier markings and is only marked as a SIM CARD
The SIM circuit is part of the function of a Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) physical smart card, which
is usually made of PVC with embedded contacts and
semiconductors. SIM cards are designed to be transferable between dierent mobile devices. The rst UICC
smart cards were the size of credit and bank cards; the
development of physically smaller mobile devices has
prompted the development of smaller SIM cards, where
the size of the plastic carrier is reduced while keeping
electrical contacts the same.
A SIM card contains its unique serial number (ICCID),
international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number,
security authentication and ciphering information, temporary information related to the local network, a list of
216
48.3. DATA
217
the services the user has access to, and two passwords: 48.3 Data
a personal identication number (PIN) for ordinary use,
and a personal unblocking code (PUK) for PIN unlock- SIM cards store network-specic information used to auing.
thenticate and identify subscribers on the network. The
most important of these are the ICCID, IMSI, Authentication Key (Ki), Local Area Identity (LAI) and OperatorSpecic Emergency Number. The SIM also stores other
48.1 History
carrier-specic data such as the SMSC (Short Message
Service Center) number, Service Provider Name (SPN),
The SIM was initially specied by the European
Service Dialing Numbers (SDN), Advice-Of-Charge paTelecommunications Standards Institute in the specicarameters and Value Added Service (VAS) applications.
tion with the number TS 11.11. This specication de(Refer to GSM 11.11.)
scribes the physical and logical behaviour of the SIM.
With the development of UMTS the specication work SIM cards can come in various data capacities, from 32
was partially transferred to 3GPP. 3GPP is now respon- KB to at least 128 KB. All allow a maximum of 250 consible for the further development of applications like SIM tacts to be stored on the SIM, but while the 32 KB has
(TS 51.011) and USIM (TS 31.102) and ETSI for the fur- room for 33 Mobile Network Codes (MNCs) or network
identiers, the 64 KB version has room for 80 MNCs.
ther development of the physical card UICC.
This is used by network operators to store information on
The rst SIM card was made in 1991 by Munich smartpreferred networks, mostly used when the SIM is not in
card maker Giesecke & Devrient, who sold the rst
its home network but is roaming. The network operator
300 SIM cards to the Finnish wireless network operator
that issued the SIM card can use this to have a phone con[1][2]
Radiolinja.
nect to a preferred network, in order to make use of the
best commercial agreement for the original network company instead of having to pay the network operator that
48.2 Design
the phone 'saw' rst. This does not mean that a phone
containing this SIM card can connect to a maximum of
only 33 or 80 networks, but it means that the SIM card
Chip Adhesive
issuer can specify only up to that number of preferred netMetal Contacts
Active Chip Side
works; if a SIM is outside these preferred networks it will
Chip
use the rst or best available network.
48.3.1 ICCID
Encapsulation
Hotmelt
Substrate
Card Body
Bond Wire
218
Individual account identication number. Its length K assigned to it by the operator during the personalizais variable, but every number under one IIN will tion process. The K is also stored in a database (termed
have the same length.
authentication center or AuC) on the carriers network.
Check digit
Single digit calculated from the other digits using the
Luhn algorithm.
With the GSM Phase 1 specication using 10 octets into
which ICCID is stored as packed BCD, the data eld has
room for 20 digits with hexadecimal digit F being used
as ller when necessary.
The SIM card is designed not to allow the K to be obtained using the smart-card interface. Instead, the SIM
card provides a function, Run GSM Algorithm, that allows the phone to pass data to the SIM card to be signed
with the K. This, by design, makes usage of the SIM
card mandatory unless the K can be extracted from the
SIM card, or the carrier is willing to reveal the K. In
practice, the GSM cryptographic algorithm for computing SRES_2 (see step 4, below) from the K has certain
vulnerabilities[5] that can allow the extraction of the K
from a SIM card and the making of a duplicate SIM card.
48.3.2
International mobile
identity (IMSI)
subscriber
SIM cards are identied on their individual operator networks by a unique International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). Mobile network operators connect mobile
phone calls and communicate with their market SIM
cards using their IMSIs. The format is:
The rst three digits represent the Mobile Country
Code (MCC).
The next two or three digits represent the Mobile
Network Code (MNC). Three-digit MNC codes are
allowed by E.212 but are mainly used in the United
States and Canada.
48.4. FORMATS
48.3.5
219
12345A
6789
12345A
6789
48.4 Formats
48.4.2 Mini-SIM
The mini-SIM (or 2FF) card has the same contact arrangement as the full-size SIM card and is normally supplied
within a full-size card carrier, attached by a number of
linking pieces. This arrangement (dened in ISO/IEC
Micro-SIM (from bottom) with mini-SIM and full SIM brackets 7810 as ID-1/000) allows such a card to be used in a defrom Telia in Sweden
vice requiring a full-size card, or in a device requiring a
mini-SIM card after breaking the linking pieces. Note
SIM cards have been made smaller over the years; func- that some suppliers, such as AT&T, refer to this form
tionality is independent of format. Full-size SIMs were factor as a Standard SIM.
220
48.4.3
Micro-SIM
The micro-SIM (or 3FF) card has the same thickness and
contact arrangements, but reduced length and width as
shown in the table above.[6]
48.5 Security
Micro-sim cards were introduced by various mobile service providers for the launch of the original iPad, and later
for smartphones, from April 2010. The iPhone 4 was the
rst smartphone to use a micro-SIM card in June 2010.
Later the Samsung Galaxy S3/S4, various Nokia Lumia
handsets, the Nokia N9, the Nexus 5 and the Sony Xperia
followed.
48.4.4
Nano-SIM
The nano-SIM (or 4FF) card was introduced on 11 October 2012, when mobile service providers began selling it
in various countries. The nano-SIM measures 12.3 8.8
0.67 mm and reduces the previous format to the contact area while maintaining the existing contact arrange- In response, the International Telecommunication Union
ments. A small rim of isolating material is left around said that the development was hugely signicant and
the contact area to avoid short circuits with the socket. that it would be contacting its members.[20]
48.6 Developments
When GSM was already in use, the specications were
further developed and enhanced with functionality like
SMS, GPRS, etc. These development steps are referred
as releases by ETSI. Within these development cycles,
the SIM specication was enhanced as well: new voltage classes, formats and les were introduced. In GSMonly times, the SIM consisted of the hardware and the
software. With the advent of UMTS this naming was
split: the SIM was now an application and hence only software. The hardware part was called UICC. This split was
necessary because UMTS introduced a new application,
the Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM). The
USIM brought, among other things, security improvements like the mutual authentication and longer encryption keys and an improved address book.
SIM cards in developed countries are today usually
UICCs containing at least a SIM and a USIM application. This conguration is necessary because older GSM
only handsets are solely compatible with the SIM [application] and some UMTS security enhancements do rely
on the USIM [application].
The equivalent of SIM on CDMA networks is the R-UIM
(and the equivalent of USIM is CSIM).
A virtual SIM is a mobile phone number provided by a
mobile network operator that does not require a SIM card
to connect phone calls to a users mobile phone.
At the 2015 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Simless, Inc., a US-based startup unveiled worlds rst GSM
phone without a SIM card slot. The reference phone was
capable of downloading multiple virtual SIM cards overthe-air. [23]
221
The satellite phone networks Iridium, Thuraya and
Inmarsat's BGAN also use SIM cards. Sometimes, these
SIM cards work in regular GSM phones and also allow
GSM customers to roam in satellite networks by using
their own SIM card in a satellite phone.
Japans 2G PDC system (which was shut down in 2012;
SoftBank Mobile has already shut down PDC from
March 31, 2010) also species a SIM, but this has never
been implemented commercially. The specication of
the interface between the Mobile Equipment and the
SIM is given in the RCR STD-27 annex 4. The Subscriber Identity Module Expert Group was a committee
of specialists assembled by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to draw up the specications (GSM 11.11) for interfacing between smart cards
and mobile telephones. In 1994, the name SIMEG was
changed to SMG9.
Japans current and next generation cellular systems are
based on W-CDMA (UMTS) and CDMA2000 and all
use SIM cards. However, Japanese CDMA2000-based
phones are locked to the R-UIM they are associated with
and thus, the cards are not interchangeable with other
Japanese CDMA2000 handsets (though they may be inserted into GSM/WCDMA handsets for roaming purposes outside Japan).
CDMA-based devices originally did not use a removable
card, and the service for these phones bound to a unique
identier contained in the handset itself. This is most
prevalent in operators in the Americas. The rst publication of the TIA-820 standard (also known as 3GPP2
C.S0023) in 2000 dened the Removable User Identity
Module (R-UIM). Card-based CDMA devices are most
prevalent in Asia.
The equivalent of a SIM in UMTS is called the Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC), which runs a USIM
application. The UICC is still colloquially called a SIM
card.
SIM card for Thuraya satellite phone
KDDI's au IC-Card
NTT DoCoMo's FOMA Card
UMTS modem with SIM card
SIM card and the mobile phone
Three UK SIM Card with Packaging
Chunghwa Telecom's LTE Card
China Mobile's LTE SIM card
222
On some networks, the mobile phone is locked to its carrier SIM card, meaning that the phone only works with
SIM cards from the specic carrier. This is more common in markets where mobile phones are heavily subsidised by the carriers, and the business model depends on
the customer staying with the service provider for a minimum term (typically 12, 18 or 24 months). SIM cards
that are issued by providers with an associated contract
are called SIM only deals. Common examples are the
GSM networks in the United States, Canada, Australia,
the UK and Poland. Many businesses oer the ability to
remove the SIM lock from a phone, eectively making it
possible to then use the phone on any network by inserting a dierent SIM card. Mostly, GSM and 3G mobile
handsets can easily be unlocked and used on any suitable
network with any SIM card.
VMAC
In countries where the phones are not subsidised, e.g., India, Israel and Belgium, all phones are unlocked. Where
the phone is not locked to its SIM card, the users can easily switch networks by simply replacing the SIM card of
one network with that of another while using only one
phone. This is typical, for example, among users who
may want to optimise their carriers trac by dierent
taris to dierent friends on dierent networks, or when
traveling internationally.
GSM 03.48
SIM cloning
SIM connector
IP Multimedia Services Identity Module (ISIM)
W-SIM (Willcom-SIM)
Mobile equipment identier (MEID)
Mobile signature
Single Wire Protocol (SWP)
SIM Application Toolkit (STK)
Mobile broadband
Tethering
Smart card
SIM only Deals
Regional lockout
48.11 References
[1] Asif, Saad Z. (2011). Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem. John Wiley & Sons. p. 306. ISBN
1119995817.
[2] History of Giesecke & Devrient
[3] ITU-T, ITU-T Recommendation E.118, The international telecommunication charge card, Revision history,
Revision 05/2006
[4] ETSI, ETSI Recommendation GSM 11.11, Specications
of the SIM-ME Interface, Version 3.16.0
[5] Hackers crack open mobile network. bbc.co.uk. 20
April 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
[6] What is a microsim card?". SimOnlyPro.nl. Retrieved
14 October 2012.
[7] Gaby Lenhart (1 April 2006). The Smart Card Platform. ETSI Technical Committee Smart Card Platform (TB SCP). Retrieved 30 January 2010. SCP is cooperating on both technical and service aspects with a
number of other committees both within and outside the
telecommunications sector.
[8] Segan, Sascha (27 January 2010). Inside the iPad Lurks
the 'Micro SIM'". PC Magazine. Retrieved 30 January
2010.
223
[10] Antipolis, Sophia (8 December 2003). New form factor for smart cards introduced. SmartCard Trends. Retrieved 30 January 2010. The work item for the so-called
Third Form Factor, 3FF, was agreed, after intensive discussions, at the SCP meeting held last week in London.
GSM 03.48 Specication of the security mechanisms for SIM application toolkit
Chapter 49
Luhn algorithm
The Luhn algorithm or Luhn formula, also known as modulo 10 (in equation form, (67 9 mod 10)). In algothe "modulus 10 or mod 10 algorithm, is a simple rithm form:
checksum formula used to validate a variety of identication numbers, such as credit card numbers, IMEI num1. Compute the sum of the non-check digits (67).
bers, National Provider Identier numbers in the US, and
2. Multiply by 9 (603).
Canadian Social Insurance Numbers. It was created by
IBM scientist Hans Peter Luhn and described in U.S.
3. The last digit, 3, is the check digit. Thus, x=3.
Patent No. 2,950,048, led on January 6, 1954, and
granted on August 23, 1960.
(Alternative method) The check digit (x) is obtained by
The algorithm is in the public domain and is in wide use
computing the sum of the other digits then subtracting the
today. It is specied in ISO/IEC 78121.[1] It is not inunits digit from 10 (67 => Units digit 7; 10 7 = check
tended to be a cryptographically secure hash function;
digit 3). In algorithm form:
it was designed to protect against accidental errors, not
malicious attacks. Most credit cards and many govern1. Compute the sum of the digits (67).
ment identication numbers use the algorithm as a simple
method of distinguishing valid numbers from mistyped or
2. Take the units digit (7).
otherwise incorrect numbers.
3. Subtract the units digit from 10.
4. The result (3) is the check digit. In case the sum of
digits ends in 0, 0 is the check digit.
49.1 Description
225
Alternately (if you don't want to confuse yourself by performing an algorithm on the whole number including the
checksum digit), you can use the same checksum creation algorithm (mentioned a couple paragraphs up), ignoring the checksum already in place, as if it had not yet
been calculated, and now you were calculating it for the
rst time. Then calculate the checksum and compare this
calculated checksum to the original checksum included
with the credit card number. If the included checksum
matches the calculated checksum, then the number is
valid.
49.5 References
[1] ISO/IEC 7812-1:2006 Identication cards -- Identication of issuers -- Part 1: Numbering system
[2] US Patent 2,950,048 - Computer for Verifying Numbers,
Hans P Luhn, August 23, 1960
226
Luhn validation class in C#
Luhn validation implementation in Java
Luhn validation in SQL
Luhn algorythms for non-numeric characters
Chapter 50
The IMSI conforms to the ITU E.212 numbering stan- This example shows the actual practice which is not
clearly described in the standards.
dard.
Translation rule:
228
Therefore,
284011234567890
becomes
359881234567890 under the E.214 numbering plan.
Translation rule:
match numbers starting 310150 (America rst MCC
+ Cingular MNC)
remove rst six digits (length of MCC+MNC)
prepend 14054 (North America E.164 country code
+ Network Code for Cingular)
mark the number as having E.214 numbering plan.
route message on Global Title across SCCP network
Therefore,
310150123456789
becomes
14054123456789 under the E.214 numbering plan.
The result is an E.214 compliant Global Title,
(Numbering Plan Indicator is set to 7 in the SCCP
message). This number can now be sent to Global Title
Analysis.
50.5 References
[1] 3GPP specication 23.003
50.2.2
Translation rule:
match number starting 28401 (Bulgaria MCC + MobilTel MNC)
identify this as belonging to MobilTel-Bulgaria network
do not alter the digits of the number
mark the number as having E.212 numbering plan.
route message on Global Title across SCCP network
Therefore,
284011234567890
becomes
284011234567890 under the E.212 numbering plan.
This number has to be converted on the ANSI to ITU
boundary. For more details please see Global Title Translation.
Chapter 51
There are two standard formats for MEIDs, and both can
include an optional check-digit. This is dened by 3GPP2
standard X.S0008.
The MEID was created to replace ESNs, whose virgin form was exhausted in November 2008.[1] As of
TIA/EIA/IS-41 Revision D and TIA/EIA/IS-2000 Rev
C, the ESN is still a required eld in many messages
for compatibility, devices with an MEID can use a pseudo
ESN (pESN), which is a manufacturer code of 0x80 (formerly reserved) followed by the least signicant 24 bits The decimal form is specied to be 18 digits grouped in
a 5 5 4 4 pattern and is calculated by converting the manof the SHA-1 hash of the MEID.[2]
ufacturer code portion (32 bits) to decimal and padding
on the left with '0' digits to 10 digits and separately converting the serial number portion to decimal and padding
51.1 Administration
on the left to 8 digits. A check-digit can be calculated
from the 18 digit result using the standard base 10 Luhn
The separation between international mobile equipment algorithm and appended to the end. Note that to produce
identiers (IMEIs) used by GSM/UMTS and MEIDs is this form the MEID digits are treated as base 16 numbers
based on the number ranges. There are two administra- even if all of them are in the range '0'-'9'.
tors: the global decimal administrator (GDA) for IMEIs
and the global hexadecimal administrator (GHA).
As of August 2006, the TIA acts as the GHA to assign 51.3 pESN conicts
MEID code prexes (0xA0 and up), and the GSM Association acts as the global decimal administrator. http: Because the pESN is formed by a hash on the MEID there
//www.babt.com/gsm-imei-number-allocation.asp
is the potential for hash collisions. These will cause an
The TIA also allocates IMEI codes, specically destined extremely rare condition known as a 'collision' on a pure
for dual-technology phones, out of the RR=99 range. ESN-only network as the ESN is used for the calculation
Other administrators working under GSMA may also al- of the Public Long Code Mask (PLCM) used for comlocate any IMEI for use in dual-technology phones. Ev- munication with the base-station. Two mobiles using the
ery IMEI can also be used as an MEID in CDMA2000 same pESN within the same base-station area (operating
devices (as well as in single-mode devices designed with on the same frequency) can result in call setup and page
GSM or other 3GPP protocols) but MEID codes may also failures.
contain hexadecimal digits and this class of MEID codes The probability of a collision has been carefully
cannot be used as an IMEI.
examined.[3] Roughly, it is estimated that even on a heav229
230
ily loaded network the frequency of this situation is closer
to 1 out of 1 million calls than to 1 out of 100 000.
3GPP2 specication C.S0072 provides a solution to this
problem by allowing the PLCM to be established by the
base station. It is easy for the base station to ensure that
all PLCM codes are unique when this is done. This specication also allows the PLCM to be based on the MEID
or IMSI.
A dierent problem occurs when ESN codes are stored
in a database (such as for OTASP). In this situation,
the risk of at least two phones having the same pseudoESN can be calculated using the birthday paradox and
works out to about a 50 per cent probability in a database
with 4,800 pseudo-ESN entries. 3GPP2 specications
C.S0016 (Revision C or higher) and C.S0066 have been
modied to allow the replacement MEID identier to be
transmitted, resolving this problem.
Another problem is that messages delivered on the forward paging channel using the pESN as an address could
be delivered to multiple mobiles seemingly randomly.
This problem can be avoided by using mobile identication number (MIN) or IMSI based addressing instead.
51.5 References
[1] ESN Migration to MEID - Milestones & Timeline,
The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA),
November 30, 2011
[2] CDG Resources on MEID and EUIMID
[3] Pellegrino G, Quick F. White Paper on Pseudo-ESN Collisions. TIA. 26 May 2005.
Chapter 52
SIM lock
A SIM lock, simlock, network lock or subsidy lock is a
capability built into GSM mobile phones by mobile phone
manufacturers. Network providers use this capability to
restrict the use of these phones to specic countries and
network providers. A phone sold without a SIM lock is
called a SIM-free or unlocked phone and the purchaser
can insert a SIM card of their choice.
Generally, phones can be locked to accept only SIM cards
with certain International Mobile Subscriber Identities
(IMSIs); IMSIs may be restricted by:
Mobile country code (MCC; e.g., will only work
with SIM issued in one country)
Mobile network code (MNC; e.g., AT&T Mobility,
T-Mobile, Vodafone, Bell Mobility etc.)
Mobile subscriber identication number (MSIN;
i.e., only one SIM can be used with the phone)
Additionally, some phones, especially Nokia phones, can
lock group IDs which are used in voice group call service.
In the United States and other areas, where carriers often
oer deeply discounted cell phones in exchange for an
exclusive agreement with a carrier, that phone will often
be locked so it will not work with another carrier.[1]
Most mobile phones can be unlocked to work with any
GSM network provider, but the phone may still display
the original branding and may not support features of
the new carrier; besides the locking, phones may also
have rmware installed on them which is specic to the
network provider. For example, a Vodafone or Telstra
branded phone in Australia will display the relevant logo
and may only support features provided by that network
(e.g. Vodafone Live!). This rmware is installed by the
service provider and is separate from the locking mechanism. Most phones can be unbranded by reashing a different rmware version, a procedure recommended for
advanced users only.
232
will display a message saying SIM network unlock PIN
or Enter Network Lock Control Key if network locked.
Windows phones will display the message, This SIM
card can only be used on specic networks. Contact
your customer service center for the unlock code. Other
handsets may display dierent messages such as Enter
special code or Enter unlocking code, or in some cases
the handset will simply display a message stating that it
is locked. Once a valid code is entered, the handset will
display Network unlocked or Network unlock successful.
The unlock code is veried by the handset and is generated by the manufacturer, typically by an algorithm
such as a one way hash or trapdoor function. Sometimes big telecom providers change the original factory
unlock codes as an extra layer of security against unlocking services. For various big brands such as Samsung and
Motorola there is no algorithm but just a random code
generator where the unlock codes are programmed in the
phone itself and then saved in a big database managed by
the manufacturer. For the other brands where the unlock
codes are still based on algorithms those are based on the
IMEI number and the MCC code and have been reverseengineered, stolen or leaked. Some handsets can be unlocked using software that generates an unlock code from
an IMEI number and country and operator details using
the algorithm specic to the handset. Other manufacturers have taken a more cautious approach, and embed a
random number in the handsets rmware that is retained
by the network on whose behalf the lock was applied and
the manufacturer. These handsets can still be unlocked
by online services that have access to either inside people with the manufacturer or with the telecom networks,
or they need to be connected to the computer with a cable where specic software will bypass the security and
SIM-unlock the phone. Sometimes this is done by advanced calculations to bypass the security the ocial way
and other times using exploits or overwriting parts of the
rmware where the lock status is kept, and often even recover a phone that is bricked or completely damaged in
the software sense.
52.1.1 Economics
Handset manufacturers have economic incentives both
to strengthen SIM lock security (which placates network
providers and enables exclusivity deals) and to weaken it
(broadening a handsets appeal to customers who are not
interested in the service provider that oers it). Also,
making it too dicult to unlock a handset might make
it less appealing to network service providers who have a
legal obligation to provide unlock codes for certain handsets or in certain countries.
In some cases, a SIM-locked handset is sold at a substantially lower price than an unlocked one, because the service provider expects income through its service. SIM
locks are employed on cheaper (pay-as-you-go) handsets,
while discounts on more expensive handsets require a
subscription that provides guaranteed income. Unlocked
handsets have a higher market value, even more so if they
are debranded. Debranding involves reashing or replacing the rmware to remove the operator logo or any limitations or customisations that have been imposed on the
handset by the operator, and is usually accomplished with
software designed for a particular handset model, however most smart-phones can be debranded and unlocked
solely with use of special software.
The main reason to unlock a handset is to be able to use it
with a dierent SIM card. Consumers may wish to continue using their previous provider with a new handset or
when traveling abroad they may wish to connect to a foreign network with a prepaid subscription.
Nevertheless, the fundamental principle of GSM and its
successors, is open interfaces which encourage competition among multiple vendors. This is the reason a mobile phone is, in fact, a combination of phone and the
subscriber identity (SIM). Locking the phone to a network is not much dierent from having the SIM built
into the mobile phone. Network operators in industrialized countries are not bound by law to give the phone
unlocking code to subscribers even after the expiry of the
contract period. Mobile phones with multiple SIM cards
are quite common in India. Most phones sold in the UK
are network locked and single SIM but SIM-free phones
are available.[7]
52.1.3
Unlocking services
233
nally ends with a "#". Depending on the carrier which
the phone is locked to, only some codes will work with
the mobile phone. Most phones respond to the unlock
codes ending in +1# or +7#, however some phones are
congured to allow only one of the seven codes to work.
The following is an example of a DCT4/DCT3 unlock
code:
# pw+931882753035021+7#
DCT4 and DCT3 Nokia will only allow a maximum of
ve unlock attempts using the unlock code method. After
ve codes have been inputted, the phone will not allow the
user to try any more codes (even if it is correct) and will
require the owner to try other unlock methods.
There are many free services available online. As smartphones become more advanced, the unlocking of older
handsets becomes much more available.[11]
52.2.1 Andorra
In Andorra, the state-owned communications mobile
company Mobiland does not sell SIM-locked phones. As
there is no competition, consumers usually buy standard
mobile phones that are not locked to any specic carrier.
52.2.2 Austria
In Austria, unlocking is allowed at any time by the owner
of the device. A lawsuit was decided in favor of a mobile operator who encouraged the unlocking of phones
by providing links to free/cheap unlocking services.[12]
T-Mobile Austria charges 150 euro to unlock the iPhone
for prepaid subscribers and in contract subscribers. For
subscribers who have nished their 2-year iPhone contract, T-Mobile Austria charges 50 euro to unlock the
iPhone.[13]
52.2.3 Australia
In Australia, carriers can choose whether to
SIM/Network Lock handsets or not and usually
tend to only SIM/Network lock prepaid handsets. There
does not appear to be any regulation or law on SIM
locking in Australia.
For DCT4 and DCT3 Nokia, unlock codes consist of a One law professor, Dale Clapperton, gave a talk stating
"#" key, followed by pw+", 10 (DCT3) or 15 (DCT4) that bundling iPhone and mobile phone service could be
digits, "+", and another number ranging from 1-7, and violating the Trade Practices Act.[14] However, no other
234
52.2.4
Belgium
originally designed to be capable of supporting those network technologies. Such a move does not result in violation of the ban on phone locking. For example, an iPhone
6 was designed to be capable of supporting LTE FDD,
LTE TD, CDMA, and WCDMA technologies but China
Mobile reached a deal with Apple to create a special
model for China Mobile in addition to the o-contract
retail model sold by Apple and third party vendors with
the capability to support LTE FDD, CDMA, WCDMA,
which are the technologies not used by China Mobile, disabled, eectively making such special contract model incompatible with the 3G and 4G networks of other carriers
even though such phones are never locked.
52.2.5
Brazil
52.2.6
Colombia
Starting October 1, 2011, all the mobile telephone services providers, must sell to all users unlocked devices
and provide free of charge support to unlock previously
sold devices. This regulation was ordered to enable
mobile number portability and to facilitate the reduction
on costs ordered simultaneously.[21]
52.2.9 Chile
Chile requires that carriers unlock any device for free
starting 1 January 2012. Any company providing mobile telephone services must unlock any device for free.
Newly sold phones must be unlocked or be labeled with
information about how to get them unlocked. The regulation was put in place in order to implement mobile number portability.[22]
Canada
52.2.10 Croatia
52.2.7
China
52.2.11 Denmark
52.2.12
235
Ecuador
52.2.17 Honduras
52.2.14
Finland
52.2.15
France
In Honduras, there is a general law applicable to all consumer relations engaged in the national territory and provided by natural or legal persons, public or private. This
law is called Ley de Proteccion al Consumidor[30] or
Consumer Protection Act of Honduras, approved by
Legislative Decree No.24-2008, and it regulates the activities of any goods and services providers stating the
principles that they must follow in order to operate in this
country.
Article 20 of this law states the prohibitions that sellers
are obliged to abide when selling a good or providing a
service to people. Paragraph 7 of this article states that
it is prohibited to a provider to place seals, adhesives,
duct tapes or analogous mechanisms, which prevent the
consumer to make free use of the product, except those
mechanisms used by the manufacturer for warranty purposes;".
Even though the existence of this law, local carriers continue to apply SIM restrictions to the phones they sell.
For example, the iPhone is sold by Claro in Honduras
and is SIM-locked,.[31] which suggests that this general
consumer protection law does not prohibit SIM locking
of cell phones
236
52.2.19
India
52.2.20
Israel
52.2.21
Italy
Italy has SIM locking laws requiring that carriers must 52.2.25 Peru
specify the amount of subsidies, and allow subscribers to
obtain unlocking codes after nine months by paying half
According to OSIPTEL Perus telecom regulator, article
of the listed subsidies. After 18 months, the SIM lock
23 of the Terms of use, mobile carriers can sell phones
must be removed.[35]
locked for a lower price for 12, 18 or 24-month contracts,
but also must sell unlocked devices for the full price. The
same article dictates the customer can request the unlock
52.2.22 Netherlands
code for free after 12 months from the purchase date, no
matter if the contract is still in place. The sole exception
Dutch mobile carriers have an agreement [36] with the is if the customer cancels the contract before its end and
Netherlands telecom regulator, OPTA, to establish a pays the remaining cost, at which point the customer can
code of conduct [37] with respect to SIM locking request the device be unlocked at any time. OSIPTEL
specically, unlocking fees can be charged within the plans to reduce the time customers must wait to remove
rst 12 months and SIM lock cannot last longer than 12 their sim locks to 6 months.
months.[38]
In a 2002 letter to the Dutch Secretary of State of Economic Aairs, OPTA stated that the telecom regulator
has decided to start working on the formalization of the
voluntary code of conduct into legislation.[39] However, a
2006 report written by the Dutch Ministry of Economic
Aairs,[40] stated that competition in the Dutch mobile
market is sucient and the formalization of the volun-
52.2.26 Portugal
A 2006 study sponsored by the Portugal regulator,
ANACOM, on handset subsidies and SIM locking concluded that there are no special regulatory concerns on
oering subsidized SIM-locked equipment in exchange
237
52.2.30 Sweden
In Sweden, carriers are required to unlock handsets after 12 months since purchase. This applies both to oncontract and pay as you go phones. All carriers will
charge a fee of 300 SEK (approximately $45) or 350 SEK
(approximately $50),depending on carrier, to unlock the
handset.
52.2.31 Thailand
52.2.27
Romania
52.2.29
Spain
238
stated that it would not unlock iPhones under any circumstances, regardless of the legality of doing so, even after customers are out of contract. However, AT&T has
since announced that starting April 8, 2012, it will begin unlocking o-contract iPhones, provided that the customers account is in good standing.[57] AT&T also has
an unannounced policy of unlocking iPhones for United
States service members who are deployed overseas
even if they are still under contract.[58]
Before carriers began voluntarily providing unlock codes
for all phone models, in 2010 the Electronic Frontier
Foundation (EFF) successfully convinced the U.S. Copyright Oce to allow an exemption to the general prohibition on circumvention of copyright protection systems
under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 for
unlocking of phones through user self-help (sometimes
referred to as hacking).[59] This exemption has become
less important now that most carriers are voluntarily providing unlock codes.
52.4 References
[1] Wholesale unlocked cell phones.
[2] What is a Locked Phone and Why do Carriers Lock
Them?".
[3] 10 Most Frequently Asked Questions Answered Pertaining the FCC Guidelines on Mobile Device Unlocking.
[4] Is iPhone unlocking illegal?". SimonlymetInternet. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
[5] Butters, Kerry (26 March 2012). Unlocking Codes: legal
or illegal?". Unlock.my. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
[6] Dierent Types of Unlock Code for Changing Network.
MobileUnlocked.com. 17 August 2012.
[7] SIM Free Phones. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
[8] Box breaking investigation exposes retail sta breaches.
Mobile News Online. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
52.4. REFERENCES
239
[49] TAS Fines M1 For Unauthorised Frequency Transmission And Issues Warning Over Sale Of SIM-Locked Cellular Phones (Press release). Infocomm Development
Authority of Singapore. 1997-09-08.
[51] 3 UK superglued SIM card into the cell phone.. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
[31] iPhone: Wireless carrier support and features. Support.apple.com. 2013-06-17. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
[55] http://www.attlockinglawsuits.com/pdf/meolinot.pdf
(Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/
67XpFxapm)
Support.t-
[63] President signs cell phone unlocking bill into law. cnet.
August 2, 2014.
Chapter 53
Mobile phone
Cell Phone redirects here. For the lm, see Cell Phone
(lm).
Handphone redirects here. For the lm, see Handphone
(lm).
port a wide variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless
communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming, and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones.
The rst hand-held cell phone was demonstrated by John
F. Mitchell[1][2] and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973,
using a handset weighing around 4.4 pounds (2 kg).[3] In
1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the rst to be commercially available. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile
phone subscriptions grew from zero to over 7 billion, penetrating 100% of the global population and reaching the
bottom of the economic pyramid.[4] In 2014, the top cell
phone manufacturers were Samsung, Nokia, Apple, and
LG.[5]
53.1 History
In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also sup- Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog ra240
53.1. HISTORY
241
242
fered in North America by Sprint) and the LTE standard, VoIP phone service, with someone elses WiFi/internet
rst oered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.
connection.[12]
53.2 Features
Main article: Mobile phone features
See also: Smartphone
All mobile phones have a number of features in common, but manufacturers also seek product dierentiation 53.2.2 Text messaging
by adding functions to make them more attractive to consumers. This has led to great innovation in mobile phone
Main article: SMS
development over the past 20 years.
The common components found on all phones are:
53.2.1
Sound quality
53.4. MANUFACTURERS
243
53.4 Manufacturers
See also: List of best-selling mobile phones and List of
mobile phone makers by country
Typical mobile phone SIM card
53.2.5
Kosher phones
244
In general
Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants 1997-2014
140
Developed
120
Developing
World
100
80
60
40
20
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014*
Mobile phones are used for a variety of purposes, including keeping in touch with family members, conducting
business, and having access to a telephone in the event
of an emergency. Some people carry more than one cell
phone for dierent purposes, such as for business and
personal use. Multiple SIM cards may also be used to
take advantage of the benets of dierent calling plans
a particular plan might provide cheaper local calls, long- 53.5.2
distance calls, international calls, or roaming. The mobile
phone has also been used in a variety of diverse contexts
in society, for example:
Smartphones
90
80
Developed
70
Developing
World
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014*
The advent of widespread text messaging has re- Active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, from
ITU
sulted in the cell phone novel; the rst literary genre
to emerge from the cellular age via text messaging
Smartphones have a number of distinguishing features
to a website that collects the novels as a whole.[28]
but the ITU measures those with internet connection
Mobile telephony also facilitates activism and pub- which it calls Active Mobile-Broadband subscriptions
lic journalism being explored by Reuters and (which includes tablets etc.) In the developed world these
Yahoo![29] and small independent news companies have now overtaken the usage of earlier mobile systems
such as Jasmine News in Sri Lanka.
but in the developing world account for only 20%.
53.5.3
245
53.5.4
While driving
246
53.5.7
Thefts
247
However, a study published 24 March 2012 in the British 53.9 Conict minerals
Medical Journal questioned these estimates, because the
increase in brain cancers has not paralleled the increase See also: Conict minerals
in mobile phone use.[59]
53.11 References
[1] John F. Mitchell Biography
[9] Fahd Ahmad Saeed. Capacity Limit Problem in 3G Networks. Purdue School of Engineering. Retrieved 23
April 2010.
[10] Je Hecht. Why Mobile Voice Quality Still Stinksand
Studies have shown that around 40-50% of the environHow to Fix It. ieee.org.
mental impact of a mobile phone occurs during the manufacturing of the printed wiring boards and integrated [11] Elena Malykhina. Why Is Cell Phone Call Quality So
Terrible?". scienticamerican.com.
circuits.[61] The average user replaces their mobile phone
[62]
every 11 to 18 months.
The discarded phones then [12] Alan Henry. Whats the Best Mobile VoIP App?". Lifecontribute to electronic waste.
hacker. Gawker Media.
Mobile phone manufacturers within Europe are subject
to the WEEE directive. Australia introduced a mobile
phone recycling scheme.[63]
248
[15]
[17] Kosher Phones For Britains Orthodox Jews. Public Radio International.
[18] Introducing: A 'Kosher Phone' Permitted on Shabbat.
Arutz Sheva.
[19] Tania Branigan (11 January 2010).
State owned
China Mobile is worlds biggest mobile phone operator.
Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
[40] Poulter, Sean (27 January 2011). End of the credit card?
With one swipe of an iPhone you'll be able to pay for your
shopping. London: dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
[41] Ready, Sarah (10 November 2009). NFC mobile phone
set to explode. connectedplanetonline.com. Retrieved
29 January 2011.
[42] Tofel, Kevin C. (20 August 2010). VISA Testing NFC
Memory Cards for Wireless Payments. gigaom.com.
Retrieved 21 January 2011.
[43] Tracking a suspect by mobile phone. BBC News. 3 August 2005. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
[44] Miller, Joshua (14 March 2009). Cell Phone Tracking
Can Locate Terrorists But Only Where Its Legal.
FOX News. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
[45] Cecilia Kang (3 March 2011). China plans to track cellphone users, sparking human rights concerns. The Washington Post.
[46] McCullagh, Declan; Anne Broache (1 December 2006).
FBI taps cell phone mic as eavesdropping tool. CNet
News. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
[47] Odell, Mark (1 August 2005). Use of mobile helped police keep tabs on suspect. Financial Times. Retrieved 14
March 2009.
[50] IARC CLASSIFIES RADIOFREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AS POSSIBLY CARCINOGENIC TO HUMANS (PDF). World Health Organization.
[51] What are the health risks associated with mobile phones
and their base stations?". Online Q&A. World Health
Organization. 5 December 2005. Retrieved 19 January
2008.
[52] WHO: Cell phone use can increase possible cancer risk.
CNN. 31 May 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
249
Jain, S. Lochlann.
Urban Errands: The
Means of Mobility.
Journal of Consumer
Culture 2:3 (November 2002) 385404.
doi:10.1177/146954050200200305.
[58] Brian Rohan (2 January 2008). France warns against excessive mobile phone use. Reuters. Retrieved 10 May
2010.
[59] Little MP, Rajaraman P, Curtis RE et al. (2012). Mobile phone use and glioma risk: comparison of epidemiological study results with incidence trends in the United
States. BMJ 344: e1147. doi:10.1136/bmj.e1147.
Ling, Rich and Pedersen, Per, eds. Mobile Communications: Re-negotiation of the Social Sphere, 2005
ISBN 1-85233-931-4
Home page of Rich Ling
Nyri, Kristf, ed. Mobile Communication: Essays
on Cognition and Community, 2003
[65] Children of the Congo who risk their lives to supply our
mobile phones. The Guardian. 7 December 2012.
Nyri, Kristf, ed. Mobile Learning: Essays on Philosophy, Psychology and Education, 2003
Singh, Rohit (April 2009). Mobile phones for development and prot: a win-win scenario (PDF). Overseas Development Institute. p. 2.
250
Chapter 54
Cellular frequencies
The cellular frequencies are the sets of frequency ranges
within the ultra high frequency band that have been allocated for cellular phone use. All cellular phone networks
worldwide use a portion of the radio frequency spectrum
designated as ultra high frequency, or UHF, for the
transmission and reception of their signals. The ultra high
frequency band is also shared with television, Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth transmission.
Many
GSM
phones
support
three
bands
(900/1,800/1,900 MHz or 850/1,800/1,900 MHz)
or four bands (850/900/1,800/1,900 MHz), and are
usually referred to as tri-band and quad-band phones, or
world phones; with such a phone one can travel internationally and use the same handset. This portability is
not as extensive with IS-95 phones, however, as IS-95
networks do not exist in most of Europe.
For historical reasons, radio frequencies used for cellular networks dier in the Americas, Europe, Africa and
Asia. The rst commercial standard for mobile connection in the United States was AMPS, which was in
the 800 MHz frequency band. In Nordic countries of
Europe, the rst widespread automatic mobile network
was based on the NMT-450 standard, which was in the
450 MHz band. As mobile phones became more popular
and aordable, mobile providers encountered a problem
because they couldn't provide service to the increasing
number of customers. They had to develop their existing networks and eventually introduce new standards, often based on other frequencies. Some European countries (and Japan) adopted TACS operating in 900 MHz.
The GSM standard, which appeared in Europe to replace NMT-450 and other standards, initially used the
900 MHz band too. As demand grew, carriers acquired
licenses in the 1,800 MHz band. (Generally speaking,
lower frequencies allow carriers to provide coverage over
a larger area, while higher frequencies allow carriers to
provide service to more customers in a smaller area.)
In the U.S., the analog AMPS standard that used the cellular band (800 MHz) was replaced by a number of digital
systems. Initially, systems based upon the AMPS mobile phone model were popular, including IS-95 (often 54.2 United States Carrier Freknown as "CDMA", the air interface technology it uses)
quency Use
and IS-136 (often known as D-AMPS, Digital AMPS, or
"TDMA", the air interface technology it uses). Eventually, IS-136 on these frequencies was replaced by most 54.3 Frequency bands by region
operators with GSM. GSM had already been running for
some time on US PCS (1,900 MHz) frequencies.
54.3.1 United States
And, some NMT-450 analog networks have been replaced with digital networks using the same frequency. In
Professional wireless microphones used the 700
Russia and some other countries, local carriers received
MHz band until 2010 when they were made illegal,
licenses for 450 MHz frequency to provide CDMA mobut equipment still exists in use that may interfere
bile coverage area.
with 3G and 4G technologies. [1]
251
252
The usage of frequencies within the United States is
regulated by the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC). The US is then divided geographically into a number of Trading Areas. A mobile operator (or other interested parties) must bid on each trading area individually.
A bidder can use the frequency spectrum for whatever
purpose they want.
The 700 MHz band was auctioned in early 2008 using Other articles:
spectrum previously used by television stations analog
broadcasts, with Verizon Wireless and AT&T Mobility
Comparison of mobile phone standards
winning the majority of available spectrum. Qualcomm
and Echostar were winners of a signicant amount of
3GPP
broadcast-oriented spectrum. Verizon Wireless will use
the upper band of the 700 MHz spectrum to deploy their
Roaming
LTE network starting on Dec 5, 2010.
Dual-band
The SMR 800 MHz band was used exclusively for iDEN
technology, however, Sprint Corporation is deploying
Tri-band
54.5 References
[1] https://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/
wireless-microphones
[2] http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/
broadband-personal-communications-service-pcs
[3] AWS References
253
Chapter 55
Tethering
For other uses, see Tether (disambiguation).
4.2.5 (or later) on iPhone 4, 4S, 5, iPad (3rd generation),
Tethering is connecting one device to another. In the certain Windows Mobile 6.5 devices like the HTC HD2,
Windows Phone 7, 8 and 8.1 devices (varies by manufacturer and model), and certain Android phones (varies
widely depending on carrier, manufacturer, and software
version).[2]
For IPv4 networks, the tethering normally works via NAT
on the handsets existing data connection, so from the network point of view, there is just one device with a single
IPv4 network address, though it is technically possible to
attempt to identify multiple machines.
On some networks, this feature is only contractually available by paying to add a tethering package to a data plan
or choosing a data plan that includes tethering. This is
done primarily because with a computer sharing the network connection, there may well be a substantial increase
in the customers mobile data use, for which the network
A phone tethered to a laptop
may not have budgeted in their network design and priccontext of mobile phones and tablet computers, tether- ing structures.
ing allows sharing the Internet connection of the phone Some network-provided handsets have carrier-specic
or tablet with other devices such as laptops. Connection software that may deny the inbuilt tethering ability norof the phone or tablet with other devices can be done over mally available on the handset, or only enable it if the
wireless LAN (Wi-Fi), over Bluetooth or by physical con- subscriber pays an additional fee. Some operators have
nection using a cable, for example through USB.
asked Google or any mobile producer using Android to
If tethering is done over Wi-Fi, the feature may be completely remove tethering[3]support from the operating
branded as a mobile hotspot. Mobile hotspot is a feature system on certain handsets. Handsets purchased SIMpresent in smartphones nowadays which lets you convert free, without a network provider subsidy, are often unyour smartphone into a portable router. One can setup hindered with regards to tethering.
a password protection to it easily so that no one without
the password can connect to your smartphones.[1] The
Internet-connected mobile device can act as a portable
wireless access point and router for devices connected to
it.
255
Unless explicitly permitted by your Data
Plan, other uses, including for example, using
your Device as a modem or tethering your Device to a personal computer or other hardware,
are not permitted.[13]
T-Mobiles Simple Family or Simple Business plans offer Hotspot from devices that oer that function (such
as Apple iPhone) to up to 5 devices. Since 2014-03-27,
1000 MB/month is free in the USA with cellular service.
The host device has unlimited slow internet for the rest
of the month, and all month while roaming in 100 countries, but with no tethering. For $10 or $20/month more
per host device, the amount of data available for tethering can be increased markedly. The host device cellular
services can be canceled, added, or changed at any time,
pro-rated, data tethering levels can be changed month-tomonth, and T-Mobile no longer requires any long-term
service contracts, allowing users to bring their own devices or buy devices from them, independent of whether
they continue service with them.
256
55.5 References
[1] GoingTechy.com: What is WiFi Hotspot?
[2] Geek.com: Android 2.2. to support tethering
[3] http://www.techdirt.com/blog/wireless/
articles/20110711/17464515050/
you-dont-own-what-you-thought-you-bought-verizon-breaks-phones-turns-off-feature.
shtml
[4] http://www.androidcentral.com/android-internet-tether
[5] http://www.joiku.com
[6] http://www.joikusoft.com/
[7] http://www.webos-internals.org/wiki/Application:
FreeTether
[8] Setting up wireless 3G modem on Linux
[9] 3G modem in Linux
[10] Davies, Chris. T-Mobile UK Full Monty plan oers
true unlimited voice, calls, data, tethering. Slash Gear.
Retrieved 8 July 2012.
[11] Woods, Ben. T-Mobile quietly removes tethering for its
unlimited data plans. Slash Gear. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
[12] Sprint Terms & Conditions - US. sprint.com. Retrieved
2010-10-13.
[13] T-Mobile Terms & Conditions - US. t-mobile.com. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
[14] Verizon Pays $1.25MM for Blocking Mobile Broadband
Applications (PDF). Retrieved 22 August 2012.
[15] Spaccarella, Matt. Matt Spaccarellis Personal Web
Page. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
[16] Hugo, Brendan. AT&Ts throttling is nothing more than
a ploy according to study, California judge Page. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
Chapter 56
Skins
Bumpers
56.1 Cases
Cases, which are designed to attach to, support, or otherwise hold a mobile phone, are popular accessories for
many phones, particularly mainstream smartphones.
Skins and design covers can serve for protection and personalization. These are the result of the relatively naked
Combination case and stand
designs produced by manufacturers such as Apple, where
the metal and glass components of the device are exposed
and vulnerable to damage. They are distinct from holsters, in allowing use of the device while in the case, but
in many instances include a belt clip or other device giving it the functionality of a holster. They are made of hard
plastic, rubber, or in the newer market adhesive-backed
vinyl pieces. Vinyl skins can be ordered on many websites
and come pre-cut to t your cell phone or another electronic device. Vinyl material may be calendared or cast,
with the latter being more expensive. Calendared vinyl
is expected to only be used for short durations while cast
vinyl is used on a more long term basis. Calendered vinyl
Pouch case made to dangle
also tends to shrink in the heat, and fade. Cast vinyl avoids
Case measures are based on the display inches (e.g. 5 these problems, but costs up to 250% more (which still is
not high). 3M has manufactured a cast vinyl product that
inch display). There are dierent types:[1]
they call Controltac. This vinyl cover maintains a more
glossy look and provides an air release channel that pre Pouches and sleeves
vents bubbles during placement. The more popular is the
Holsters
cast vinyl because of the range of designs.
257
258
56.8. REFERENCES
56.8 References
[1] Buying Guide: iPhone 5 cases
[2] http://www.coverscart.com/nokia/nokia-x
[3] Designer iPhone 6 Plus case
[4] Designer Snap on iPhone 6 case
[5] Olympus Air is a lens camera that pairs with your smartphone
[6] Smart lens Sony.com
259
260
Text
261
Hux, Rex the rst, KnowledgeOfSelf, DuncanBCS, Unyoyega, Serte, JoshHendo, Eskimbot, Alsandro, Ohnoitsjamie, Mindeye, Macdu,
Iwaszkiewicz, Jprg1966, Master of Puppets, Snori, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Colonies Chris, Dethme0w, Aquarius Rising,
Greenshed, Wine Guy, Cybercobra, Nakon, Drphilharmonic, Risssa, Ardenn, Microchip08, Wickethewok, Ckatz, 16@r, Beefyt, Joseph
Solis in Australia, IvanLanin, Wwallacee, Danlev, Thatbox, CmdrObot, Sir Vicious, Aenesidemos, Orayzio, ShelfSkewed, WeggeBot,
Thijs!bot, Daniel, Headbomb, Dmendell, SusanLesch, AntiVandalBot, Freddiem, JusticeForICANNsVictims, JAnDbot, Namecritic, Deective, MER-C, Cjkporter, SiobhanHansa, Magioladitis, Raymond King, SHCarter, Donlibes, Everton1984, Avicennasis, LookingGlass,
Shaunak.s, Kgeischmann, GreenJoe, BenjaminZCliord, Vbertola, Jmiah, J.delanoy, Numbo3, Jesant13, Lawtechgeek, WebHamster,
AngryBear, TheNewPhobia, Funandtrvl, VolkovBot, Je G., Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Rei-bot, Qxz, DennyColt, Don4of4, Abdullais4u,
Metalaw, Stryik, Kbrose, Fanatix, Calliopejen1, ToePeu.bot, Bobandersen, COBot, Pinkadelica, ImageRemovalBot, Wolface, Purefusion,
ClueBot, Kai-Hendrik, Binksternet, The Thing That Should Not Be, Nsk92, Piledhigheranddeeper, Stepshep, Reconrmer, MantisEars,
Sun Creator, MacedonianBoy, Louise666, Cenarium, Shrips, Lqferreira, BOTarate, Another Believer, Callinus, SF007, DumZiBoT, Dancroak, Dthomsen8, Santacruzette, Mifter, Addbot, Melab-1, Tothwolf, Zarcadia, Cst17, ChenzwBot, 5 albert square, Lightbot, SasiSasi,
, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Bunnyhop11, MarkPDF, Richigi, AnomieBOT, Piano non troppo, Xqbot, Wimpole, TruthPraiser,
Almabot, Gbruen, Omnipaedista, Locobot, N419BH, RegistrarHistorian, Kaaa, FrescoBot, Wikiwikiwho, Costaroussos, TobeBot, SmartyBoots, Lotje, John of Reading, 478jjjz, Dewritech, GoingBatty, Kkm010, Euloiix, Ziggyseventh, Lmq2401, Securawiki, SporkBot,
Erianna, TcomptonMA, W163, Andattaca2010, RedSoxFan274, Orange Suede Sofa, Adotrde, LawEditor2010, TYelliot, Serenewaes,
Voomoo, ClueBot NG, CocuBot, Dfarrell07, Ajabbiz, Lekrecteurmasque, Cabazap, Nextafrican, HMSSolent, Wbm1058, BG19bot, Detailtiger, Nitika.t, Compfreak7, Japinderum, Chmarkine, Whym, BattyBot, Lynnalipinski, Qexigator, EagerToddler39, TheBlueCanoe,
OwenVersteeg, Nodove, Bernardwoodpecker, FooCow, Skr15081997, Amcconachie, Fyddlestix, Granhil, ChamithN, Yolittle and Anonymous: 197
American Registry for Internet Numbers Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Registry_for_Internet_Numbers?oldid=
674004641 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, The Anome, Tzartzam, Sam Francis, Havardk, Marcod'Itri, WhisperToMe, Csurguine, Merovingian, SmilingBoy, Bobblewik, Joseph Dwayne, Vina, CaribDigita, Chmod007, Rich Farmbrough, WhiteTimberwolf, Ardric47, ShaneKerr, FlaBot, Raindeer, YurikBot, Bovineone, Cloudbound, Closedmouth, SmackBot, Rjayres, Hmains, Bluebot, Will Beback, BrownHairedGirl, Mr. Lefty, 16@r, JHunterJ, CmdrObot, Bwoodcock, NorthernThunder, Epbr123, Widefox, Magioladitis, The Anomebot2,
VolkovBot, Dac93, Kumioko (renamed), Jcurranz, Huggi, Dhuberma, Ygasuasu, Ron2you, ARIN Sta, Mortense, Jasper Deng, Dr Zimbu,
Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Megan at ARIN, Owendelong, LucienBOT, EmausBot, Laargo, ISPman, Minipc101, TcomptonMA, Prkwiki,
Chmarkine, Hmainsbot1, Dustin V. S., ArmbrustBot and Anonymous: 37
Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America_and_Caribbean_
Network_Information_Centre?oldid=666071980 Contributors: Havardk, Marcod'Itri, WhisperToMe, Merovingian, SmilingBoy, DO'Neil,
Joseph Dwayne, CaribDigita, Chmod007, Rjwilmsi, AVM, Closedmouth, SmackBot, Reedy, Hairouna, LeContexte, CmdrObot, Thijs!bot,
Everton1984, CommonsDelinker, Hugo999, TXiKiBoT, Genium, Huggi, Martarius, Fadesga, Gnowxilef, MystBot, Addbot, EdgarMCMLXXXI, SpBot, Lightbot, Dr Zimbu, FabioMr, Velocitas, Xqbot, Thayts, DrilBot, Lars Washington, Eche13, Orobles, Lotje, Miracle Pen,
Ida Shaw, AvicAWB, RaptureBot, TcomptonMA, Chmarkine, ArmbrustBot, Monkbot, SaltySeas and Anonymous: 17
3G Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G?oldid=673553668 Contributors: Mswake, Earth, Ixfd64, Arpingstone, Minesweeper, Tregoweth, Ahoerstemeier, Mac, Jpatokal, Darkwind, Julesd, Glenn, Andres, Jiang, Stephenw32768, Fuzheado, Radiojon, IceKarma, Tpbradbury, Ryuch, Morwen, Mowgli~enwiki, Wernher, Secretlondon, Jeq, Cfaerber, ZimZalaBim, Nurg, T0ky0, SchmuckyTheCat, Baloo rch,
Hadal, HaeB, Bbx, Enochlau, DocWatson42, Mat-C, Fudoreaper, BenFrantzDale, Zigger, Zora, Bsoft, FrYGuY, Ferdinand Pienaar, Solipsist, Grant65, Bobblewik, Edcolins, Golbez, Mackeriv, Utcursch, Pgan002, Toytoy, Jortheo, Joal ban Kluane, LiDaobing, Beland, Heman,
Togo~enwiki, Vbs, Jokestress, Cihan, Ary29, Jcw69, Chrisbolt, Freakofnurture, Rich Farmbrough, Andros 1337, EliasAlucard, Horkana,
Darren Olivier, ESkog, Kbh3rd, Jarsyl, Violetriga, Cacophony, Triona, James.pole, Sole Soul, Smalljim, Shenme, Viriditas, Camitommy, Courtarro, Giraedata, Cncxbox, Towel401, Loti, Bijee~enwiki, HasharBot~enwiki, Jigen III, Danski14, Ricky81682, Yamla,
RoySmith, Pantosys, Yuckfoo, Stephan Leeds, Evil Monkey, Simone, RainbowOfLight, Sciurin, Mikeo, Dan100, Feezo, Boothy443,
Mindmatrix, LOL, Morton.lin, Robert K S, Adpenaranda~enwiki, Gerbon689, Prashanthns, Marudubshinki, RuM, Squallwc, BD2412,
Phoenix-forgotten, Krymson, Rjwilmsi, JVz, TexasDawg, Vegaswikian, N0YKG, Tommy Kronkvist, Silvestre Zabala, Emarsee, Wikiliki, Mathiastck, Vec, Webshared, Synchrite, WouterBot, Tillmo, Chobot, Cdman882, 121a0012, WriterHound, Wjfox2005, Wikizen,
Siddhant, Mercury McKinnon, Wavelength, Jim.Liu, Sceptre, Hairy Dude, MMuzammils, Petiatil, Stephenb, Debroglie, CambridgeBayWeather, Rsrikanth05, Kimchi.sg, Probell, Ugur Basak, Rat144, NawlinWiki, Grafen, Arastcp, Panscient, Andreaskem, Mysid, Gadget850, DeadEyeArrow, DuDudeX1, Zzuuzz, Vanished user 34958, Closedmouth, KGasso, Tobixen, Heartnseoul, Digfarenough, Nelson50, Curpsbot-unicodify, Ben kenobi 00, Allens, Bluezy, SpLoT, A bit iy, Evdo, SmackBot, GregA, Bobet, KnowledgeOfSelf, Grye,
Jagged 85, Midway, Jab843, Gilliam, Brianski, Ohnoitsjamie, Chaojoker, Bluebot, Joes8888, Cattus, Oli Filth, Mfactor, Darth Panda,
Noliver, Pretzels, Danielcohn, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Nixeagle, JonHarder, Rrburke, Flashywordz, Klimov, Jean15paul, Radagast83, Nibuod, Blake-, Jasongolod, Salamurai, Falconsgladiator, Ohconfucius, Oneilius, TJJFV, EmirA~enwiki, Krashlandon, Mksword,
Pizzadeliveryboy, Achromatic, Euchiasmus, JohnI, Marnues, J Crow, Erotml, Dicklyon, Jimurphy, Mets501, IReceivedDeathThreats,
KirrVlad, Zorxd, Oldiesmann, Andreworkney, Hu12, Slammer111, Newone, Sgb22, Esurnir, Courcelles, Tawkerbot2, JohnTechnologist, Mesquita, Sharp11, WATP, Rockysmile11, IntrigueBlue, Dantis~enwiki, Article editor, Tjtenor4, AndrewHowse, Padgeman, Cydebot, Danrok, Rwalters, Shamesspwns, Chuck Marean, Gogo Dodo, Blaisorblade, Bpangti, Dancter, Odie5533, Shirulashem, Zaki4,
DumbBOT, Kozuch, Rjm656s, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Hervegirod, Dpareit, Mojo Hand, Trevyn, James086, Phooto, Mafmafmaf, Samdlaw,
Dawnseeker2000, Dikteren, Nisselua, BokicaK, Saimhe, Obiwankenobi, Seaphoto, Hoosteen5, Aminul, Qasdfdsaq, Noodlenut, Gh5046,
Alphachimpbot, Ctrow, Cctan-daphanelg, RuED~enwiki, MikeLynch, JAnDbot, Harryzilber, Davewho2, Drizzd~enwiki, Freddy011,
TrumpetPlayer, Lucy1981, MB1972, H3llbringer, Doublex120, Hurmata, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Jack99999, Cuppa, Joe18, AlephGamma, SandStone, Animum, Shocking Blue, Jatra, SANJAYBAFNA, Kdriver, Mcfar54, Allkindsofthings, DerHexer, Tracer9999,
Gja822, Conquerist, MartinBot, STBot, Paracel63, Knowledge lover1123, Fleetame, Verdatum, Nono64, AgarwalSumeet, Lilac Soul,
Worldedixor, Ceros, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Mange01, Mojodaddy, Jesant13, Ginsengbomb, 1tephania, FrummerThanThou,
Strandist, P.wormer, Adamdiament, Chancheelam, Crakkpot, Sanmele, Jeepday, Georgeonoh, Gurchzilla, Chriswiki, SJP, Hanacy, TottyBot, Bonadea, Laager, Pdcook, JavierMC, Shaktiyadav, Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, Christopher Mann McKay, Sexyman48, Meiskam,
VolkovBot, ABF, Je G., AlnoktaBOT, Saddy Dumpington, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Pahari Sahib, Vipinhari, Rei-bot, Prateekchanda, Leafyplant, Broadbot, LeaveSleaves, Raymondwinn, Whereisjim, BotKung, Graymornings, Falcon8765, Pmicel, 1-555-conde, GoLLoMboje,
Insanity Incarnate, Le Fou, Kalanziut, Timewatcher, NHRHS2010, EmxBot, Fanatix, Jamessungjin.kim, SieBot, ChigoZ, Nubiatech, Yintan, Audrius u, Bentogoa, Behind The Wall Of Sleep, Nirala nagar, Lightmouse, Jonpaulusa, Tomi T Ahonen, OKBot, Telecomwave, Mr.
Stradivarius, Allanrod, Digisus, Denisarona, Wdwd, Elassint, ClueBot, LAX, Ethridgela, Snigbrook, The Thing That Should Not Be, Matdrodes, Supertouch, Kamath.nakul, Drmies, DanielDeibler, Blanchardb, Edknol, Kurumban, TellWeb, Excirial, Naerii, M4gnum0n, Wikitumnus, Abrech, Radiosband, Muhandes, Hadiyana, DonBronson, Shiro jdn, Erunestian, Peter.C, At.thehotcorner, Thingg, Aitias, Certes,
262
Versus22, LeviathinXII, SoxBot III, Goodvac, InternetMeme, Avoided, Skarebo, WikHead, Alexius08, Noctibus, ZooFari, Pbamma, Pvasudev, Gggh, Addbot, Piz d'Es-Cha, Mortense, Breakeydown, Yoenit, Igiveinfo, Morriswa, Robaston, Blethering Scot, Jncraton, Nath1991,
Fluernutter, Wildrider99, Download, LaaknorBot, Alvord12, CarsracBot, Joycloete, Tsange, Tide rolls, Gail, -, Ettrig, SunowerZZZ, Ben Ben, Middayexpress, Luckas-bot, Yobot, 2D, Bunnyhop11, Arunprabu.v, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Bugnot, KamikazeBot,
Sedathut, Teksosyete, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, Elavendran, Jim1138, IRP, Galoubet, Debpratim.ghosh, Materialscientist, Allseen, Maxis
ftw, Sheki nitk, ArthurBot, MauritsBot, Xqbot, Termininja, Chuckwits, Jsharpminor, Anna Frodesiak, Jaizanuar, Nasa-verve, GrouchoBot,
Abce2, Monaarora84, Ab1, Rbarpar, Mosh1111, Amaury, OnionBlanc, Denilsen, Harshthegreat89, FrescoBot, Ksarawar, Amarhindustani, Jmlinden7, HJ Mitchell, Weetoddid, Wireless Keyboard, Cannolis, Biker Biker, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Hariboneagle927,
Kanthamohan, Adlerbot, Skaterdan323, Xfact, Pikiwyn, MastiBot, MondalorBot, Fui in terra aliena, FRHD, Springclean, Barras, Turian,
Sajalkdas, Trappist the monk, Zhernovoi, Binyamin Goldstein, Ravenperch, Lotje, Shipitin, Dinamik-bot, Mauri96, Lord of the Pit, Hornlitz, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Mean as custard, RjwilmsiBot, Techhead7890, DASHBot, Kronf, Steve03Mills, EmausBot, John of Reading,
Orphan Wiki, Sagale, WikitanvirBot, Immunize, Super48paul, Dewritech, DiiCinta, Solarra, GJDR, Tommy2010, ValC, Husseinjh, John
Cline, F, Nigel XX, Tushargkwd, KuduIO, Aeonx, H3llBot, Akshay2212, Wayne Slam, Ocaasi, OnePt618, Zblumz, Tolly4bolly, Erianna, Wikitrke, Zanlok, Aliceokello, Munawarmuniruae, Senjuto, Daften, MonoAV, Donner60, Wiki.0hlic, VictorianMutant, Saebvn,
Awesomepothi, 28bot, Asaliyev, Sonicyouth86, Boosi, Will Beback Auto, ClueBot NG, Haresh06, Ghildiyalsumit, MelbourneStar, Satellizer, Alexhch, Amjadk, My name7, CopperSquare, Widr, Antiqueight, Zefcan, Jmail.gmail, Frmin, Strike Eagle, Calabe1992, BG19bot,
Hz.tiang, Shinra.Electric.Power.Company, Rovasscript, PhnomPencil, Nen, Stephenwanjau, Mark Arsten, Sanjay250, Felidofractals, Sunnyamirr, Eshiv, Salientraven, Minsbot, Ziggypowe, Faisalabadian, Adnan bogi, Mogism, Anijatsu, Digitalcrowd, Doridrovirus, Numbermaniac, Mandi bhalwal, TechPaper, Okliolki, Jmg56558, Sonanto, Musabbir Islam, Quenhitran, Ravishyam Bangalore, Dhhssausb, Dasprem,
NQ, Pratikshit, Dai Pritchard, Zarsadman, Zamiulcse, Pennyrawalker and Anonymous: 1132
TD-SCDMA Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMA?oldid=669226443 Contributors: Pnm, Ixfd64, Jpatokal, Fuzheado,
Jusjih, Cfaerber, ElBenevolente, Zigger, Brockert, Vc-wp, Chrisbolt, Andros 1337, R6144, Pmetzger, Guy Harris, Wtmitchell, Boothy443,
Fortythree, FlaBot, Weihao.chiu~enwiki, Gurch, YurikBot, RussBot, Tony1, SmackBot, Nil Einne, Jupix, Chris the speller, Robertyhn,
Ulmer, DylanW, Ironfrost, Eplondke, TastyPoutine, CmdrObot, Cydebot, Mivens, Thijs!bot, EwaDuan, Gzli888, Hassocks5489, Harryzilber, Sebras, Conquerist, R'n'B, Squiggleslash, Mange01, Mojodaddy, LordAnubisBOT, Paddad64, TXiKiBoT, Epengfei~enwiki, JKofoed,
Svick, Loren.wilton, Hadiyana, Carsrac, Loop 9, DumZiBoT, Addbot, Jelsova, Yobot, Wikiknol, DeFre, Full-date unlinking bot, Wo.luren,
WikitanvirBot, BG19bot, Cerabot~enwiki, Adnroid, Nightwalker-87 and Anonymous: 50
TD-CDMA Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-CDMA?oldid=639936767 Contributors: Cfaerber, Guy Harris, Mr pand, Harryzilber, JaGa, Conquerist, Squiggleslash, Mojodaddy, Muhandes, Addbot, Omnipaedista, RibotBOT, Sswsonic, H3llBot, Davebaty,
Nightwalker-87 and Anonymous: 5
Time division multiple access Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_access?oldid=672733293 Contributors:
The Anome, Kowloonese, Youssefsan, Jpatokal, Zztzed, Fuzheado, TimR, Baloo rch, ElBenevolente, TriMesh, Ancheta Wis, Lrreiche,
Goofrider, Beland, Maximaximax, Mozzerati, Hellisp, Derat, Andros 1337, Pavel Vozenilek, Khalid, Cmdrjameson, Towel401, Guy Harris, Jiing, Suruena, HenkvD, Dave.Dunford, Rjhanson54, Tabletop, Isnow, Ke6alv, Graham87, Vegaswikian, Mirror Vax, Srleer, Chobot,
YurikBot, Alex Bakharev, PrologFan, Kyle Barbour, Josh3580, Zvika, SmackBot, NuShrike, KnowledgeOfSelf, Les-cheques, Daviddavid,
Gorman, Bluebot, Oli Filth, Colonies Chris, J. Straub, DylanW, Jon Awbrey, A5b, Ksn, Robosh, Brian Gunderson, Kvng, IvanLanin,
JohnTechnologist, Jesse Viviano, Starionwolf, Optimist on the run, Thijs!bot, Ppchailley, CosineKitty, Thaiber123z, Photobiker, MartinBot, Morki, Lihui912, Squiggleslash, Mange01, Mojodaddy, VolkovBot, Philip Trueman, Rei-bot, Acprisip, Riick, Fransko~enwiki,
Wdwd, DragonBot, Muhandes, BOTarate, Lovighzi~enwiki, InternetMeme, ZooFari, Addbot, Robaston, SpBot, Waveletrules, Yobot,
AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, Adeliine, Santhosh29, Materialscientist, Obersachsebot, Omnipaedista, Twisterplus, RetiredWikipedian789,
Prari, FrescoBot, Ch Th Jo, 802geek, Itusg15q4user, Yahia.barie, Chronulator, PleaseStand, Fipblizip, VoteITP, MerlIwBot, Danielh32,
MusikAnimal, Oliver webley, Mehdiakhondi and Anonymous: 103
Bluetooth Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth?oldid=674375218 Contributors: AxelBoldt, The Epopt, David Parker, Timo
Honkasalo, Ed Poor, LA2, Kowloonese, Heron, Netesq, Roybadami, Vkem~enwiki, Jdlh, Edward, Infrogmation, JohnOwens, Michael
Hardy, Ezra Wax, Modster, Lexor, DopeshJustin, David Martland, Aezram, Mahjongg, Dan Koehl, Nixdorf, Liftarn, Tompagenet, Ixfd64,
Sannse, 6birc, Delirium, Mythril, Haakon, Mac, Ronz, William M. Connolley, Angela, Jebba, Julesd, Glenn, Kimiko, Nikai, IMSoP,
Harvester, Ehn, Dwo, Jerec, RodC, Crissov, Juxo, Wikiborg, Ww, Dysprosia, Wik, Haukurth, Tpbradbury, Mrand, Morwen, Omegatron, Mowgli~enwiki, Ed g2s, Frazzydee, Jeq, Dmytro, Phil Boswell, EdwinHJ, Freitasm, Robbot, Ktims, The Phoenix, Pigsonthewing,
Iam, Sappe, RedWolf, Altenmann, Romanm, Rfc1394, Puckly, Auric, Zidane2k1, Seajay, Sunray, Hadal, Patcat88, Mushroom, Lupo,
TPK, Lzur, Salty-horse, Tobias Bergemann, Gobeirne, Matthew Stannard, Giftlite, Paul Richter, DavidCary, Jao, Dinomite, KenBentubo,
Nichalp, Peruvianllama, Everyking, Curps, Markus Kuhn, Joconnor, Ssd, Scott Wilson, Guanaco, SheldonYoung, AlistairMcMillan, Foobar, Khalid hassani, Matt Crypto, Jackol, Bobblewik, Edcolins, Golbez, Mooquackwooftweetmeow, Vadmium, Isidore, ChicXulub, Dyfrgi,
Gadum, Utcursch, Alexf, Mendel, Cathcart~enwiki, Antandrus, Beland, Jossi, Vina, Wehe, Heman, Maximaximax, Wkdewey, Cape
ryano, Bk0, Sfoskett, Gscshoyru, Eiel, Tooki, Mpesce, Neutrality, Hellisp, Mschlindwein, THA-Zp~enwiki, Shadowlink1014, Adashiel,
Trevor MacInnis, Grunt, Eisnel, Ericg, Canterbury Tail, Jakro64, DmitryKo, Jennypei, Mike Rosoft, Freakofnurture, Imroy, Discospinster,
Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Sladen, Leibniz, FT2, Pmsyyz, Drano, Wk muriithi, Flatline, Horkana, Darren Olivier, MAlvis, Mani1, Pavel
Vozenilek, MarkS, Kenb215, IanGM, BonzoESC, Dpotter, CanisRufus, El C, Dajhorn, Mwanner, Jantangring, WibblyLeMoende, Nile,
Sietse Snel, Bdoserror, Leif, N.o.bouvin, Femto, Peter M Gerdes, Bobo192, Rivo~enwiki, Whosyourjudas, Dystopos, Apyule, Carradee,
Giraedata, AndrewRH, Jasonataylor, Davidgothberg, Sleske, Towel401, Xenium, Pogo747, HasharBot~enwiki, Nikhildandekar, Friviere, Jumbuck, Alansohn, Duman~enwiki, Polarscribe, Droob, Ahruman, DavisLee, Abesford, DKBG, Szumyk, Ksnow, Live Forever,
Wtmitchell, Melaen, Velella, Wtshymanski, Arkid77, Cburnett, Stephan Leeds, Suruena, Docboat, Amorymeltzer, Sciurin, ComCat,
Bsadowski1, DV8 2XL, Drbreznjev, Talkie tim, Btornado, Galaxiaad, Greensalad, Tom.k, Alex.g, Natalya, Mcsee, Joey7643, Shahad,
Sars~enwiki, Woohookitty, RHaworth, TigerShark, David Haslam, Rocastelo, Uncle G, Armando, Robert K S, Pol098, WadeSimMiser,
Amigadave, Hdante, Nfearnley, Squirrelist, Eyreland, Sega381, Kralizec!, Willkn, Bruns, Wisq, Rufous, Graham87, Elvey, John Anderson,
Dwaipayanc, Phoenix-forgotten, Sj, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Seidenstud, Demian12358, Jnlayson, Arabani, KamasamaK, Zpetro, MZMcBride, Tawker, Darguz Parsilvan, Vegaswikian, Eptalon, Danfuzz, HappyCamper, Band B, CQJ, DoubleBlue, Aapo Laitinen, Utuado, Yamamoto Ichiro, Casimir~enwiki, SLi, Gringer, FlaBot, Windchaser, Weihao.chiu~enwiki, Spaceman85, Ausinha, Avalyn, RexNL, Ghen,
RobyWayne, Intgr, CoolFox, Alphachimp, BradBeattie, Ahunt, WouterBot, Chobot, Nylex, Sharkface217, Hahnchen, WriterHound, Gwernol, Flcelloguy, Efthimios, Jasonauk, The Rambling Man, Siddhant, YurikBot, Sceptre, Todd Vierling, Charles Gaudette, Phantomsteve,
RussBot, Pw201, PEZ, John Quincy Adding Machine, Sillybilly, Splash, John2kx, Hydrargyrum, Stephenb, Gaius Cornelius, Yyy, Shaddack, Lavenderbunny, Rsrikanth05, Varnav, Wimt, Przemyslaw Pawelczak, Daveswagon, Thinkmike, NawlinWiki, DavidConrad, Dat789,
Mipadi, Wahooker, Nirvana2013, Grafen, Bloodofox, Deskana, Tokachu, Retired username, Misza13, U235, Killdevil, Tony1, Bucket-
263
sofg, PS2pcGAMER, Todeswalzer, Xpclient, Nlu, Superluser, Mholland, Novasource, Sperril, Kenguest, Masatran, Nachoman-au, Raistolo, Jwissick, Arthur Rubin, Nentuaby, Th1rt3en, Rhallanger, Tharos, GraemeL, Aeon1006, Trent Arms, JoanneB, Alias Flood, Natgoo,
Hyst, JLaTondre, Mossig, Warreed, Garion96, Warpedshadow, Allens, Katieh5584, Kungfuadam, Mdwyer, Jaysbro, Maxamegalon2000,
Eptin, Funkendub, WesleyDodds, Victor falk, NetRolller 3D, Luk, Yakudza, SmackBot, TheBilly, PiCo, Unschool, Imz, Faisal.akeel,
IddoGenuth, Del Merritt, Incnis Mrsi, Tarret, CrazyTerabyte, Olorin28, Pmaas, WookieInHeat, Lds, JoeMarce, Genia4, Pedrose, KelleyCook, Ahmadr, Dpwkbw, Sonu27, Flntobi~enwiki, Canthusus, Jonathan Karlsson, Aphid360, SampsonSimpson, TheDoctor10, Pfa9,
Mountainlogic, HalfShadow, Davegsun, Misterdan, Yamaguchi , Brahmanknight, Gilliam, Brianski, Ohnoitsjamie, Brent01, Averisk,
Kurykh, Persian Poet Gal, Quartz25, Ramprasadb, Lordkazan, Morte, Oli Filth, EncMstr, Repetition, SchftyThree, Droll, Rediahs, Deli
nk, Adpete, Mithaca, SleepyHappyDoc, DHN-bot~enwiki, Darth Panda, Jnavas, AKMask, Gracenotes, John Reaves, Zsinj, Can't sleep,
clown will eat me, Frap, OrphanBot, Fdlj~enwiki, JonHarder, Yidisheryid, Michkalas, Greenshed, Whpq, Alyssa3467, Maurice45, Jmnbatista, SQB, Aaronsharpe, Coolbho3000, Nakon, JRaue, VegaDark, EVula, Chrylis, HarisM, Just plain Bill, Daniel.Cardenas, Jna runn,
Ceoil, TiCPU, Ohconfucius, BlueMint, The undertow, SashatoBot, ArglebargleIV, Wvbailey, Gloriamarie, DireWolf~enwiki, Kuru, Palopt,
Alexey V. Molchanov, Notmicro, Heimstern, Disavian, William Wang, Fatespeaks, Demonte Morton, Shadowlynk, JorisvS, Minna Sora no
Shita, Agency SEA, Dumelow, Nux, Nagle, Morten, Nobunaga24, Ex nihil, Mtodorov 69, Mabahj, Zebov, Andypandy.UK, Slakr, Werdan7,
Gromreaper, Boomshadow, Martinp23, Aeluwas, Lipatden, Topazg, Dicklyon, Darz Mol~enwiki, PRRfan, BrockF5, SandyGeorgia, Jgrahn,
Manifestation, AEMoreira042281, Peyre, Frvwfr2, Nialsh, Hu12, Stephen B Streater, Sonic3KMaster, Iridescent, Melnorme, Virexix, Lakers, Shoeofdeath, Wjejskenewr, Dave Messina, Omnilord, Igoldste, Theyer, Blehfu, MrRedwood, Color probe, Hk1992, FakeTango, Mojtaba fouladi, Dlohcierekim, Ouishoebean, G-W, Andy120, Chris55, Davidbspalding, Ste m t1988, Aquinex, HDCase, GFellows, PuerExMachina, SammyJames, Makeemlighter, Ajbrowe, Random Nonsense, Jsmaye, N2e, Skyskraper, NickW557, Jlarkin, Leujohn, WeggeBot,
Oden, Glenn4pr, Apterygial, Oo7565, Funnyfarmofdoom, Grungen, Cydebot, Winesouvenir, Karichisholm, Danrok, Mjmarcus, Cambrant,
Djg2006, JustToHelp, O mores, PedanticChristian, Gogo Dodo, Travelbird, Anonymi, JFreeman, Uker, ST47, Myscrnnm, Scott14, YhnMzw, B, Tawkerbot4, Luccas, Shirulashem, Energetic is francine@yahoo.com, DumbBOT, Teratornis, Lisa 4 envyme@yahoo.com, Zzsql,
Plasticbadge, Cowpriest2, Kozuch, Lt Master1, SpK, Omicronpersei8, Zzsignup, Ebrahim, Sthow, Landroo, Epbr123, Mercury~enwiki,
Pstanton, Butter Bandit, N5iln, Sdream93, Dtgriscom, Marek69, John254, Electron9, James086, Phooto, WickedInk, Danielsage98, Austin
Spaord, Muaddeeb, ProbablyDrew, Dawnseeker2000, RoboServien, Escarbot, I already forgot, Porqin, Jtmoon, AntiVandalBot, Davido, WinBot, Obiwankenobi, Seaphoto, Opelio, Masamage, Qwavel, Padishar, Jj137, Tmopkisn, Farosdaughter, Jhsounds, Mrmason,
AubreyEllenShomo, Myanw, Ronnymexico, Kaini, Canadian-Bacon, MikeLynch, Bigjimr, JAnDbot, Leuko, Harryzilber, Barek, MER-C,
CosineKitty, Mntlnrg, Klensed, TheOtherSiguy, Schwarzes Nacht, PhilKnight, Kirrages, Y2kcrazyjoker4, LittleOldMe, Magioladitis, Freedomlinux, Parsecboy, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Bardia52, Anthonyramos1, JamesBWatson, Kierenj, Aka042, Froid, Dilane, Catgut, Ifroggie, MobileMistress, Felixgomez18~enwiki, Animum, Mushu118, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Boob, Cpl Syx, Retroneo, Somearemoreequal,
DerHexer, Plexos, Granpire Viking Man, Daemonic Kangaroo, Lucid00, Eskalin, Bitbit, Gary63, S3000, Kerr avon, Kelaiel, Conquerist,
MartinBot, Plagana, Vigyani, Sjjupadhyay~enwiki, Steveobd, NAHID, Nikpapag, Dorvaq, Jonathan Hall, R'n'B, Lcabanel, Westleyd,
Tgeairn, Manticore, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Darin-0, Theups, Adavidb, Bogey97, CosminManole, Herbythyme, PhoenixofMT,
Uncle Dick, Nigholith, Neon white, Reedy Bot, P3net, Nubi78, Laurusnobilis, Sudsak, Jench, Crakkpot, Servel333, Supuhstar, Kazu89,
RenniePet, Dtt.hatchi, SJP, WikiMarcus, Cmichael, KylieTastic, Uhai, Tweisbach, DorganBot, Mike V, Opn800, Avijaikumar, MrPaul84, Doggkruse, Tkgd2007, Vojamisic, SoCalSuperEagle, Spellcast, Wikieditor06, Malik Shabazz, Jericbryledy, CWii, Thedjatclubrock, Icarus4586, Davrukin, Gmoose1, Dave Andrew, DSRH, Hersfold, Jmrowland, Nburden, Fireblaster lyz, LokiClock, Gustavopaz21,
Bovineboy2008, Ryan032, WarddrBOT, Philip Trueman, DoorsAjar, TXiKiBoT, QrK FIN, Geoman888, Fxhomie, Brianonn, Ssri1983,
Tauheedrameez, Rei-bot, Someone else 90, Aymatth2, Qxz, Someguy1221, CharlieGalik, MichaelStanford, OlavN, Retiono Virginian,
Melsaran, Awl, Cootiequits, DragonLord, Rob Blanco~enwiki, Acer65, LeaveSleaves, Notbyworks, Angrymuth, ARUNKUMAR P.R, Katimawan2005, Mwilso24, Anderssjosvard, Pikemaster18, Andy Dingley, Dirkbb, Haseo9999, Abidh786, Impasse, Iammasud, Altermike,
Blu3tooth, Lwc, Falcon8765, Enviroboy, Dennis mathews, Sapphic, Nettlehead, Vid2vid, Nagy, Nisanthks, Dannydream9999, Depaul27,
Supernovaess, NHRHS2010, Jw-wiki, Ss power hacker, Cheeseguypie, EJF, Cransdell, JerryDeSanto, SMC89, SieBot, Lworbey, Dusti,
Tresiden, DimeCadmium, Winchelsea, Caltas, RJaguar3, Steven.keeping, LeadSongDog, Xelgen, Arda Xi, Keilana, Happysailor, Flyer22,
Masgatotkaca, Colfer2, JKofoed, Nopetro, Canadiantire122, JSpung, Gadgetmonster, Oxymoron83, Newtruie, Steven Zhang, Lightmouse, Elopezar, Vanished user kijsdion3i4jf, Macy, Engineerism, Laspalmas, Karl2620, StaticGull, Jfromcanada, Chillum, WikiLaurent,
Klaus100, Runmcp, Dj4u, Irstu, NMHartman, Lilboogie, Jblbt, Andreasbecker, Loren.wilton, Martarius, Sfan00 IMG, Tanvir Ahmmed,
ClueBot, Fartacus46, Binksternet, Mckinleyma, Learnportuguese, The Thing That Should Not Be, Gophi, Captzucchini, MichaelKirche,
Compellingelegance, Poterxu, Ndenison, Adrianeming, Siliconbeat, Mild Bill Hiccup, Polo200, PolarYukon, Digitallyinspired, Burchseymour, Niceguyedc, Chalo phenomenon, Dave4400, Auntof6, Hrudaya, DragonBot, Excirial, Alexbot, Jusdafax, Aprilstarr, Anon
lynx, Wikitumnus, Harleyosborne1234, Tris121, D1991jb, Howie1989, Proximitia, BobKawanaka, Narendra Sisodiya, CasperGhosty,
Estirabot, Rakeshlashkari, Marcelbutucea, Jotterbot, Squid tamer, OekelWm, BingoDingo, Mikaey, Maine12329, ChrisHodgesUK, La
Pianista, Thingg, Aitias, Jonverve, Versus22, SoxBot III, Apparition11, Wnt, DumZiBoT, InternetMeme, Ryan8374, XLinkBot, Ain't love
grand, Little Mountain 5, Avoided, Skarebo, WikHead, Mimarx, Alexius08, Noctibus, Dzero-net, Abomasnow, Psmonu, Airplaneman,
RyanCross, Dsimic, Millionbaker, Addbot, Xp54321, Ramu50, Mortense, Jhumbo, Shyhshinlee, Landon1980, Queenmomcat, DougsTech, Dimosvki, Justallofthem, Holt, TutterMouse, Fieldday-sunday, NjardarBot, Skyezx, MrOllie, CarsracBot, JeroenvW, Kravdraa
Ulb, Pngolla, AndersBot, Chzz, Favonian, Hitchcockc, Doniago, Agurcu, 5 albert square, 84user, Tide rolls, Bguras puppy, Dwlocks,
Navinkhemka, Lightbot, OlEnglish, Apteva, Teles, Wireless friend, Nicolas Love, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Bpantalone, Yobot, JSimmonz,
Senator Palpatine, Fraggle81, TaBOT-zerem, Village Idiort, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Brougham96, KamikazeBot, Gerixau, Wonder, TestEditBot, Dacbook, Avaldesm, The Flying Spaghetti Monster, Synchronism, Koman90, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, Arjun G.
Menon, Stued cat, Kristen Eriksen, Littleworld73, Jim1138, JackieBot, Piano non troppo, Dracony, DigitHead, AdjustShift, Materialscientist, NXTguru, Vinod58, Glarrg, Danno uk, Felyza, ADNewsom, Ears04, ArthurBot, Kevin chen2003, LilHelpa, Andrewmc123, Xqbot,
Bjorn Elenfors, Sionus, 4I7.4I7, Capricorn42, Nasnema, Aguwhite, AfrowJoww, 1wolfblake, Headsetuser, HannesP, Coretheapple, RibotBOT, Kyng, Amaury, Sophus Bie, Shadowjams, Tabledhote, Crf150r rider, Alella, Addea, ToothTeam, FrescoBot, Ryanbrannonrulez,
Nageh, W Nowicki, Recognizance, Spab 007, Ginettos, Huddsy09, Edgukated, Jas203, kebrke, I dream of horses, 10metreh, Tinton5,
Yahia.barie, Snoopy8765, BRUTE, Pedess, RedBot, GerbilSoft, Olejarde, Merlion444, Toolnut, Surya Adinata, Tim1357, FoxBot, TobeBot, Lexischemen~enwiki, LogAntiLog, WikiNickM, Jonkerz, Lotje, Blob00, 777sms, Suusion of Yellow, MG lUkE xX, PleaseStand,
Philip123ison, Mhrlive, Andrea105, Onel5969, Hoseabrown, Markareal, DRAGON BOOSTER, Squeakypaul, Skamecrazy123, Tomvanbraeckel, Meckleys, EmausBot, Adovid-Mila, Oliverlyc, Acather96, WikitanvirBot, Timtempleton, BillyPreset, Dewritech, V 2e, Skyy
Train, Jvanthou, RenamedUser01302013, Devin, Wdrdoctor, Winner 42, Jlou us, Wikipelli, Egwyn3, ZroBot, John Cline, F, Bollyje,
Hfkids, Tecnova, Kiwi128, Ebrambot, H3llBot, L.H.N.Prasad, Makecat, OnePt618, Mltinus, Sbmeirow, Enap007, Ready, Donner60, Zlatan8621, Holdenmcrutch, Psicho1963, Abmmhasan, 28bot, Mrbluetooth, WMC, Petrb, Lohith92, ClueBot NG, Shajure, Suid-Afrikaanse,
Rack1600, Satellizer, Mackwho, HonestIntelligence, Zoltan.ackermann, Euquiq, Cntras, Twillisjr, O.Koslowski, Widr, Roman.harmata,
264
Slasherman77, Invadinado, Caso80, Oeiriad, Helpful Pixie Bot, Tringy, , Electriccatsh2, HMSSolent, Fatih431, DBigXray,
Krimuk90, BG19bot, Nandeda narayan, Cooljohnpan, Senabluetooth, Hz.tiang, Scutigeramorpha, Pwesolek, Klaus5512, Daanyaal4Sirran,
MusikAnimal, Metricopolus, Titoncio, Compfreak7, Fifthman, Per1234, Freakoutwithme, Yourmummm, Snow Blizzard, Yourmummmm,
Gbluecathy, Sucwingse, Glacialfox, Mesayre, Lindsaypeattie, Ekroeter, Achowat, Vkusske, Tonyprasanna05, Rbwiki, Blink89x, BattyBot,
Cryptos2k, Riley Huntley, Jimw338, The Illusive Man, ChrisGualtieri, EditorE, Dobie80, Ppooya99, Trinity.Ralphie, Thomasw90, BrightStarSky, Rezonansowy, Webclient101, HelicopterLlama, Hair, Nicceg, Jamesx12345, Tomhak, Revolver4u, 069952497a, Dave Braunschweig, Svnti fav, I am One of Many, Adventures9, Edric Chandra, Tentinator, Jakec, Sssemil, AnthonyJ Lock, Ssofrigid, Svoboman,
Anuja Ray, Ginsuloft, Reenu rajbir, Surie woods, Mikele venditt, Diference, 7Sidz, Brad Dyer, Wyn.junior, Clouviere4440, Trynitagain2c,
Jweaver120, Highway 231, Filedelinkerbot, Punkpop ladd, Betty Jeong, HMSLavender, Freelancer2013, EoRdE6, Krishnatomar1986oct,
Sridharnaidu, JackMurph, Genovif, KingReaperXD, KasparBot, Sravanadire, Techmesho, Whizrayon, CaseyMillerWiki, Epiklyfail77 and
Anonymous: 2080
IEEE 802.16 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.16?oldid=669827864 Contributors: Ansible, Booyabazooka, Pnm, TakuyaMurata, Davodd, Rchandra, Julien~enwiki, Brianhe, Babomb, Wrs1864, Jhd, Water Bottle, Astralnaut, Stephan Leeds, Lerdsuwa, Mindmatrix, Armando, Pol098, Buxtehude, Imnotminkus, Chobot, DVdm, Yyy, Mlc, Phil Holmes, Nelson50, Yonir, Porttikivi, Evdo, SmackBot,
KelleyCook, George Rodney Maruri Game, Danielcohn, Frap, Iapetus, Cybercobra, TJJFV, Palopt, Notmicro, Samuel.dellit, Kvng, Hu12,
Phatom87, Djg2006, AlexeyV, Headbomb, Dawnseeker2000, Nisselua, Chaitanya.lala, Cyclonius, Alro, Mange01, PCock, Tsystems, Psbsub, Mistertheman, Editore99, Le Pied-bot~enwiki, Elch Yenn, Ottawahitech, Auntof6, Goodvac, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, Jovianeye,
Addbot, A1, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Nasa-verve, W Nowicki, SpaceFlight89, FoxBot, EmausBot, Ahen1020,
Mo ainm, Xxiehero, MerlIwBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Vsevastos, Mypslim, SomeFreakOnTheInternet and Anonymous: 76
Wireless broadband Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_broadband?oldid=666696292 Contributors: CesarB, Dysprosia, AlexPlank, Nurg, Jondel, Dehumanizer, BenFrantzDale, Nicholsr, Bobblewik, Tagishsimon, ChicXulub, Ot, Arosa, Ruprecht~enwiki, Kinettisaizah, AllyUnion, Deryck Chan, Sysiphe, ProductBox, Jrleighton, Versageek, Spraints, Woohookitty, Rjwilmsi, Ground Zero, BradBeattie, RussBot, Robertvan1, PrologFan, Tony1, Petri Krohn, Nelson50, SmackBot, Rockydallas, A. B., Jmlk17, Flyguy649, Ianmacm,
M414, Notmicro, Kopf1988, Dicklyon, Johno3300, Willcannings, Cparry, Phatom87, Hebrides, Kozuch, Djonesx, Dawnseeker2000,
Escarbot, Sarajb53, Calltech, Jim.henderson, Nono64, DanDoughty, Dorftrottel, Mlewis000, Bslavin~enwiki, Vchimpanzee, Patparks,
Anggraeni, Yintan, Editore99, StaticGull, Nijuabraham, Abackus~enwiki, Bassmstr9, Ottawahitech, Anon lynx, Hakware, Mlas, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, Laser brain, MystBot, Osayi, Pateldivakar, Lightbot, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Newportm, Cyanoa Crylate, Mongoliaian, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, Xqbot, Tabledhote, FrescoBot, W Nowicki, Adlerbot, Wakelamp, Pierpao, Wingman4l7, ,
Football1502, O.Koslowski, Widr, Digitalinspiration, Tony Tan, Dsurapol, MrBill3, Happenstancial, Chrisxue815, BattyBot, Ds82ro, UNOwenNYC, Alishir58, Ritajeerson, Knight91B and Anonymous: 83
IEEE 802 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802?oldid=673498860 Contributors: The Anome, LA2, Jtk, Nixdorf, Timwi, Itai,
Nil0lab, Asbestos, Hellisp, Discospinster, Cmdrjameson, Matt Britt, Wrs1864, Nsaa, Guy Harris, Sligocki, Rick Sidwell, Aka, Mindmatrix, DenesVadasz, Graham87, Casey Abell, FlaBot, Intgr, Hede2000, Grubber, Ugur Basak, Nathan8225, Steven Hepting, Maxwell
Rain~enwiki, Rwwww, Diagraph01~enwiki, KnightRider~enwiki, SmackBot, Hydrogen Iodide, Gilliam, Oli Filth, DHN-bot~enwiki, JonHarder, Calicat, Wassini, Kirils, Aarktica, Kvng, OS2Warp, FunPika, Djg2006, Corpx, Etienne.navarro, Kozuch, Thijs!bot, Raveeshworldwide, Scru323, JAnDbot, Bpmullins, Freedomlinux, JamesBWatson, Soulbot, Rmurias, R'n'B, Lcabanel, LordAnubisBOT, Ianb888, Alinja, Tsystems, A4bot, Flashpoint145, Don4of4, C-M, Frees, Nubiatech, Int21h, Jacob.jose, Denisarona, ClueBot, Jirae, Tyler, Terra
Xin, Versus22, Johnuniq, Addbot, DaniRoisman, Vishnava, CanadianLinuxUser, Debresser, Numbo3-bot, Yobot, X746e, AnomieBOT,
Sonia, Gowr, Materialscientist, Roux-HG, J G Campbell, Qinghao, Nasa-verve, AntiAbuseBot, 2ndjpeg, GliderMaven, JThywiss, Rapsar, Lumag Lumag, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mo ainm, Plodder81, ZroBot, Rigger151, ClueBot NG, BattyBot, Darylgolden, GoShow,
Reatlas, Faizan, Babitaarora and Anonymous: 93
Media access control Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_access_control?oldid=666508560 Contributors: Youssefsan,
Notheruser, Angela, Evercat, Timwi, Zoicon5, Itai, GPHemsley, Robbot, Nurg, Giftlite, Joconnor, Alexander.stohr, Brianhe, A purple wikiuser, Zachlipton, Guy Harris, Caesura, Rick Sidwell, Cburnett, Suruena, Nuno Tavares, Woohookitty, DenesVadasz, Casey
Abell, ErikHaugen, HappyCamper, FlaBot, Intgr, Srleer, Borgx, Stassats, NawlinWiki, Steven Hepting, Closedmouth, Extraordinary,
LeonardoRob0t, Sardanaphalus, Leon Hunt, KnightRider~enwiki, Irnavash, KelleyCook, ProveIt, Zanetu, Gilliam, @modi, Snori, OrangeDog, DHN-bot~enwiki, HarisM, Lus Felipe Braga, Khazar, Breno, Mr Stephen, Dicklyon, Arkrishna, Dominio~enwiki, Kvng, Arathald,
Beno1000, Mellery, Jesse Viviano, Cydebot, Djg2006, Tawkerbot4, Ebrahim, Thijs!bot, Dawnseeker2000, Widefox, JAnDbot, .anacondabot, Enjoi4586, Willy on Wheels over Ethernet, Lihui912, FDD, Mange01, Mojodaddy, Philip Trueman, Crazy Murdoc, PaulTanenbaum,
Figureskatingfan, Vitz-RS, JFSM~enwiki, Logan, Kbrose, SieBot, Nubiatech, Ghez, Bentogoa, Treekids, ClueBot, Gwalker nz, Jusdafax,
Mlas, Johnuniq, Pgallert, Dgtsyb, MystBot, Good Olfactory, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Luckas-bot, TaBOT-zerem, Nallimbot, Xqbot, Loosecannon93, GliderMaven, Nageh, W Nowicki, Tolly4bolly, RyanQuinlan, MerlIwBot, Avitesh, YiFeiBot and Anonymous: 106
Logical link control Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_link_control?oldid=636647847 Contributors: The Anome, Bearcat,
Hgfernan, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Indil, Wayfarer, Guy Harris, ErikHaugen, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Anrie Nord, YurikBot, Borgx,
Fsiler, Sardanaphalus, Qoqnous, Od Mishehu, KelleyCook, DHN-bot~enwiki, Frap, Dicklyon, Beno1000, Tawkerbot2, Phatom87, Cydebot, Thijs!bot, Widefox, Kauczuk, Ppchailley, JAnDbot, GermanX, BaomoVW, Mange01, Laurusnobilis, Inwind, Rei-bot, PaulTanenbaum, Alcmaeonid, AlleborgoBot, Kbrose, Very Input, Muhandes, Pgallert, SilvonenBot, Dgtsyb, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Luckasbot, Materialscientist, Xqbot, Doulos Christos, Erik9bot, Itusg15q4user, Dinamik-bot, Krmboya, ZroBot, Chester Markel, Karthick.s5,
Masssly, Titodutta and Anonymous: 55
HiperLAN Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiperLAN?oldid=634582439 Contributors: The Anome, Patrick, Modster, Pnm,
Wapcaplet, Mulad, Crissov, Pmcray, Snowdog, Vanished user 1234567890, EagleOne, Monkeyman, Alansohn, DariuszT, Rupl,
KnightRider~enwiki, Rutja76, SonicTheHedgehog, Pieoncar, GBL, Thumperward, Palopt, Tawkerbot2, Thijs!bot, Dawnseeker2000,
Widefox, JeromeJerome, Mange01, Adavidb, PipepBot, Jereh172, Dthomsen8, Asksatan42, Addbot, Yobot, LittleWink, Dewritech,
Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Pit7~enwiki, Itsmyline, Khag94 and Anonymous: 47
Ubiquiti Networks Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquiti_Networks?oldid=674443536 Contributors: Bearcat, Esrogs,
Knuckle007, BD2412, Arado, DRosenbach, Reedy, Nakon, Ljvillanueva, Dawnseeker2000, CommonsDelinker, l, Shortride, Haseo9999,
Nathan thorpe, 7, Stickee, WikHead, Download, AnomieBOT, Jafxi, W Nowicki, John of Reading, Timtempleton, GoingBatty, AsceticRose, Justinhornberger, James.d.higley, BG19bot, Nen, Sstrycker, Khazar2, Johnleftylee, Tartantroosers, Semsi Paco Virchow, Orthogonal1, Zalkida, Sarr Cat and Anonymous: 25
Evolved HSPA Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_HSPA?oldid=674385717 Contributors: Roybadami, Kku, Joy, Chowbok,
JereyN, DmitryKo, Andros 1337, Vinko, Caedwa, LindsayH, Causa sui, Timl, Steveklein, The RedBurn, Ringbang, Firsfron, Armando,
265
Zippo, Lensovet, Rjwilmsi, Jnlayson, SLi, Zayani, WikiWikiPhil, Siddhant, MMuzammils, Johantheghost, Saper, Shawnrouse, Habbie,
Porttikivi, SmackBot, Darkman007e, Unforgettableid, Stoinov, Alphathon, Ecwpa, Derek R Bullamore, LapTop006, DHR, DrMoslehi,
Devourer09, Acfrazier, Imcdnzl, Cydebot, Hebrides, Pmeth, Greg L, Anarchyson, Drizzd~enwiki, Fogelmania, Magioladitis, Ch604,
Retroneo, Dennisthe2, 7free, Xiphosurus, Mange01, Mojodaddy, Darin-0, Adavidb, Botbck, Aboutmovies, Servel333, FrenchChris, LittleBenW, TashTish, SieBot, Cros79, Nopetro, Lightmouse, Ollihokkanen, Sitush, Bbb2007, Ncrashb, DumZiBoT, A.h. king, MystBot,
Kbdankbot, Addbot, Dr rdb, LaaknorBot, Numbo3-bot, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ruchira88, Eikoseidel, LilHelpa, Xqbot, FileAnt,
MobileIP, Yadavjpr, Kyng, DooMMeeR, Goles, Ledba, Boci, Hgb asicwizard, Btilm, , Full-date unlinking bot, LukeFrmUttley, Kau
mad, Bestcallumuk, Alwin1403, Marek265, Editorpl, Steve03Mills, EmausBot, Tuankiet65, WikitanvirBot, Djpalmer93, Austin.nassau,
Nasula, ZroBot, H3llBot, Davidlimcg23, BroadBandAC, ClueBot NG, Jdperkins, Helpful Pixie Bot, HMSSolent, BG19bot, Mark Arsten,
Kgizdov, Svk sadgat, Adnan bogi, Pwairjae, Kyousuke.k, MrCellular, Comp.arch, Nightwalker-87, Djeradsoane, Hampton11235 and
Anonymous: 169
W-CDMA (UMTS) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMA_(UMTS)?oldid=668961311 Contributors: Jakub~enwiki, Egil,
Ronz, Jpatokal, Julesd, Darkov, Fuzheado, Rohan Jayasekera, Jusjih, Frazzydee, Msasi~enwiki, Robbot, RedWolf, Cfaerber, Jondel,
Baloo rch, DocWatson42, Bsoft, Edcolins, Goofrider, Slowking Man, Mark alec, Mozzerati, Tooki, Abdull, Markalex, Discospinster,
Hhielscher, Lachatdelarue, James.pole, Bobo192, .:Ajvol:., Get It, Espoo, Vanished user lkjsdkf34ij48fjhk4, Guy Harris, The RedBurn, Jiing, Supergloom, Kinema, Morton.lin, Armando, Sprog, Marudubshinki, Ketiltrout, Vegaswikian, FlaBot, Weihao.chiu~enwiki,
Gurch, LeCire~enwiki, Chobot, Elfguy, Hairy Dude, Shell Kinney, Bovineone, KJPurscell, Alohawolf, Ejdzej, MonMan, Scope creep,
Rdschwarz, Yonir, Porttikivi, That Guy, From That Show!, Evdo, SmackBot, Jupix, Bluebot, Robertyhn, Oli Filth, DHN-bot~enwiki,
DylanW, TJJFV, Condem, Kvng, Wirelessman, JohnTechnologist, Irwangatot, Pan Camel, Bigglescat, Cydebot, Doug Weller, Landroo,
Thijs!bot, Khottorp, Rees11, Saimhe, Rsocol, Skarkkai, JAnDbot, Harryzilber, Magioladitis, Atomsf, VoABot II, Sanoj1234, Retroneo,
S3000, Dwattttt, MartinBot, Jim.henderson, Squiggleslash, Mange01, Mojodaddy, Rjransijn, Hamoodi, LordAnubisBOT, Chancheelam,
Sanmele, Wvereeck, TXiKiBoT, Yonpari, SieBot, Laoris, Happysailor, ReluctantPhilosopher, Ottawahitech, Sauralf, PixelBot, MacGod,
LeviathinXII, InternetMeme, MystBot, Addbot, AndersBot, SpBot, Semiwiki, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Piano non troppo, Xqbot,
Termininja, SuBWaReZ, Kyng, Hymek, GiacomoV, FrescoBot, Ripchip Bot, EmausBot, Timtempleton, Nasula, Alpha Quadrant, Ceresta~enwiki, Robertojl, Snotbot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Titodutta, Altar, Adnan bogi, Anthony E. Alvarez, Spyglasses, Nightwalker-87, Youkseo, Duke7553 and Anonymous: 147
3.5G Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.5G?oldid=672041425 Contributors: Radiojon, Bearcat, Bobblewik, Andros 1337, David
Levy, Mathiastck, Probell,
robot, Richmeister, R'n'B, Mange01, Addbot, Dawynn, Anna Frodesiak, Alvin Seville, EmausBot, GJDR,
6ii9, Epicgenius, Corsista1 and Anonymous: 7
High Speed Packet Access Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access?oldid=671498519 Contributors: Ambrosen, Mac, Ehn, Darkov, Dale Arnett, Jonth, Fudoreaper, Everyking, Chaerani, Robert Brockway, Imroy, Vinko, Bobo192, Mcornelius,
Atlant, MoraSique, Stephan Leeds, Tabletop, Mandarax, Tslocum, David Levy, Rjwilmsi, Vegaswikian, Swya, Mathiastck, Froggey, Siddhant, Borgx, Stephenb, Voidxor, Tony1, Jeremy Visser, SmackBot, Oli Filth, Villarinho, Jerome Charles Potts, Glloq, Jpjust~enwiki,
Bigmantonyd, Khazar, DouglasCalvert, Hukkinen, Creek23, Cydebot, Alaibot, Electron9, Dawnseeker2000, Harryzilber, Bhamv, MERC, Nthep, Drizzd~enwiki, Xoneca, KJRehberg, Retroneo, Seashorewiki, Mojodaddy, Darin-0, Rbrewer42, Andareed, Reacocard, Behzad.farmand, Nishantchoudhary, TelecomsTim, THeCodeGuY, IndulgentReader, Kbrose, Jmoz2989, Editore99, Lightmouse, TuxyQ,
Ossguy, Mild Bill Hiccup, PixelBot, Hadiyana, Nukeless, Bodosom, BOTarate, Ranjan shab, DumZiBoT, WikHead, SilvonenBot, Hypermax~enwiki, MystBot, Osarius, Addbot, Willking1979, Download, LaaknorBot, Chathurangawav, Lightbot, Mateus RM, Yobot, 4th-otaku,
AnomieBOT, Eikoseidel, TheAMmollusc, , Addihockey10, TechBot, Lonniev, Omnipaedista, RibotBOT, Kyng, Lonaowna,
Chockyboy, Lisa Andersson, Lallolu, Chris Caven, Jonkerz, Lotje, NortuRE, Steve03Mills, EmausBot, Nasula, K6ka, Seikku Kaita,
AvicBot, Dariel 01, ChuispastonBot, Diamondland, ClueBot NG, Wifuk, Rezabot, Widr, Ammar Al Sarraj, Frmin, BattyBot, Adnan
bogi, Mogism, Comp.arch, Spyglasses, Saivenkat961921992, AliDabbirKhan and Anonymous: 141
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution?oldid=
674419093 Contributors: Nate Silva, Maury Markowitz, Nealmcb, Michael Hardy, Egil, Mac, Jid~enwiki, Uriber, Darkov, Fuzheado,
Snickerdo, Timc, Omegatron, Shizhao, Johnleemk, Robbot, Cfaerber, Jra, Baloo rch, Hadal, David Edgar, Profoss, Lzur, Joaopaulo1511,
Joconnor, Bobblewik, Goofrider, Anthonywong, Quadell, Nibor.org, Flora~enwiki, Discospinster, Sladen, FT2, Andros 1337, Alistair1978,
Nabber00, Bartolo5, Phil websurfer@yahoo.com, Rdummarf, Cacophony, Agoode, Rcsheets, Apecat, W8TVI, Viriditas, Matt Britt, Srl,
Mikel Ward, Timl, Dennis Valeev, Man vyi, Mmansoor, Helix84, Mikelevin, Jumbuck, Mithent, Kalleboo, The RedBurn, Echuck215,
Ronark, Saga City, Sparky2004, Danhash, Anthony Ivano, Jackerhack, Oswaldo~enwiki, Yasget, Dan100, RyanGerbil10, Antonypranata,
Sapte, Armando, Fortythree, Pol098, Beej, Tabletop, Sprog, GregorB, Palica, Steve Max, Ketiltrout, Ademkader, FlaBot, Wikiliki,
Mathiastck, Terrien, Intgr, Tedder, Mrschimpf, YurikBot, Klingoncowboy4, Charles Gaudette, MMuzammils, RussBot, Peter S., Piet
Delport, Danrha, Yyy, Eleassar, Bovineone, John Lucas, Dureo, Dmoss, CecilWard, JulesH, Alex43223, Bota47, Ryu Kojiro, Bseker,
Nachoman-au, Attacking.fullback, Mardus, SmackBot, GregA, Estoy Aqu, Eskimbot, NickShaforosto, Loompyloompy313, Brianski,
Tex23, Bco2003, Bluebot, Flurry, Jishnua, Chrisedwards, Ghost.scream, Larre~enwiki, Oli Filth, Octahedron80, Jdthood, Zaian, Deathtrap3000, Boren, Unomano, Wutzofant, NotMuchToSay, Cyzor, Asix, Shattered, Nicholas1520, Friend4u, David e cooper, EdC~enwiki,
Iridescent, Ro2000, JimpsEd, KevinBullock, Sabb0ur, Shanmuga cit, Baqu11, JohnTechnologist, Ale jrb, ShelfSkewed, Ntg sf, Chrisahn,
Ken Gallager, Flamejob, Cydebot, Fl, O mores, Wordbuilder, Khatru2, Pkruger, Blaisorblade, Fedandr, 00tony, Sirkbulio, AdamRoach,
Marek69, Phooto, Jhdaly, Mm11, Dawnseeker2000, Pavelbd, AntiVandalBot, Nisselua, Jawsper, Abunet, JAnDbot, Harryzilber, Arch
dude, Severo, .anacondabot, Raanoo, Magioladitis, Zobh, Dragonbeast, Sosaited, Dima1, Topspin~enwiki, Indon, Lizmm, Jonsg, Rasho,
KL5it, Anthraxbrz, Conquerist, Rbaal, Jonabo, Wlodzimierz, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Mange01, Mojodaddy, Sqush101, Maurice Carbonaro, Vfbp-geyf, Pipeinformatico~enwiki, Cmichael, Danda Panda, Davecrosby uk, Idioma-bot, Signalhead, Enzzot, Eurolite
x3, 99DBSIMLR, Elimerl, LeaveSleaves, BotKung, Richard Kervin, SQL, Spinningspark, GoLLoMboje, Gdn, SieBot, TJRC, Arifulnr,
Tvdijk, Chipaca, Jmeyer83, Jmoz2989, Qst, EnTheMohammad, Oxymoron83, Grspider, Aspects, Sublite, Crimson Vs Purple, Lightmouse, Yakman66, Smshaner, Nmalon, Jorgeren, Engineerism, Tannline, Kdevin, Peppery9, Peturrunar, Klaus100, Digisus, Sfan00 IMG,
ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Jeshan, Wangjia, TJ Dimacali, Tobenvontoben, Supaklailert, Saad.durrani, Drh104, DragonBot,
Ejay, Hadiyana, Shiro jdn, Mkusk~enwiki, Epiovesan, Narender2727, Versus22, LeviathinXII, Stevenrasnick, InternetMeme, Liturahman, Addbot, Speer320, Mike Babic, Igiveinfo, Yuanyelele, SpillingBot, Joycloete, Economist-83, Debresser, Sudeeprg, Kukabura, Echo
R314, E.R.UT, Jpors, Krano, , Luckas-bot, Yobot, Akhilkrishna03, AnomieBOT, Noq, Jim1138, Yigitbilgin, Elisabeth
Hillman, ItchyDE~enwiki, Frajerji007, Materialscientist, Calvinbasti, Xqbot, TheAMmollusc, Zct823, Harbinary, RibotBOT, Karghazini,
JanneW, FrescoBot, Lisa Andersson, Cody Cooper, RedBot, Cnwilliams, Thelittlemouse, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, Tuankiet65, Wikipelli,
Mikefoo, , ChuispastonBot, ClueBot NG, Theopolisme, Frmin, BG19bot, M0rphzone, AvocatoBot, Auteny, BattyBot, AndreyKovalevsky, ChrisGualtieri, Adnan bogi, Mukeshkamaliya, Dexbot, Mediaba, MrCellular, Nightwalker-87, Digitalimager, Sovereigns,
266
267
KTo288, Squiggleslash, Codnchips, Mojodaddy, Bellagio99, LordAnubisBOT, STBotD, Ross Fraser, Ericatkin, Mlewis000, VolkovBot,
Je G., Lrz35, WinTakeAll, Thanatos666, SieBot, Threebytesfull, Mxl, JKofoed, Rob.ashwell, Callidior, Nijuabraham, Alecs.y.rodez,
Sfan00 IMG, Benjamin-ziebarth, Excirial, AndrewBud, Resoru, Muhandes, Jonverve, KitchM, Emiliosic, Verbal, Legobot, Bpantalone,
Yobot, EnTerr, AnomieBOT, Paulturner1981, ArthurBot, Lungpool, Grim23, Nasa-verve, Hymek, A.amitkumar, FrescoBot, Sesoe,
Sae1962, Jgombos, Trappist the monk, Kynetx, Nevin.williams, EmausBot, GoingBatty, Osakanataro, ZroBot, Dolovis, MajorVariola,
Sbmeirow, Skarthi wi, ClueBot NG, DieSwartzPunkt, Reify-tech, Helpful Pixie Bot, Mrmshane, Fresnel57, Digital Brains, BattyBot,
Lemnaminor, Stamptrader, Roy.broeren, Monkbot, Albanerendk, KasparBot and Anonymous: 181
WiMAX Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX?oldid=674900969 Contributors: Jimbo Wales, William Avery, Maury Markowitz,
KYSoh, Edward, Booyabazooka, Tompagenet, Sheldon Rampton, Frank Shearar, TakuyaMurata, Skysmith, Gbleem, Ahoerstemeier,
Haakon, Mac, TUF-KAT, Angela, Mxn, Ehn, Redjar, Darkov, Charles Matthews, Ww, Kbk, Itai, Nv8200pa, LMB, Fvw, Johnleemk,
Jeq, Chealer, Vespristiano, RedWolf, ZimZalaBim, Nurg, Romanm, Rfc1394, Jondel, Davodd, Wereon, Asparagus, Mdmcginn, Giftlite,
Cokoli, 0x0077BE, Jyril, Wolfkeeper, Fudoreaper, MeirM, Filceolaire, ZeroJanvier, Mboverload, Siroxo, Adamfranco~enwiki, Jaan513,
Bobblewik, Tagishsimon, Edcolins, OldakQuill, Chowbok, Pgan002, Toytoy, Mendel, CryptoDerk, Beland, ShakataGaNai, Almit39,
Mozzerati, Bk0, Kevin143, Biot, Willhsmit, BrianWilloughby, Jennypei, Mike Rosoft, AliveFreeHappy, Monkeyman, Imroy, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Rhobite, Oliver Lineham, R6144, Wk muriithi, ArnoldReinhold, Jordancpeterson, JimR, Cswilly, Closeapple,
Evice, Spearhead, RoyBoy, Just zis Guy, you know?, Agoode, Babomb, MarkWahl, NeonLego, Polluks, Chrisvls, Kensai, Blhole~enwiki,
Obradovic Goran, Glaucus, Sysiphe, Johntinker, Poweroid, Alansohn, Guy Harris, Interiot, Neonumbers, Andrewpmk, K8la, Nbertram,
Ahruman, Kurt Shaped Box, Gomi no sensei, Hadlock, BBird, Uucp, Mr ea, Paul1337, Jrleighton, Stephan Leeds, Lokedhs, Costoa, Computerjoe, Mmsarfraz, Algocu, Uceboyx, Kenyon, Dismas, Oleg Alexandrov, Novacatz, Cyclotronwiki, Yeastbeast, Gabriel Kent, Muftak,
Woohookitty, Mindmatrix, Tyz, Baysalc, Thorpe, Morton.lin, Abab99, Armando, Sega381, Tom W.M., Jobinbasani, Xiong Chiamiov, Nycmstar, Oliversl, Mandarax, Tslocum, Fbkintanar, Greglutz, Sareini, Li-sung, Attitude2000, Mjm1964, Bill37212, Jeftrokat, Palthainon,
TimmyDee, Tawker, Vegaswikian, Nneonneo, SeanMack, SLi, Makru, FlaBot, Mleggott, Zaurus, Weihao.chiu~enwiki, Ausinha, Margosbot~enwiki, Winhunter, Gary Cziko, Baryn, Fresheneesz, TeaDrinker, Selah, Jerome Colombe, BradBeattie, HalifaxRage, NSR, Adoniscik, YurikBot, MMuzammils, Spl, Hydrargyrum, Txuspe, Kimchi.sg, Bovineone, Stassats, Marck~enwiki, Robertvan1, Grafen, Radon360,
John Lucas, Moritz, Albedo, PrologFan, CTownsend, Luqi~enwiki, Misza13, SixSix, Alex43223, PyreneesJIM, Kmonet, WiMAX Pro,
Shah andre, Mistercow, Fignamoya, Plamka, Gwydion The Quick, Searchme, FF2010, Kermit2, Zzuuzz, WiMAXPro, X1cygnus, Chase
me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Closedmouth, Extraordinary, Abune, Bushing, Fakrul, GraemeL, Jforster, Alasdair, Phil Holmes, Nelson50,
JLaTondre, Garion96, Porttikivi, Kf4bdy, Anthony717, Cecilyen, Drcwright, SmackBot, Luisosma, Greg 12000~enwiki, Pgk, Clarkepmmis, Brick Thrower, KVDP, Eskimbot, Chych, Sam8, Aaronproot, Gilliam, Brianski, Ohnoitsjamie, Folajimi, Kaiwen1, Chris the speller,
Matt0401, Chrisedwards, Ultraviolet777, Thumperward, Oli Filth, DJ Craig, Bazonka, Baa, ABACA, A. B., Jnavas, Danielcohn, JCWilson, J00tel, Dethme0w, JREL, Jorvik, Onorem, JonHarder, Kcordina, Midnightcomm, Metageek, Gaiacomm, Cybercobra, Chaos386,
Kntrabssi, HarisM, DMacks, Romanski, Daniel.Cardenas, SashatoBot, Blastoboy1000, Robomaeyhem, Jjjjjjjjjj, C 1, Gloriamarie, Dbirdz,
Illdini, Cyzor, Notmicro, Swellesley, Kashmiri, Shattered, Camilo Sanchez, ShaneRevlett, Feureau, Samfreed, Dicklyon, PRRfan, Waggers, Mets501, TastyPoutine, Sharcho, Fluppy, Dabystru~enwiki, Kvng, DabMachine, Radialink, Phanimithra, Dead3y3, JHP, Aeons,
Nerfer, Edchakom, ChrisCork, AdemarReis, JasonWoof, CmdrObot, Wafulz, Umedard, ThreeBlindMice, Patman1782, Dgw, Optionweb, ShelfSkewed, MarsRover, Gablar, Nilfanion, Stilwebm, Djg2006, UncleBubba, Hebrides, Chasingsol, Dspart, Strom, Burke Libbey,
JCO312, Kozuch, JayW, Protious, After Midnight, Brtbendele, Xwas, TiroDeAethra, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Ctownsend, Boardtc, Legolas558, Sdekleva, ThunderGold, IanA, Robert Cassidy, Parsiferon, Ricardoramirezj~enwiki, Dawnseeker2000, Salavat, G2g886, AntiVandalBot, Nisselua, Djmalik, Luna Santin, Sabihshad, Cfoure, Szlevi, Aspensti, Gdo01, =toma=, Dougher, IrishFBall32, JAnDbot, Chaitanya.lala, Gjeremy, MER-C, CosineKitty, Drusse11, Cyclonius, Kippspan, Whyrlessguy, Erpel13, Coolhandscot, Hut 8.5, .anacondabot,
Dhkkim, Yosh3000, VoABot II, Rbatts2000, Prasannadm, Yevgeniwebmaster, Brownout, Jay Gatsby, SHCarter, Cadsuane Melaidhrin,
Alphaman, Gnassar, Wedgeoli, Dilane, A kornishev, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, M8al, Stan Carver II, Cpl Syx, Gomm, Calltech, Berlo84,
Conquerist, MartinBot, Sjjupadhyay~enwiki, Jim.henderson, Arundpt, Nikpapag, Rettetast, Kurtvonn, Socerhed, R'n'B, Jdcurtis, PStrait,
Squiggleslash, J.delanoy, Mange01, BigrTex, Mojodaddy, Darin-0, Lantizia, Ditesh, Hgmyung, 1mujin22, Rod57, Cfeet77, Seantrac, Fleroudier, Warut, AllanEising, Mutiny32, Atama, DorganBot, Kvdveer, V. berus, KGV, Shariqhussain, Weinrobe, Funandtrvl, Sleeper Service,
Spellcast, Signalhead, VolkovBot, AlnoktaBOT, Lesswire, Philip Trueman, Drunkenmonkey, Eugenian, Ormeci, TXiKiBoT, Macfanatic,
Kiranwashindkar, Vipinhari, Walor, Picassob, Markdelaney, Dictouray, Qxz, JhsBot, Canaima, Dkondo, Nerwal, RadiantRay, Lerdthenerd, El930692, SQL, Maethordaer, Alaniaris, Djmckee1, ForeverLearner, LittleBenW, Resurgent insurgent, TashTish, JasonTWL, Kbrose,
Is Mise, MC-CDMA, LivingforHim, SieBot, Moji13, Maurauth, Chimin 07, Meltonkt, Hserightjr, BotMultichill, Jsc83, Mam711, Chmyr,
Editore99, Nopetro, Rajeshsweb, Jimthing, Mat du Lac, Helloife, Paulrosenthal, D a keldsen, Nuttycoconut, Lightmouse, Autumn Wind,
Sunrise, Ingenieurmt, Jfromcanada, Ktassin, C0nanPayne, Gran knee, Elch Yenn, Tuxa, ClueBot, Samuel Grant, The Thing That Should
Not Be, Eric Wester, Aintneo~enwiki, Rodhullandemu, Marcwbrooks, Jarmo s, JimRCarlson, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mustafaerg, Ms 2007
Cn, TarzanASG, Auntof6, Rockfang, Notbonbon, Robert Skyhawk, Excirial, Alexbot, Zaingenius, Muhandes, Hadiyana, Jan1jan1, Shiro
jdn, Toygunm, Soundpartners, Williamliew, Redthoreau, Bappy04, La Pianista, Amayc, Thingg, 1ForTheMoney, Coeehouse scholar,
Versus22, SoxBot III, Spansign, DumZiBoT, 1Improver1, XLinkBot, Southandros, Ipilon, Jovianeye, Dan Aquinas, Mwolleben, Svgalbertian, Fred the Oyster, ErkinBatu, Wca08, Alexius08, Addbot, Guoguo12, Tcncv, Saxtonrob, CL, Umerqureshi, Kumaramitabh, MrOllie,
Download, Joycloete, Numbo3-bot, Lightbot, Vasi, Ramiza Tasneem, Vakaris, , Luckas-bot, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, Povlhp, Kmolnar, Sureshraspayle, Dkang, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Bugnot, Govinda1pk, Abaqus, Viking59, Jalal0, HidariMigi, Gataya, Backslash
Forwardslash, AnomieBOT, Andrewrp, Bctwriter, EEgirl18, Rubinbot, Preamt, Docanand, AnnaPfeier, Ashroney, Blandine01, Kingpin13, Vikrant singh dadwal, Flewis, Materialscientist, 90 Auto, TheRealNightRider, Xqbot, Poetnk, Capricorn42, Gensanders, Stephenthornton, Monaarora84, Wizardist, Ultraman2008, Yurigagarin1, Tabledhote, Sesu Prime, SD5, Smitprakash, Engineernm25, Jepuente,
Slingbroadband, Nasir1973, KirbyRandolf, Kk0071987, Lonaowna, ScriitorulAnonim, W Nowicki, Noloop, StaticVision, Doedoejohn,
Poettx, Miguel.rodrigez, Palash bco, Vishal Singhal, Louperibot, Raydex, Vicenarian, BRUTE, Mrman208, Amn12, DixonDBot, Ashu vns,
Markstar, Thisisabore, Sg gower, Ctownsend1000, Firefoxian, Surajit.gupta08, RjwilmsiBot, Najeeb.H, Basangbur, Steve03Mills, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Abeijon, Grillmaster423, Gnulinux, Xomm, Kkm010, John Cline, AnonymousWikier, Mar4d, QEDK, Shermaineliu,
Gsarwa, 28bot, ClueBot NG, Ethear, Satellizer, Nanners14, MerlIwBot, Alirezanoorian, Frmin, Duncan23, NukeofEarl, Cyprianio,
Compfreak7, Greenpacket, NorthCoastReader, Comfr, Abismo02, Mypslim, JYBot, Junkyardsparkle, Liamklay14, Spencer.mccormick, I
am One of Many, Richagd, Xpxpsi, WikiU2013, Captain Conundrum, Wikiuser13, Drvipinlalt, , Lagoset, TerryAlex, Douglas Mwangi,
Bantusdiego and Anonymous: 1352
5G Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G?oldid=674686971 Contributors: Michael Hardy, DmitryKo, Discospinster, Andros 1337,
StephanKetz, Jlin, Etrigan, Wtmitchell, DePiep, Rjwilmsi, Trlovejoy, Naraht, Bhny, Cwlq, Stephenb, Bachrach44, Arthur Rubin, Mhenriday, SmackBot, Jenny MacKinnon, Frap, KevM, Khazar, Oioisaveloy, Kashmiri, Melody Concerto, Mark999, Kvng, Hollomis, Ice Ardor,
MER-C, XAKxRUSx, David Eppstein, An Sealgair, R'n'B, Mange01, Acalamari, Shadowaltar, Psheld, Jpgs, GcSwRhIc, Lordvolton,
268
WereSpielChequers, Flyer22, Jimthing, Sfan00 IMG, Plastikspork, Supremedemency, Muhandes, Arjayay, InternetMeme, Amitnaik,
XLinkBot, MystBot, Bazj, Addbot, C933103, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, KamikazeBot, Langthorne, AnomieBOT, Ulric1313, Materialscientist, DynamoDegsy, Xqbot, Anna Frodesiak, SilverSurfer477, Shadowjams, A.amitkumar, Ch Th Jo, Nageh, Sanpitch, Jonesey95,
Robvanvee, Trappist the monk, Mean as custard, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Dewritech, RA0808, ZroBot,
Illegitimate Barrister, Thayora, Ftprinc, ChuispastonBot, Marcelocantos, ClueBot NG, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, Novusuna, Imthiyaz5g,
BG19bot, AvocatoBot, Civeel, Suryaips, Andreas.kagedal, Piano1900, Demsiti, Hamish59, Sni56996, Klilidiplomus, BattyBot, 3enix,
Cleliasayswhat, John from Idegon, EuroCarGT, Alxsnc12, TomoK12, Mogism, Digitalcrowd, Frosty, MrCellular, Vanamonde93, Psatsankhya, Jakec, Comp.arch, Wiskica, Melody Lavender, D Eaketts, Jomondel, SJ Defender, Dario.sabella, Wow560, Tamersaadeh, Drvipinlalt, Wyn.junior, 22merlin, Jackiecsq123, DrBoris1, Ebonelm, Cheval55, Alex1961, Manunamboodiri, Shahzad.tut, Aytk, Jtxxtj, Alimxd1,
Alexm38, Enkakad, Infopaktel, Sunilkumargc, Jerodlycett, Sridhar vasanth sri, Hajisamik, Crazy crayon and Anonymous: 180
Virtual retinal display Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display?oldid=670660286 Contributors: Zundark, Maury
Markowitz, Fuelbottle, HaeB, Discospinster, Famousdog, Jakew, Vadim Makarov, Mindmatrix, Ma Baker, Lmendo, Waldir, Toussaint,
Hulagutten, Zarano, Rockingbeat, Alvin-cs, Tedder, Frappyjohn, YurikBot, JLaTondre, Banus, Eptin, SmackBot, Davepape, DXBari,
Unyoyega, Cesoid, Gamester17, Chris3145, Derek R Bullamore, Ninjagecko, Bjankuloski06en~enwiki, Camilo Sanchez, Ithakiboy, 5amsara~enwiki, CompRhetoric, Cydebot, Protious, IndianGeneralist, Barek, The Transhumanist, Havanafreestone, Russell Freeman, Oanjao, Someguy1221, Cuddlyable3, Domchi, VanishedUserABC, Judgeking, Sound-Mind, Bentogoa, Toddst1, Jimthing, Svick, JL-Bot,
Addbot, Zhitelew, Yobot, Themfromspace, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, Kjellmikal, Kotu Kubin, Rustemas, Albertcobo, J04n, Solphusion~enwiki, J. Andrew G., Sanpitch, Hussainhssn, SkyMachine, Vipl0ve, EmausBot, Chrislenhart, , Ewalta, JaneStillman,
Wingman4l7, AVarchaeologist, ClueBot NG, Someguyfromcrowd, ZPhilp, Antiqueight, Helpful Pixie Bot, Jparker2589, Ben.kenobi.wan,
Virtualerian, Dantasticmantastic, Sriharid, Rage, Rage against..., Eugenious monk, Xoegki, Insertcleverphrasehere and Anonymous: 81
2G Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G?oldid=674660974 Contributors: DavidWBrooks, Jpatokal, Darrell Greenwood, Glenn,
Smack, Conti, Jwrosenzweig, Snickerdo, Radiojon, Maximus Rex, Shizhao, Wst~enwiki, Baloo rch, Josep1c, Fudoreaper, BenFrantzDale, Goofrider, Utcursch, LiDaobing, Gscshoyru, Oknazevad, Frenchwhale, Markalex, Andros 1337, Bobo192, Wayfarer, Alansohn,
Wtmitchell, Dremora, TigerShark, Guy M, Marudubshinki, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Vegaswikian, N0YKG, Tedder, Chobot, DVdm, Borgx,
Phobie, MMuzammils, Malcolma, Voidxor, Denisutku, Fang Aili, Bressen, SmackBot, Vassyana, Gilliam, MechMykl, JoelLimberg, Ksn,
Redeagle688, Newone, JohnTechnologist, Eric, Lironl, Cydebot, Danindenver, Thijs!bot, Mgloerich, RLE64, EwaDuan, Mafmafmaf, Nisselua, Seaphoto, Gh5046, JAnDbot, HellDragon, MB1972, Acroterion, STBot, Rettetast, R'n'B, Pekaje, Mange01, Mojodaddy, Jesant13,
Jayden54, Travidillo, Mlewis000, RingtailedFox, Broadbot, AlleborgoBot, Logan, Mikemoral, Arda Xi, Lightmouse, Tomi T Ahonen,
Treekids, Dlrohrer2003, ClueBot, Cli, Iandiver, DragonBot, Alexbot, Muhandes, Hadiyana, Rhododendrites, Mikaey, Thingg, InternetMeme, Addbot, Otrfan, Comediante, Chaldor, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Utility Knife, Materialscientist, ArthurBot, LovesMacs,
Xqbot, Anna Frodesiak, Nasa-verve, Mbehrns, Sae1962, Bshewmake, LittleWink, RedBot, Dom1986, Suusion of Yellow, Rahuloof,
DASHBot, TGCP, Daveespionage, EmausBot, EleferenBot, Naveenvrnew, Pun, ChuispastonBot, Helpsome, ClueBot NG, Satellizer,
Rezabot, Masssly, Vkgenjoy, TrevorBriggsCook, AvocatoBot, Gurrag, Webclient101, RazrRekr201, The Quirky Kitty, Adzad, Hillbillyholiday, Epicgenius, Diferens, Bobbyblee, Alexlock, GottaGoFast and Anonymous: 146
LTE (telecommunication) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)?oldid=674192135 Contributors: Damian
Yerrick, The Anome, Tommy~enwiki, Mrwojo, Nealmcb, Egil, Ronz, Julesd, Conti, Tali, Wikiborg, Andrewman327, Omegatron, Bevo,
Jni, Robbot, Cedars, Fudoreaper, Mcapdevila, Joconnor, St3vo, Edcolins, Chowbok, Paradoxian, Maikel, DmitryKo, Oliyoung, Rich Farmbrough, Alexkon, FT2, Andros 1337, Bender235, Mwanner, MaxHund, Mikel Ward, Guspaz, ChadCloman, Fatphil, Rajivts, Guy Harris,
The RedBurn, Wdfarmer, Jb 007clone, SidP, Tomlzz1, Mindmatrix, Camw, David Haslam, Tabletop, Mheart, Uvb~enwiki, BD2412, David
Levy, Rjwilmsi, Iolaire, Nightscream, Intgr, NotJackhorkheimer, Chobot, Siddhant, McGinnis, MMuzammils, Groogle, Manop, Gaius
Cornelius, ZacBowling, Aler, ICanAlwaysChangeThisLater, Opt 05, Tony1, Closedmouth, Arthur Rubin, Fstorino~enwiki, Nelson50,
John Broughton, EXonyte, Maryhit, SmackBot, Semiautomata, GregA, Elk Salmon, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, TRosenbaum, Cs-wolves,
JMiall, Chris the speller, Venge, Rick7425, Oli Filth, ABACA, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, , Tamfang, KevM,
Metageek, Escottf, ProtocolOH, Lostart, DylanW, Malambis, Daniel.Cardenas, Davipo, Khazar, Hmbr, Swellesley, Stefan2, Bssc81, JWaters, JHunterJ, 81120906713, Jmgonzalez, Dicklyon, Ariel Pontes, Mihitha, Vocaro, JustinRossi, Iansanderson, Paultt, CmdrObot, Tanthalas39, Kushal one, Jesse Viviano, Cycloneopp, Phatom87, Cydebot, Raamin, Mblumber, Rockneedsasavior, Kanags, Altaphon, Myscrnnm,
Vladimirko, Kozuch, SpK, Ashokec, Chris01720, Uruiamme, Dawnseeker2000, SvenAERTS, Mattew~enwiki, Firetwuck, Vernapp, Yellowdesk, Bernopedia, Hayesgm, Hijklmno, Harryzilber, MER-C, Dhkkim, Magioladitis, TheAllSeeingEye, Adrianski, Kevinmon, Orionist,
SandStone, Tbleher, Boob, Fbiots, JefeMixtli, Retroneo, JaGa, Conquerist, RP88, Jim.henderson, Nikpapag, Squiggleslash, Mange01,
Mojodaddy, Darin-0, Kaltros, Hgmyung, Acalamari, Cfeet77, Bryanshook, Mafeu, Goingstuckey, Garthps2002, Isoman00, Santiperez,
Benignbala, Epameinondas, Muhdbunahmad, Mills00013, Fishbert, VolkovBot, A yacout, Je G., Wrev, Philip Trueman, Prasad ark,
Avamsik, Jpat34721, Don4of4, Wordsmith, Spiral5800, Billinghurst, Charliearcuri, Adamr81, Lamro, Dcarriso, GoLLoMboje, AlleborgoBot, Kbrose, MC-CDMA, Jamessungjin.kim, Mvadu, Chmyr, Mwaisberg, Editore99, CutOTies, Rupert baines, Byrialbot, Lightmouse, Eouw0o83hf, AlanUS, Go2Null, TheHoax, Kartks, M2Ys4U, Engsoonhock, Tuxa, ClueBot, Aintneo~enwiki, Unbuttered Parsnip,
MichaelVernonDavis, 1983px, Spotticus, Scrapking, Balaji280283, Jlf~enwiki, Scatter98, Psigmon, LukeTheSpook, Bbb2007, Excirial,
QueueNut, Muhandes, Brotheryu, Louisarogers, BOTarate, Ranjithsutari, TY-214, Egmontaz, DumZiBoT, InternetMeme, Nick in syd,
XLinkBot, Akshaygs, Mwolleben, Setherson, Madiator, Smnc, MystBot, Gabriel2008, Deineka, Addbot, Mortense, LatitudeBot, Alexandre.2.beaudry, Capstar12, Toowoomba, MrOllie, SpBot, Navwikiadroit, Georgematewiki, Lightbot, Gerti W, Stefoun, TheBigZzz, Luckasbot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Fraggle81, Amirobot, AnomieBOT, Letireur, DemocraticLuntz, Bctwriter, Flexar, Jim1138, Grolltech, Elisabeth Hillman, Eikoseidel, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Brian2wood, MauritsBot, Xqbot, TinucherianBot II, Futureseer, Lonniev, Isheden, Schwijker, Armbrust, Solphusion~enwiki, Omnipaedista, Jspaid, Kyng, Dngnta, Remind me never, Miguelameida, Governor Jerjerrod, Konst1977, Saini613, FrescoBot, KirbyRandolf, Nageh, Mynetworks, Lisa Andersson, Sanpitch, Sunowermalta, Dipankar biswas,
Haeinous, Vishal Singhal, Dagamer34, Orgio89, OgreBot, Soyguapa, Javert, Chenopodiaceous, Biker Biker, Jonesey95, Alexander Chervov, RedBot, Impala2009, Tahir mq, Chris gustafson, Johnnyjagger, Nicknrm, Kakisgr, Ensconsed, Banej, Sajalkdas, Vega702, Bnc319,
Jimys salonika, Tamahome5555, Etxkesa, Crati, Wo.luren, Jakeroot, Carson1968, Koryosaram, Wirelessgal, Dwonak, Diannaa, Brendabum, Ptrlow, Dalyswe, RjwilmsiBot, Xaltotun, TjBot, Basangbur, Envelopetracker, EmausBot, John of Reading, Jsung123, Ehugne,
Merf64, Gcfreeland, Nasula, Mpelcat, AsceticRose, Ponydepression, Dariel 01, Alakh.jai, Wksam, H3llBot, Cactusman2, DaMan92,
Alansu, Secator, TechWriterNJ, Marv moskowitz, Gsarwa, Tech2010, Daithibaru, ChuispastonBot, Blin22, Dorsacato, Joerasmussen,
Rmashhadi, Doris Meier, ClueBot NG, Jorny32, Rashed-NJITWILL, Amjadk, Dru of Id, C. Jeremy Wong, Pnk3-NJITWILL, Masssly,
Widr, Luca Lategan, GosiLomKj2, Frmin, Ejder.bastug, BG19bot, Bouteloua, Encyclopedant, Doodlebug777, Buddy12345, AvocatoBot, Sandakelum, Zach Vega, Kcipsirhc, Reebsauce, Nabeelaslamkolassery, LogicalFinance33, Royal misha, Ajklein5211, HTML2011,
IRedRat, Skunk44, Hasenburg, Pratyya Ghosh, AndreyKovalevsky, Withemy, TheComputerMan, SFK2, Prashantlte, MrCellular, Awesomeguy529, Carolinamed, Spetalnick, Epicgenius, TheFrog001, Lemnaminor, Acetotyce, Ipod3g, Camobrien, Nodove, Ronraverivera,
269
JaconaFrere, Skr15081997, Carbonoatom, Melcous, Ritajeerson, YJAX, Maverick972, Vikibilim, OutlawStar6891, Louis King - Edits
for Everyone, Telecomwiz, Java1245, Jtxxtj, Vfhouse, Spuriousvarlot, AlbertC99, Drkd3vil, KreatorSveta, NoobishSVK, ProprioMe OW
and Anonymous: 592
4G Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G?oldid=674888077 Contributors: The Anome, Markc113, B4hand, Edward, Dcljr, CesarB,
Ronz, Jpatokal, Julesd, Glenn, Mxn, Fuzheado, LMB, Thue, Bevo, Tsanth, Cluth, Robbot, Dale Arnett, Cfaerber, Dittaeva, Nurg, Merovingian, Auric, Pseudonym, Tobias Bergemann, Alerante, Giftlite, DocWatson42, Mat-C, Mcapdevila, Scotth1, Varlaam, Bobblewik, Edcolins, Utcursch, CryptoDerk, Beland, Gene203, CaribDigita, Oknazevad, Quota, Ukexpat, Thorwald, Frankchn, Rich Farmbrough, FT2,
Andros 1337, D-Notice, Bender235, Neko-chan, Cacophony, Moilleadir, Bobo192, Mikel Ward, Cheung1303, Towel401, Sysiphe, Accord, Niklas a, Alansohn, Jcsutton, Retran, Guy Harris, Andrewpmk, Rcbarnes, Muttster, Axl, Justinbb, Bete, Sligocki, Dalm, Velella,
Ronark, Dalillama, Suruena, RJFJR, Spellcheck, Prattora~enwiki, Boothy443, Woohookitty, Mindmatrix, Nirion, Robert K S, Tabletop, RealLeo, Triddle, Doco, Gimboid13, BD2412, CarbonUnit, Josh Parris, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, XP1, Vegaswikian, FlaBot, Ground Zero,
Jak123, AL SAM, Baryn, Planetneutral, Moocha, Benlisquare, Shaggyjacobs, Cirne, Siddhant, Cuahl, YurikBot, Mushin, Charles Gaudette,
MMuzammils, RussBot, Madkayaker, Sasuke Sarutobi, Stephenb, Manop, Gaius Cornelius, Rsrikanth05, Bovineone, Bmhcjs, Anomie,
DJ Bungi, Worldicez, Topperfalkon, Asten77, Prolineserver, Tony1, Alex43223, Vlad, Lcmortensen, Square87~enwiki, Spondoolicks,
Tdangkhoa, Back ache, Wainstead, JLaTondre, DoriSmith, Katieh5584, Thomas Blomberg, DasBub, Benandorsqueaks, Bruce78, SmackBot, Simon Beavis, Marc Lacoste, Mjrichardson1, Jrockley, Delldot, Msmolnikar, Two stripe, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Jcarroll, Armeria,
Teemu Ruskeep, SlimJim, CrookedAsterisk, Cattus, JDCMAN, Thumperward, Jeysaba, Bazonka, Mithaca, ABACA, DHN-bot~enwiki,
Colonies Chris, Mattyw, Noodles25, Frap, Alphathon, N3c, Ne0Freedom, Pastudan, Malambis, Wizardman, The Extremist, Rupaheli,
Nishkid64, Turbo852, Cmlau, A-Ge0, Optimale, Jmgonzalez, Tigger-oN, Hu12, Muhaidib, Joseph Solis in Australia, Skapur, Mihitha,
Ro2000, Dave420, M4tth3wg, CmdrObot, Ale jrb, Mazmohad, Wargamer, Toby.e.hawkins, Citidel, Cydebot, Steel, Hebrides, Bzinimho,
A n k u r, Synergy, PKT, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Wikid77, HighTechGeek, Mojo Hand, Marek69, John254, Nick Number, Uruiamme,
Trakon, Dawnseeker2000, Phy1729, AntiVandalBot, Nisselua, Saimhe, Widefox, Opelio, Bridgeplayer, Pichote, Yellowdesk, Dougher,
Sathish.visu, NapoliRoma, MER-C, Drizzd~enwiki, Seddon, Wser, Geniac, Yosh3000, MaxPont, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, TheAllSeeingEye, SHCarter, BanRay, Pappnese, Andryono, Adavies42, Wikied~enwiki, Canyouhearmenow, JefeMixtli, Retroneo, Chris G, Vchava,
Kgeischmann, Dm8233, Lenin1991, HeeQue, Tracer9999, Khr0n0s, Ryper, Conquerist, MartinBot, Lijunjie, Jim.henderson, Coogeeboy, Koraiem, Verdatum, Nono64, Jehall318, EdBever, Squiggleslash, Ceros, J.delanoy, Mange01, Mojodaddy, Trusilver, Darin-0, Jesant13, Dbiel, Ginsengbomb, Madzyzome, Kenshinyer, FrummerThanThou, Brooklyndodger, Gebjon, SaskatchewanSenator, Davandron, Tidywave, DarrylJH, Lbparker40, Cometstyles, Tjgould, Bonadea, Jaychan00, HighKing, Ronbo76, TheNewPhobia, Squids and
Chips, CardinalDan, Idioma-bot, Stuyvoid, Lights, Satbir13, VolkovBot, Raza514, Wiki-ay, DSRH, Flyingidiot, Je G., Indubitably,
Tesscass, LeilaniLad, Daniel347x, M gol, Abdullais4u, GeneralBelly, PDFbot, Ilyushka88, Louepower, Andy Dingley, Feudonym, Rps5,
Falcon8765, Enviroboy, Vchimpanzee, Spinningspark, Tomasohara, Natedawg1013, Qaywsxedc, Thunderbird2, Mitchell100, MrChupon,
Jamessungjin.kim, SieBot, Rajeshontheweb, Mikemoral, Tiddly Tom, Yintan, Zabbo, Jerryobject, Bentogoa, Flyer22, Tiptoety, Editore99,
Nua eire, Jimthing, Hrushikesh.mohanty, Mcpatnaik, Lightmouse, Mike16889, Tomi T Ahonen, U-D13, Witit, NastalgicCam, Pinkadelica,
Denisarona, Fatboykim, ClueBot, PipepBot, Lockoom, Bloodholds, Plastikspork, Hipgnostic, Czarko, Anup peshne, Niceguyedc, OccamzRazor, Scatter98, ChandlerMapBot, Rprpr, Bbb2007, DragonBot, Jusdafax, M4gnum0n, Gmplr831, ResidueOfDesign, Coralmizu,
Gulmammad, Muhandes, Hadiyana, Coinmanj, Tyler, NuclearWarfare, Arjayay, At.thehotcorner, Tjwoods, C628, Thingg, Aurynjaye,
Polydeuces, Versus22, InternetMeme, Amitnaik, Against the current, XLinkBot, Accenture Trivergence, Snowboard975, Arthur chos,
Mwolleben, Dthomsen8, Ariconte, Grmike, SilvonenBot, Rebeccafong, PL290, Alexius08, Konstantin Kosachev, Jkae94, Bazj, Addbot,
Mortense, Willking1979, DOI bot, Robaston, Ironholds, Jchap1590, CanadianLinuxUser, Download, Aunva6, Billsunny, CosmiCarl, Mobit, Gomoker, Mfhulskemper, Ettrig, Rojypala, Vegaswikian1, Wcam, Ben Ben, Math Champion, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Legobot
II, QueenCake, KamikazeBot, Gerixau, SwisterTwister, Bearas, Dmarquard, AnomieBOT, Blasedef, Fatal!ty, Noq, Debpratim.ghosh, Piano non troppo, Ddoomdoom, Wikisire, TheGreyArea, Eikoseidel, Materialscientist, Citation bot, LilHelpa, Nameless9123, Xqbot, Meewam, Gilo1969, Mysticsh, Dimaf, Anna Frodesiak, Isheden, Nasa-verve, GrouchoBot, Abce2, Monaarora84, Jupter-manzana, Alexandru
Stanoi, Jpcg, Suvrakanti, Campster68, Shadowjams, Joaquin008, Apdreamland, Dan6hell66, FrescoBot, Nageh, W Nowicki, Matthellyeah,
Sanpitch, Recognizance, 1234567890ABCDEFG, D'ohBot, Ramchandra555, Jamesrules90, Damianvila, Jamesooders, Cannolis, Citation
bot 1, Chenopodiaceous, Redrose64, Symplectic Map, I dream of horses, Calmer Waters, Yahia.barie, Toonmore, MastiBot, IceBlade710,
Midnight Comet, Flinx, Merlion444, Nirinsanity, Cnwilliams, Resad-9, TobeBot, ARSH4D, Steelerdon, Rpt0, Aniruddh88, Miracle Pen,
Suusion of Yellow, Tbhotch, M.m.me, Jesse V., Minimac, EonLinE, ArwinJ, RjwilmsiBot, Fearstreetsaga, CoolGin, Matteoteo1234,
Tsx11, Cristapone, DASHBot, Steve03Mills, John of Reading, Dolescum, Siddhartha 90, WikitanvirBot, Avenue X at Cicero, Craxyxarc,
Angrytoast, BillyPreset, Tbss42, Dewritech, RA0808, Rhaddon, K6ka, AsceticRose, K1812, Eken7, SporkBot, Wayne Slam, Thine Antique Pen, Sensori, FrankFlanagan, L Kensington, Senjuto, Donner60, Suyash Sagar Bajpai, Captain Assassin!, Yohanes.niko, Carmichael,
Rangoon11, Np76-NJITWILL, Weijiangbei, Mfaken, Izolight, Tnguye58, Madlink, Ashah73, Chesterme, WillhenIII, Degdol, FanHabbo,
Patprasert, ClueBot NG, Mushroom9, Gilderien, Scubafantic, Rrc916, GallaghersGreek, Nalinking, Howsund, Cntras, Bobbyring96,
J349, Widr, Starpchack, User 30860135, 6Anesthesia, Mtking, Theopolisme, Nairobi123, Technoblitz, Helpful Pixie Bot, HisanKazamaru, Debadeba, Bigint, Frmin, HMSSolent, Ejder.bastug, Strike Eagle, BG19bot, Murry1975, TonyRichards2, True Tech Talk Time,
Buddy12345, Hallows AG, Tiscando, Lifeformnoho, Taonix, Sandakelum, Aschauer, Sanjay250, FreakyDaGeeky14, Flying9876, Reebsauce, Ollieinc, Ajklein5211, Ssamanta6112, Glacialfox, Riyantojayadi, Fraczek.marcin, Superbomb17, 4gphonedude, Skunk44, BattyBot,
Riley Huntley, Pratyya Ghosh, Rjpaats, Scopecreep, GoShow, Garamond Lethe, Khazar2, JamesHaigh, Mypslim, Amconners, Coolbondin,
Benson 26, Emandrawkcab, BigJolly9, SoledadKabocha, Mogism, Alexandre Gouraud, Cryptchrysaetos, Digitalcrowd, Gothgeek1, Donperfectodewiki, Danielyoung88, JohnOhman, Sandrabf, Jamesx12345, Dave Bowman - Discovery Won, Lorenrb, MrCellular, Spury98,
Bhwang24, Reatlas, Daniyal7871, Faizan, Malayalibuji, Mirfanmaqsood, AltynAsyr, Consider42, I am One of Many, Wanishahrukh,
Jodosma, Psatsankhya, Musabbir Islam, Sindhoor preeetham, Robertomouracar4melo, LCS check, Henryparachutegale, AndrejSpSk,
Comp.arch, Trevnerdio, Ronraverivera, Wikiuser13, Mihir Pandey, The Herald, Coee&tv, Contact.Talal, Cammello03, Insert Bill Here,
Ellistev, Deb2569, Alexidh, Pmlnlahore, Stamptrader, Bigdaddybangbang, MSBadrajith, Thewikiguru1, Deepcruze, Joy2035, Faizannehal, Wyn.junior, Dev7229, Monkbot, Vp734, Naeemirza, Rajanib, The Last Arietta, TheMagikCow, Sirgrossgergeocial, Rafacvo,
Bpmeller, Adieqwener, Pddu78000, Aytk, Paisley Liverpool, Eagleo, Davidtunderthesea, Enkakad, FivePillarPurist, OussDB, Alexander93nj, Xavierchiang and Anonymous: 961
IP Multimedia Subsystem Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem?oldid=660736520 Contributors: The
Anome, Michael Hardy, Plop, Ijon, Conti, Ehn, .mau., Netje, Dbenbenn, Joconnor, Frencheigh, Mboverload, Bobblewik, Edcolins,
Pgan002, Oneiros, Asqueella, Discospinster, ZayZayEM, SpeedyGonsales, Matt tw, Sysiphe, Poweroid, Etxrge, Ringbang, Armando, Nfvs,
Rickjpelleg, Bluemoose, Arunr, Radiant!, Tbird20d, Rjwilmsi, Sarg, Tedder, Tyagi, Bgwhite, Manscher, Siddhant, Ecemaml, Zmding,
Conscious, DJ Bungi, Brandon, Reneh, Layer~enwiki, Tony1, Bota47, Petri Krohn, Batsonjay, Bluezy, Katieh5584, Veinor, SmackBot, Eskimbot, Ngsayjoe, Gilliam, Dingar, Bluebot, ABACA, A. B., Daveg1k, JonHarder, Jmlk17, Isj-wikipedia, JanCeuleers, PPBlais,
270
DylanW, Dburhans, Joneslee319, DKEdwards, TJJFV, Markje, Rait, Soumyasch, Beetstra, Bodulo~enwiki, Kvng, The Haunted Angel, SkyWalker, Mapet~enwiki, CmdrObot, Phatom87, Cydebot, Mblumber, Tokosk16, Ejores, Compozer, Alny, DmitTrix, West Brom
4ever, AntiVandalBot, DekuDekuplex, Harryzilber, .anacondabot, Nyttend, Pausch, Kgeischmann, STBot, ASG123, R'n'B, Verdatum,
Ercraig2, Kineto ss, Squiggleslash, Mange01, Mojodaddy, McSly, Bertra g, VolkovBot, 3GPP guru, Blither, Elimerl, LeaveSleaves, Jamelan, Wirelesspont, Andy Dingley, Brianga, Kbrose, Ahaapaka, Barkeep, Gkansal, France3470, Flyer22, Matthi2, Pkbeaumont, Ims guy,
Tmaufer, Leedryburgh, RSStockdale, Eventhelix, Rstonehouse, Mpeylo, Martarius, ClueBot, Snigbrook, Aintneo~enwiki, Diana cionoiu,
Niceguyedc, StigBot, Auntof6, Varkonyib, Muhandes, Mlas, Vadivelji, Jommike, Balance500, Vances, XLinkBot, Dgtsyb, Ha runner,
Kbdankbot, Addbot, Ylva Hubatsa, Kjboyleii, MrOllie, Zirion~enwiki, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Santryl, Rubinbot, Citation bot, Brian2wood,
Wikalicious, SimonInns, Kanardzilla, FrescoBot, BebelA4, Dinamik-bot, Dwonak, Chronulator, DexDor, EmausBot, Vingarzan, John
Aronsson, GoingBatty, WCroslan, I don't remember my username, Jay-Sebastos, Sassospicco, ClueBot NG, Ontist, Cn2000, Widr, Frmin,
Arvindverma77, BG19bot, Sst01, Compfreak7, CitationCleanerBot, Armstrongsoo, Rizwan bhawra, Twasono, Mogism, Spilton, MChesterMC, Mircea paciu, Bilorv, Jesus.munozb, Pparco and Anonymous: 286
IS-95 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95?oldid=673558326 Contributors: CesarB, Docu, Jpatokal, Salsa Shark, Ka9q, Fuzheado,
Securiger, Centrx, Ryanrs, Bobblewik, Edcolins, Rohini, Beland, Grunt, Andros 1337, MCBastos, Longhair, AllyUnion, Wrs1864, Pearle,
Guy Harris, Apoc2400, Mindmatrix, BoLingua, Triddle, Isnow, Mckoss, N0YKG, Saksham, Mathiastck, Siddhant, Petri Krohn, Rdschwarz, Jarrodchambers, SmackBot, DylanW, Rait, Ksn, Kozuch, BetacommandBot, Thijs!bot, Marvinglenn, Nisselua, Tilgon, Harryzilber, Mysterioususer, Dulciana, KJRehberg, Asankakr, Mojodaddy, Idioma-bot, Rei-bot, McM.bot, Richard Kervin, Maimone, Tomi T
Ahonen, Dillard421, Iandiver, Sepia tone, Alexbot, Jonverve, InternetMeme, Kbdankbot, Addbot, D p hieu, Osayi, Diarmuidmallon, Tide
rolls, Zagothal, AnomieBOT, , Hardikvasa, Chester Markel, Bibaza, Jmdwp, Khazar2 and Anonymous: 52
CDMA2000 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000?oldid=666812912 Contributors: NuclearWinner, Jpatokal, DropDeadGorgias, Fuzheado, Toreau, Rohan Jayasekera, Jusjih, Skyre, Vespristiano, RedWolf, Hadal, Fudoreaper, Joaopaulo1511, Zigger, Karn,
Khalid hassani, Bobblewik, Edcolins, Goofrider, Aughtandzero, Beland, Mozzerati, Asqueella, DmitryKo, Markalex, Andros 1337, Swid,
Jensbn, PhilHibbs, James.pole, Brons, Zygmunt lozinski, Guy Harris, Cdc, Helixblue, Kinema, Firsfron, Woohookitty, RHaworth, StradivariusTV, Armando, Rjairam, Sega381, Makru, Intgr, Chobot, WriterHound, Petiatil, Alohawolf, Tne80, Kooky, Petri Krohn, Rdschwarz,
Bluezy, Porttikivi, Crystallina, KnightRider~enwiki, SmackBot, Henri de Solages, Betacommand, MichaelWheeley, Hongooi, JonHarder,
Mikefzhu, Cmgross, DylanW, Owt, Cipz, Protean, Ksn, Breno, Mr. Vernon, JustinRossi, Trialsanderrors, Devourer09, VoxLuna, CmdrObot, Imcdnzl, Jesse Viviano, Requestion, Bgurg, Jewel96, Sewebster, Ren0, Cydebot, Kozuch, Bdragon, Thijs!bot, RFerreira, Jhdaly,
Nisselua, Kauczuk, The Fifth Horseman, Harryzilber, DuncanHill, Yosh3000, Email4mobile, KJRehberg, Ablabla459, Asankakr, Mojodaddy, Smileglance, Elume, Chengli.liu~enwiki, Musically ut, Jabz10, Je G., Lesswire, Eurolite x3, Umbrau44, Xxxccc, GeneralBelly, Haruyasha, Omiazad, Chrisf8657, Thunderbird2, Gdn, Nkcmt, Jmoz2989, Qst, Editore99, Sakimori, Engineerism, Wdwd, ClueBot,
Supaklailert, Bercenicity, Sauralf, Axylight, LeviStrauss, Ario28, Jonverve, Johnuniq, InternetMeme, Stickee, Drjmb, Avik pram, Kbdankbot, Addbot, John Chamberlain, Ginosbot, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Crimsonedge34, Zagothal, Joviman, LilHelpa, Dudyk al,
Adaryanto~enwiki, RibotBOT, Kyng, Shankarcps, DrilBot, Delan006, Lappkast, Vishyvoice, EmausBot, ChuispastonBot, ClueBot NG,
Compfreak7, Comp.arch, Ecbf and Anonymous: 275
Service layer Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_layer?oldid=607028324 Contributors: Lockley, SmackBot, Frap, R'n'B,
Mange01, MagicBanana, Kbrose, 1ForTheMoney, Addbot, Legobot II, JackieBot, SimonInns, Fiftytwo thirty, John of Reading, Rushton2010, Helpful Pixie Bot, Wbm1058 and Anonymous: 1
Open Mobile Alliance Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Mobile_Alliance?oldid=659069904 Contributors: The Anome,
Ghakko, Rl, Wikiborg, Bearcat, Vespristiano, Thierryc, Pgan002, CaribDigita, D6, ArnoldReinhold, Danwarne, Mike Schwartz, Maurreen,
Towel401, Algocu, Mindmatrix, Armando, Bluemoose, Mgarlop, Radiant!, SteveW, Jamie, Jivecat, Forage, FlaBot, Mathiastck, YurikBot,
Nowa, Debot~enwiki, Mattiasw, JLaTondre, Garion96, Bluezy, Gilliam, Tasmanian Angel, Invenio, Philggg, Coolestguru, DabMachine,
VoxLuna, TheTito, Stefankroon, Dw2cco, Jim.henderson, R'n'B, Mojodaddy, Econgiu, Celltick, Glossologist, DancingMan, Trachten, Ilia
Kr., Jamelan, Ulf Abrahamsson~enwiki, Antoniogartime ule, Chmyr, Iandiver, Stachelsch, Discretix, BOTarate, Ksmetana, Deineka,
Addbot, Ghettoblaster, Arbitrarily0, Luckas-bot, Lkt1126, Samarkham, Subviking, Samthemander, FrescoBot, Gentleben8282, MastiBot, Tahir mq, Shashank Reddy.P, David Hedlund, EmausBot, John of Reading, K6ka, Compfreak7, Sureshchitturi, Lagoset, Dianafoi,
Dianafusion and Anonymous: 34
Telecoms & Internet converged Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecoms_%26_
Internet_converged_Services_%26_Protocols_for_Advanced_Networks?oldid=541109490 Contributors: Pgan002, Icairns, Sesse, Mailer
diablo, Stemonitis, FlaBot, Phil Holmes, Bluezy, SmackBot, JanCeuleers, Hu12, TXiKiBoT, JL-Bot, Addbot, Yobot, FrescoBot, Frmin
and Anonymous: 22
GSM services Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_services?oldid=657522559 Contributors: Zoicon5, Omegatron, Cluth, Cek,
Monedula, Beland, Mozzerati, TonyW, Sladen, Andros 1337, Sietse Snel, Cacophony, Jpgordon, Cmdrjameson, Espoo, ChrisUK, Stephan
Leeds, Gpvos, Bookandcoee, Marudubshinki, Mandarax, BD2412, Dpv, Vegaswikian, WouterBot, YurikBot, Crazytales, Tyler.szabo,
Anomalocaris, Moe Epsilon, Wknight94, Deville, Bluezy, SmackBot, Gene.thomas, Unforgettableid, Ohnoitsjamie, Jnavas, Je Wheeler,
Calum Macisdean, CmdrObot, Pan Camel, Cydebot, Kozuch, Prouzet, Busyanuj, VoABot II, Calltech, R'n'B, Carre, CrZTgR, WPinNYC, Tomi T Ahonen, Niceguyedc, Johnuniq, XLinkBot, Dgtsyb, Addbot, Dimikaz, Yobot, Bunnyhop11, Fraggle81, THEN WHO WAS
PHONE?, Materialscientist, FaTony, FrescoBot, Canopus49, Btilm, Cnwilliams, Vrenator, Onel5969, EmausBot, ZroBot, Likri, BattyBot, W.D., Rita2008, HHubi and Anonymous: 88
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System?
oldid=674390124 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, The Anome, Guppie, Rjstott, Youssefsan, Maartsen, Michael Hardy, Modster, Liftarn,
Jakub~enwiki, CesarB, Mac, Jpatokal, BigFatBuddha, IMSoP, Ghewgill, Samuel~enwiki, Tobias Conradi, Conti, Crissov, Malcohol, Fuzheado, Snickerdo, Zoicon5, Maximus Rex, Omegatron, Robbot, Dale Arnett, Cfaerber, Christopherwoods, Baloo rch, Hadal, Netje,
Lproven, Marius~enwiki, Hylaride, Fudoreaper, Zigger, Alex.atkins, Everyking, David Johnson, Jdavidb, Enfors, Bsoft, Pascal666, AlistairMcMillan, Thomas Ludwig, Uzume, Bobblewik, Tagishsimon, Golbez, Goofrider, Nedlowe, Tim Pritlove, SimonArlott, Maximaximax,
Richietjpr, Kphua, Picapica, Abdull, Karvendhan, Markalex, AAAAA, Imroy, Noisy, Discospinster, Oliver Lineham, Cfailde, Andros
1337, Wk muriithi, YUL89YYZ, TacoJim, Azurepalm, Djordjes, Nikkaro, Techtoucian, Shanes, RoyBoy, Cacophony, Jtact, Bobo192,
Primawan, Kensai, Nk, Travisyoung, Towel401, Espoo, Gmmour, Guy Harris, Gbeeker, Paul1337, Stephan Leeds, Danthemankhan,
Dziban303, Dan100, Ceyockey, Woohookitty, Armando, Brentdax, Beej, Wamatt, Mihhkel, Jackcall, Broccoli, Pdelong, Rillian, Sarg,
N0YKG, FlaBot, AGuerrieri, Wikiliki, Vclaw, RAMChYLD, Mathiastck, Fragglet, RobyWayne, Intgr, NotJackhorkheimer, Preslethe,
Chobot, Siddhant, YurikBot, Hairy Dude, MMuzammils, DogGunn, Epolk, Sasuke Sarutobi, Jasonb, Gaius Cornelius, Bovineone, Varnav, Probell, Kennethmac2000, Jaxl, Joel7687, Epugachev, Voidxor, Gmatsuda, Nicolaiplum, Vlad, Ruchira, Ke6jjj, Daniel C, Orioane,
271
KGasso, Abune, Petri Krohn, Rearden9, Rdschwarz, Matt croxson, Zquack, Porttikivi, DrJolo, SmackBot, Leion, GregA, Monkeyblue, PEHowland, KnowledgeOfSelf, Tcolgan001, Agentbla, Frymaster, Nil Einne, Richmeister, Jupix, Quadratic, Mattrix18, Knuckleskin, Chris
the speller, DStoykov, Robertyhn, Thumperward, Oli Filth, Stevage, Epastore, ABACA, JoeOnSunset, OrphanBot, JonHarder, Amargosa,
Adamantios, Jmnbatista, MureninC, TechPurism, Jhonan, DylanW, Andrewpayneaqa, SashatoBot, NotMuchToSay, Stamppot, Notmicro,
Kashmiri, Shattered, Jmgonzalez, Arkrishna, Nakedcellist, Chris Price, Speedarius, Paul Foxworthy, Frank Lofaro Jr., Embryonated, JohnTechnologist, GFellows, CmdrObot, Ale jrb, Tpatricio, StarlitGlitter, SkylineEvo, Requestion, Cydebot, Johannylindskog, Corpx, Dancter,
Kozuch, Dog 65, Thijs!bot, EwaDuan, DmitTrix, JustAGal, Scaredpoet, Vodomar, Dawnseeker2000, Michas pi, Escarbot, AntiVandalBot,
Nisselua, Saimhe, DJ Rubbie, Pichote, Yubal, Lbecque, Dougher, Husond, Harryzilber, Medconn, Drizzd~enwiki, Byeee, Magioladitis,
SHCarter, Andryono, JPG-GR, KJRehberg, SandStone, Lizmm, DrSeehas, Retroneo, Jim.henderson, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Squiggleslash, Nath85, Mange01, MITBeaverRocks, Mojodaddy, Darin-0, Thenoyzone, Murmurr, Skier Dude, Davandron, Plasticup, Yabbakazoo, DavidOrme, Sdudah, Totsugeki, Cavort, Nielchiano, Bwaav, Contemno~enwiki, Signalhead, DagnyB, Navshot, TXiKiBoT, Jess,
Dj stone, Prasad ark, Broadbot, Amelshabrawy, BotKung, Jamelan, Tri400, Billinghurst, Henrik46, Spinningspark, Amakader, Tsaitgaist,
Jamessungjin.kim, ToePeu.bot, Cydho, Jmoz2989, MI canuck, Sublite, Lightmouse, Int21h, Engineerism, Jaykaynam, Treekids, Moritz der
Moralapostel, Duhaggie, Martarius, Ghoctor, Bbb2007, PixelBot, Muhandes, Hadiyana, Estirabot, MrBeauGiles, Cyberglobe, Mlas, La
Pianista, InternetMeme, FenSerkan, Dgtsyb, Mr4top, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Xp54321, Speer320, JBsupreme, Mortense, CL, Wildrider99,
SoSaysChappy, Joycloete, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Mpitt, SN74LS00, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, ErikTheBikeMan, Materialscientist, GenQuest, Omnipaedista, Chrismiceli, Kyng, FrescoBot, Ch Th Jo, Nageh, D'ohBot, Kwiki, Tahir mq, Sajalkdas,
EmausBot, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Zollerriia, TuHan-Bot, AvicBot, SIPH0R, Greatpouya2, , Rcsprinter123, Pun,
Everlasting enigma, Doris Meier, ClueBot NG, Widr, Chillllls, Helpful Pixie Bot, Helifella, Kjabbe, Bouteloua, RodkaRom, Herbert44,
ChrisGualtieri, Rusmr1, SFK2, Acharya 87, Epicgenius, Wuerzele, Nightwalker-87, Lesser Cartographies, MSheshera, Juncaceres and
Anonymous: 462
IDEN Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDEN?oldid=670603263 Contributors: Taral, Danny, Nate Silva, CesarB, Egil, Arteitle, Fuzheado, Nv8200pa, Fibonacci, Joy, Dale Arnett, Boy b, Altenmann, Securiger, Patcat88, Fennec, EJDyksen, Rchandra, AdamJacobMuller, Bobblewik, CaribDigita, Terinthanas, Qui1che, Andros 1337, Pavel Vozenilek, Cacophony, Cmdrjameson, Peter Shearan, Guy
Harris, Lkinkade, Qnonsense, Armando, Admrboltz, David Levy, Isaac Rabinovitch, Vary, Viakenny, Vegaswikian, Sango123, A Man In
Black, N0YKG, FlaBot, Wikiliki, Planetneutral, The Rambling Man, YurikBot, Petiatil, Alohawolf, NawlinWiki, Polpo, Watgap, Cellulardreams, David Jordan, GraemeL, JLaTondre, Jmchu, SmackBot, Nmulder, Gilliam, Miquonranger03, Robth, Feathers, Krich, Cybercobra, DylanW, Salamurai, Fellipec, ArglebargleIV, AmiDaniel, Evan Robidoux, PseudoSudo, Rawmustard, Basem, Bresolver, Skapur,
Aeons, Tawkerbot2, Sergioag, OS2Warp, CmdrObot, Jesse Viviano, BaRiMzI, Mattmitchell, Jonathan Daley, Hoosss, Cydebot, Q43,
Landroo, Thijs!bot, MrChrome, Scaredpoet, Cslibby, JAnDbot, Shaul1, Jhansonxi, MyNameIsNeo, FlieGerFaUstMe262, Juansidious,
RockMFR, Betty456, Mojodaddy, Maertsria, Tomgibbons, Lithis7, Parker007, Aymatth2, Newark777, Tiddly Tom, Jmoz2989, Oxymoron83, BIGShorts, Elch Yenn, ClueBot, Kenglen76, VQuakr, Niceguyedc, Snip3rM00n, Versus22, Jax 0677, Cmh044, Aisaacson,
Addbot, Speer320, Tanhabot, , Szcy2008, Omnipaedista, SassoBot, FrescoBot, Ilnyc8, John of Reading, Southernsontn,
ClueBot NG, ChrisGualtieri, Focalpointfecta, MOThistory, Wikicuentaus and Anonymous: 176
Satellite phone Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_phone?oldid=673937261 Contributors: Robert Merkel, Michael Hardy,
Stw, Ahoerstemeier, Mac, Haabet, Andres, Tristanb, RickK, Radiojon, Saltine, Taxman, Bearcat, Fredrik, Jondel, Hcheney, DocWatson42,
Michael Devore, 159753, Sleepygreen~enwiki, Rhobite, Guanabot, Srd2005, Xcriteria, West London Dweller, Sleske, Towel401, Insomniacity, Alansohn, Mgaved, GNU4eva, Andrewpmk, RobertStar20, Apoc2400, Wtmitchell, Lkinkade, Toyoda, Woohookitty, Armando,
MarkPos, Descendall, Rjwilmsi, XP1, Vegaswikian, NeonMerlin, CannotResolveSymbol, Tequendamia, Bgwhite, YurikBot, MMuzammils, DKSalazar, CambridgeBayWeather, Grafen, Super Rad!, GraemeL, Draco avus, Shufengbai, SmackBot, Kittynboi, RedSpruce,
Gilliam, Bluebot, Suamme1, Thumperward, Oli Filth, Kungming2, Digitrics, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Frap, JonHarder, BIL, Trieste, DylanW, Bengl, Parrot of Doom, WayKurat, Moniker42, Laugh~enwiki, Dasune, Euchiasmus, Jbonneau, Rsnake123, Hu12, IvanLanin, Seven of Nine, Erencexor, Gogo Dodo, Omicronpersei8, OfFire, BetacommandBot, InfernalPanda, AntiVandalBot, Seaphoto, Jc3,
Harryzilber, MER-C, Greensburger, Joshua, LittleOldMe, Magioladitis, HEAD ON APPLY DIRECTLY TO THE FOREHEAD, LorenzoB, Cmpoel, Scottalter, CommonsDelinker, Lan1g1r0, Trusilver, JBFrenchhorn, 97198, Vanished user g454XxNpUVWvxzlr, Iheartcorruption, Binba, BigHairRef, Equazcion, Intothemiddle, Mrkmrk, Kyle the bot, Ask123, Broadbot, Spiral5800, Billinghurst, Burntsauce,
Stojo34, Schnellundleicht, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, Krawi, Caltas, Yulu, Lisatwo, Lightmouse, Rkarlsba, Altzinn, Escape Orbit, Into The
Fray, Jite25, Martarius, ClueBot, Timeineurope, Zeerak88, The Thing That Should Not Be, Jan1nad, Ignorance is strength, Geofone,
Nukeless, Stojo71, Garthwimbush, Midnight Hour, XLinkBot, JSpink137, AndreNatas, JediSaint, Addbot, Satbu, Knight of Truth,
Innv, Shirtwaist, Lightbot, OlEnglish, WuBot, Yobot, Themfromspace, GavMag, AnomieBOT, Ipatrol, Flinders Petrie, Materialscientist, ..24, Bencmq, Xqbot, Klisanor, Nasa-verve, GrouchoBot, Morgan Phoenix, Shadowjams, FrescoBot, CKyle22, Jonesey95,
Emyil, Forward Unto Dawn, Msileinad, TobeBot, Comet Tuttle, Gisegre, Gregoire23, Mean as custard, RjwilmsiBot, Beyond My Ken,
EmausBot, Katherine, Racerx11, Howan, Qrsdogg, ZroBot, Hedonologist, Alpha Quadrant, KazekageTR, NetworkINV, ChuispastonBot, Homer.Hapmouche, Kyle.drerup, CharlieEchoTango, Helpsome, ClueBot NG, Gareth Grith-Jones, Jonsaad, BG19bot, Teammm,
SABACC, Junkyardsparkle, El Foes, Evano1van, JimMcKinley123, Himanshu301989, Rjemma, SamanthaPuckettIndo, Wyn.junior, RebeccMWind, KH-1, Robertbarlow13, TimoVink, Yuil.Tr, Reynan suba, Emanuel del olmo and Anonymous: 219
Smartphone Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone?oldid=674862270 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, Ansible, Maury
Markowitz, Juan M. Gonzalez, Vkem~enwiki, Nealmcb, Patrick, Nixdorf, Dcljr, GTBacchus, Ellywa, Ahoerstemeier, DavidWBrooks,
Haakon, Mac, Ronz, CatherineMunro, Angela, Julesd, Whkoh, Poor Yorick, Mike Linksvayer, Magnus.de, Fuzheado, Andrewman327,
WhisperToMe, Tpbradbury, Omegatron, Indefatigable, Jeq, Fcassia, Branddobbe, Robbot, Dale Arnett, RedWolf, ZimZalaBim, Nurg,
Ianb, Pingveno, Rursus, Meelar, Jondel, Fuelbottle, Mdrejhon, Tobias Bergemann, Alf Boggis, Giftlite, DocWatson42, Andries, Cool
Hand Luke, Jonabbey, Jfdwol, Sdsher, AlistairMcMillan, Tommytentimes, Uzume, J~enwiki, Beland, Onco p53, Hardylane, Scottperry,
Psychojosh13, Petershank, Oknazevad, Mennonot, Mike Rosoft, Imroy, EugeneZelenko, Erc, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Rhobite,
Hydrox, Andros 1337, Kevin Dorner, Xezbeth, XGrape, Night Gyr, JoeSmack, Evice, Jantangring, Mr. Strong Bad, RoyBoy, Cmlewan, Stesmo, Smalljim, Dcxf, Giraedata, LuoShengli, Furrybeagle, Minghong, Alansohn, ChrisUK, Polarscribe, Guy Harris, Sheehan, Mcduck, Wiki-uk, Diego Moya, Philosophistry, JonoP, Stephen Turner, Jakupju, Wtmitchell, Velella, Danhash, Sfacets, Skatebiker,
Fhontoy, UnrealG, Tournesol, Woohookitty, Henrik, LrdChaos, Miaow Miaow, Pol098, Urod, WadeSimMiser, Kgrr, Macaddct1984,
Toussaint, Winged-stone, Meehawl, Allen3, Xrobertcmx, Tklaer, Riadlem, BD2412, Kbdank71, Josh Parris, Broccoli, Sj, Rjwilmsi,
Nightscream, Koavf, KungFuMonkey, Graywolf~enwiki, Zpetro, Feydey, Vegaswikian, Nneonneo, Bubba73, Yug, A Man In Black,
Taskinen, FlaBot, Harmil, Brianreading, Mathiastck, BjKa, TimSE, Riki, Huntersquid, BlkStarr, OpenToppedBus, Chobot, Fourdee,
DVdm, Bgwhite, Rafael.sp~enwiki, Peterl, Gwernol, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, TexasAndroid, Eraserhead1, Huw Powell, MMuzammils, Arado, AVM, Hede2000, Bhny, Epolk, Manop, Rsrikanth05, Bovineone, Morphh, Mark Kim, Grafen, Cleared as led, Obey,
272
MySchizoBuddy, Tony1, Acrisius, Groink, CLW, Gfannick, Wknight94, Intershark, Sandstein, PTSE, Mike Dillon, Icedwater, Closedmouth, Josh3580, Hypnotist uk, Reyk, Netrapt, Livitup, GraemeL, Red Jay, Shawnc, Cmf, HereToHelp, Deane@gooroos.com, Skittle, ViperSnake151, Katieh5584, Mebden, WiZZLa, SmackBot, Serg3d2, Kellen, Zanter, Hydrogen Iodide, McGeddon, Lewispb, Verne
Equinox, Arny, Slitcheld, KelleyCook, Cvdr, Gilliam, Portillo, Ohnoitsjamie, Caj27, Skizzik, Shalroth, Chris the speller, Skintigh, Cattus,
Jprg1966, Thumperward, Sebastian Mandrean~enwiki, Oli Filth, Miquonranger03, Repetition, Mdwh, Jerome Charles Potts, Baronnet,
Verkinto, OrphanBot, JonHarder, Maniacgeorge, KnowBuddy, Ne0Freedom, EVula, Grahamperrin, Mstobbs, Gookey, Pats1, ChaChaFut, Charivari, Delphii, Esrever, Mksword, Lester, Takamaxa, Sambot, Kuru, General Ization, Gobonobo, JorisvS, JamesWeb, Lun4tic,
Bombot, 16@r, Makyen, AxG, TastyPoutine, Geologyguy, Hogyn Lleol, Peyre, BillHaywood, Kvng, Galadh, Hu12, Xajel, Stephen
B Streater, OnBeyondZebrax, Mwenechanga, Mikehelms, Adriatikus, Joseph Solis in Australia, Kinst, Quantum7, Aeons, Illyria05,
Nerde, HDCase, Waqas Hussain, Balazer, KarmaGeddon, Mix Bouda-Lycaon, IntrigueBlue, Leujohn, Lazulilasher, E.au, Phatom87,
Slazenger, Mato, Gogo Dodo, Bellerophon5685, Richardguk, Tfgbd, Querencia, Myscrnnm, Bendes~enwiki, Clovis Sangrail, Codetiger,
DumbBOT, Kozuch, Jsherwood0, Old port, Eugenia loli, ThaWhistle, Hervegirod, Ishdarian, Keraunos, Anupam, Nitro.ajb, Kathovo,
Hcobb, Citizensmith, Nick Number, Escarbot, Gruyddd, I already forgot, Mvjs, Obiwankenobi, Seaphoto, Sapibobo, MetaManFromTomorrow, Lukan4ica, Lai888, Irky, LibLord, Glennwells, Atenyi, Res2216restar, Kariteh, JAnDbot, Harryzilber, AniRaptor2001,
Barek, MER-C, Akuyume, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, JNW, Father Goose, Deviceapps, LaVieEntiere, Gomm, Spellmaster, Neoarchon, Lenin1991, Thestick, Ianboudreault, War wizard90, Flowanda, Jackson Peebles, Jaesi25, Jim.henderson, Ron2, Anaxial,
Ignis Fatuus, Cams0ft, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Neoguy999115, Lilac Soul, Siliconov, J.delanoy, Mange01, Richiekim, Coolaaron88,
Rhinestone K, Jesant13, Reliablesoft, Ginsengbomb, 12dstring, Navacell, Rgreed, Kudpung, Maproom, Acalamari, Cmp101, Jsribeiro,
AKA MBG, Little Professor, Mikael Hggstrm, DadaNeem, Kraftlos, Thisma, Doomsday28, SirJibby, Atama, Swoof, ReverseEngineered, RjCan, SoCalSuperEagle, Just another editor, Cyruslei, Signalhead, Malik Shabazz, Hammersoft, VolkovBot, Dreambringer, The
Wild Falcon, AlnoktaBOT, Kresp0~enwiki, Soliloquial, 3Coins, Trasz, LeilaniLad, Maxtremus, Philip Trueman, DaisyField, TXiKiBoT,
Pdahomepage, Wikimhb, Starofwonder, Technopat, A4bot, HuskyMoon, Mosmof, Oontay, WikipedianYknOK, OlavN, Bibijee, Level
plus~enwiki, Suriel1981, Greswik, Haseo9999, UCLATre, MyronAub, Marrowmonkey, ZipoB, Logan, HybridBoy, Tuju, Pmarshal, Pvanheus, SPQRobin, SieBot, Surenkarapetyan, YonaBot, Paul 1953, Jagdterrier, RJaguar3, Yintan, I, Podius, Grajales, Prillen, Jerryobject,
Aillema, Happysailor, Radon210, Theaveng, Masgatotkaca, Suwatest, Jojalozzo, Nopetro, Hadiceberg, Tombomp, Hobartimus, Manway,
P.Marlow, Kentynet, Tesi1700, Wireless Buddy, TheHoax, Shrine Maiden, Treekids, Pbrown111, Tattery, ImageRemovalBot, Martarius, Sfan00 IMG, Elassint, ClueBot, Evolutiondb, Snigbrook, The Thing That Should Not Be, Farolif, Frmorrison, Mild Bill Hiccup,
SuperHamster, Stjson, Marksza, Tokyogamer, Arunsingh16, Auntof6, Gordon Ecker, DragonBot, Excirial, Jusdafax, Commontimect, Human.v2.0, Posix memalign, Arjayay, 842U, JamieS93, Evilruletheworld96, Moberg, Maine12329, Qwazix, DerBorg, Versus22, Lambtron,
Kcomstock, Arp120, SF007, DumZiBoT, Justin Mauger, Tmuller2, InternetMeme, XLinkBot, Feinoha, Little Mountain 5, Avoided, Rreagan007, JCDenton2052, Addbot, Pyfan, Ramu50, Mortense, TVS99, Fyrael, Acolin f, CalumCook234, AkhtaBot, Boomur, Ronhjones,
Marco.difresco, Leszek Jaczuk, Cst17, MrOllie, Youxiarock, Sjcramer, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Smeagol 17, Taketa, Faunas, Jarble, DaveChild, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Fraggle81, Cactusframe, GateKeeper, Nallimbot, Max, Mavtrevor, Dmarquard,
AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, Hiugheerg, Cxtom, Ciphers, Rubinbot, ThaddeusB, Jim1138, AndrewSpec, Piano non troppo, Thiled,
Lun Esex, Sdrazfar, Daniel.nnan, Kingpin13, Samad120, Jo3sampl, Materialscientist, A123a10, JJ-Stern, Citation bot, Currab, Jimmy
Bergmark, Quebec99, Xqbot, Alex890, CoolingGibbon, Mononomic, Editrrr, Kajowi, JCrue, Srich32977, Coretheapple, Pmlineditor,
GrouchoBot, Bakshi41c, Monaarora84, Halloween.mac, Mark Schierbecker, RibotBOT, Bellerophon, Jwojdylo, Amaury, A Quest For
Knowledge, Aaditya 7, Rubiscous, CRJO-CRJO, Editor182, JayJay, Alleongto, Samwb123, A.amitkumar, Taka76, Dan6hell66, Aclassier, FrescoBot, Electronicguru1, Bahaltener, Canalteen, Arafael, Waidawut, Nakakapagpabagabag, Klokbaske, Kwaichi, Neo Ogilvy,
Changshui88, Nedge2k, Singerdg1, DivineAlpha, Biker Biker, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Sadegh87, LittleWink, Sctechlaw, Jonesey95, Tinton5, A8UDI, RedBot, Tahir mq, Phearson, Ltomuta, Radiier, Cnwilliams, Steel Wool Killer, Nathan94124, In2thats12,
Yunshui, ItsZippy, YoursBadDay, Lotje, Vrenator, Graywolfmoon1, Michael A M Davies, Wo.luren, Aoidh, David Hedlund, Memaster3, Cornea503, Jerd10, Diannaa, Daniel-crawford, Jynto, Schrdingers Cake, The Pink Oboe, Onel5969, Mean as custard, Amarendra.Avinash, RjwilmsiBot, Drobatch, Limequat, TjBot, Js, Sean13zz, TimeClock871, Ha us 70, Pwhitehurst, Rollins83, Piotrek54321,
CanadianPenguin, Rayman60, EmausBot, John of Reading, Acather96, Interframe, WikitanvirBot, Wiki admi, ScottyBerg, Kercker, GoingBatty, RA0808, G&CP, RenamedUser01302013, ModWilliam, Solarra, Jajosh66, Tommy2010, Winner 42, Wikipelli, K6ka, Tangent1000, Yean3d, JDDJS, Ticell, Kkm010, Mlg07e, ZroBot, PS., John Cline, Josve05a, Togopogo, Jostake, Imsilly123, A930913,
Catan wen, Barana, EWikist, Immunmotbluescreen, The-apathy, Erianna, Laurasmith70308, Thine Antique Pen, Hamiltha, Gold Hat,
Gsarwa, Donner60, Calcwiki, Prathameshsasane, Kris159, Jesus borbolla, Mac John Concord, Ipsign, Bomazi, AndyTheGrump, Parintachin, Atul.ecn, Tomas.turek18, Papa Kern, Xyzzyavatar, Soe7, 28bot, Mjbmrbot, Jekyllhide, Georgy90, Garant^ ^, Xanchester,
Mikhail Ryazanov, Emma23 K, Arab Dynasty, ClueBot NG, Giggett, JetBlast, Satellizer, XBotJerom2, Vacation9, Eshade, EnglishTea4me,
ZarlanTheGreen, Sainath468, Braincricket, O.Koslowski, SpaniardGR, Rezabot, MillenniumB, Widr, Rtisme, Scrtcwlvl, Newyorkadam,
Aurelie Branchereau-Giles, 573W1E, Cellcom, Pluma, Ianereed, F1MotoGPWRC, ChristophBurger, Lifes g00d 561, Smmgeek, Helpful Pixie Bot, Blobby54, HMSSolent, Calabe1992, Wbm1058, Technical 13, BG19bot, Sfsmartp, Nazrich, Westie4321, Smart1954, Im
Bu, Loser997, M0rphzone, Mike989, Larkhill97, FinnsDeal, Alf.laylah.wa.laylah, JohnChrysostom, Pitzik4, AvocatoBot, Dude7190,
Tracersystems, Jobin RV, Socialmaven1, MerveillePdia, Cadiomals, Zach Vega, Patvac-chs, VirusKA, Ruchir257, Sayid98, Tikru8, ALSLUG, Nicola.Manini, Comaleaf, Meatsgains, Snow Blizzard, Secretsorry, Ddavid2005, Phatalaw, Sebindcruz, Nickolai 420, Marcisjustice, Glacialfox, Curl7985, Gmumru, John Sawyer, Loriendrew, Klilidiplomus, Jediknightelectro1997, Strz4life, FicticiousAnimation,
Menmenmenmenmanlymenmenmen, MeanMotherJr, BattyBot, Ck2go, Mckote, Gregorysalt, Electronicbazaarnz, Mdann52, Brittanybee1121, Smartphonespakistan, Adib5271, Ajsandboch, Austinuity, Soulparadox, Baherty77, SuperHero2111, Jaspermaz,
, Creativeminds34, Tcomotcom, WOLF LMBERT, Sameer singh17, Smartmo, Hmainsbot1, Webclient101, Wallace1966, Mogism, Omardarwish10, Nozomimous, Argentina subcampeon 1789, MadenssContinued, NathanYDR, Frosty, CommunistManifesto, Greyfrontier,
Jamesx12345, Paspie, Harris james, Sfgiants1995, Tria3, Mardelamesa, Youbeeho, Zziccardi, Nupur Ray, Nicoleross101, RandomLittleHelper, Slurpy121, Cadillac000, Reatlas, Craig VG, Looneybunny, Jamesmartin01, PatrikN, Risperidone1234, Epicgenius, Grahamatter,
Sbookface, Jfrausto323, Zalunardo8, Harlem Baker Hughes, EngGerm12, Tentinator, Narnars0, Inventor7777, David Samar, Chowboi,
George Parastatidis, Erdy-kun, Machinegoesbing, Kiranrs143, Javiermejia, Melody Lavender, Hpak14, Ginsuloft, Winstartup, Varkman,
Max Doberman, Luxure, , Tallalsardar1, DPRoberts534, Healybd, Smartphones r4u, Hancock720, Qiekai1, Dodi 8238, Saazeditor, Kep161289, Skr15081997, Monkopotamus, Mahaloso, TruthDebunked, Waveees, Wyn.junior, Ali raxa11146, Kboy23, Bkuniyil,
Melcous, Monkbot, Baltergeist, Filedelinkerbot, Prymshbmg, Greedo8, SantiLak, VidhyaDhivya, Wilson410, Lilprincess$22, Davis445,
Ktsai503, Ztan0015, BethNaught, 27thPW, Uboa297, Macaulay94, HennersJCL, Soa Koutsouveli, Pjatusf, MartinPoint, Eman1003,
Hamza1909, Helddtheblog, KaiserKIS, Dilshankgc, YORCELYLUNA, Akashtablet, JPNEX, Cole2235, A8v, Wasill37, Momen.Kazi,
Ajayy99, ChamithN, Sdarw, Stefansoc, Lobcitizen32, Hellokitty123 qwer, Madhav the king, Groop3UNH, Psavageknepshield, Whereismylunch, GeorginaMat, KristinaMcloud, Connordudes, Pishcal, Morrism1, Aytk, Bripat, Aeminigs, Techexpertist, Degenerate prodigy,
273
274
Mobile equipment identier Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_equipment_identifier?oldid=665705169 Contributors: Radiojon, Elektron, Rich Farmbrough, Wikiklrsc, Ketiltrout, Vegaswikian, RussBot, Grafen, Tony1, Alin0Steglinski, SmackBot, Bluebot,
Metageek, Cybercobra, Weekilter, Quasar Jarosz, CmdrObot, Cydebot, Dawnseeker2000, Darklilac, Bwooce, DavidRCrowe, Logan, ClueBot, Blanchardb, Zabwung~enwiki, Middayexpress, Yobot, DrilBot, ClueBot NG, Testing10, Lemnaminor, JaconaFrere, Drock2369 and
Anonymous: 15
SIM lock Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_lock?oldid=673130745 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, Dreamyshade, The Anome,
Stephen Gilbert, Rjstott, William Avery, Bob Jonkman, Patrick, JohnOwens, Georey~enwiki, Ronz, Plop, Julesd, Miernik, Dale Arnett, Psychonaut, Mervyn, Hadal, Aomarks, Brian Kendig, Hazzamon, Orrc, Thewikipedian, Beland, Mzajac, TonyW, JulieADriver,
KeithTyler, Crispy, Maikel, Corti, Mernen, Hinrik, Discospinster, Habbit, Sladen, Iediteverything, Vinko, IlyaHaykinson, Bender235,
TerraFrost, JoeSmack, MBisanz, JRM, Richi, Sleske, Towel401, Pearle, Oolong, Alansohn, Patrick Bernier, Pebbens, M3tainfo, Stephan
Leeds, Dtcdthingy, Bsadowski1, Justin5117, Ron Ritzman, Asav, Pol098, Tabletop, LinkTiger, Graham87, Bilbo1507, Elvey, Josh Parris, Sj, Amire80, Vegaswikian, Nneonneo, XLerate, Brighterorange, Manesh, MatthewMastracci, TiagoTiago, SchuminWeb, Ground
Zero, Mancini, Chobot, Mhking, YurikBot, Wavelength, Epolk, Wimt, Kennethmac2000, Grafen, Tailpig, Lexicon, Komiksulo, Cmskog, WikiY, Phgao, Zzuuzz, Petri Krohn, GraemeL, Fram, Fourohfour, ViperSnake151, Snaxe920, Mtm, Veinor, SmackBot, C.Fred,
Blue520, Stie, Edgar181, Mauls, Unforgettableid, Kazkaskazkasako, Mnbf9rca, Bluebot, Thumperward, Jerome Charles Potts, Colonies
Chris, Arg, Hgrosser, Wikipedia XP, Fenixdrakken, Ww2censor, Nakon, Richard001, Derek R Bullamore, WoodyWerm, Juux, ThurnerRupert, The undertow, T g7, Slowmover, Hg-it, Wnorris, Ckatz, JHunterJ, MarkSutton, Trounce, Adyason, Phuzion, Hu12, Tomwood0,
Iridescent, Thewrxman, Pavithran, Blakegripling ph, JHP, Ziusudra, Mrjoe4215, JForget, CmdrObot, Ale jrb, Requestion, Curtis.e, Cahk,
Achangeisasgoodasa, Rieman 82, Gogo Dodo, Jeremy68, DumbBOT, Visualscope, Longwayround, Maxmq, Davidhorman, NigelR, Dantheman531, Turb0chrg, AntiVandalBot, Gioto, TheBlueFox, Rbyrd8100, Mikenorton, JAnDbot, MER-C, CosineKitty, A1 salah, Robpegoraro, Leolaursen, Joshua, Acroterion, SteveSims, Bongwarrior, Sarten-X, Giannicola, Jimjamjak, SlamDiego, Ztobor, E2a2j, DandanxD, Amacedo, Manticore, Mojodaddy, Rbrewer42, Jesant13, NerdyNSK, NagamasaAzai, Diego.viola, Toon05, Joshua Issac, Atama,
Jevansen, CardinalDan, VolkovBot, HughD, Jorioux, Je G., 4300streetcar, Mobilegadgets, TobyDZ, Davidwr, Philip Trueman, Ahblair,
Dmrowell, Rich Janis, Jwmci, JhsBot, Wolfrock, Why Not A Duck, Hmwith, Biscuittin, SPQRobin, SieBot, TJRC, Caltas, RJaguar3,
Nitrooreo, Goosnarrggh, Geok01, Smsmasters, Jojalozzo, Harry~enwiki, Pac72, Phonehacker~enwiki, SH84, Sasawat, IdreamofJeanie,
Jfromcanada, Wiknerd, Mr. Stradivarius, Moonside, Dabomb87, Telewayhk, TopFloridaRealtor, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not
Be, Rjd0060, Randall1190, Meekywiki, Luchnikov, Ktr101, Excirial, Mojtaba Cazi, PixelBot, SpikeToronto, Sun Creator, NuclearWarfare, Jdeuces86, Yjk83, Newyorxico, Nukeless, Dannysiu, Thewildwolf, Zenexer, Johnuniq, RonnyNussbaum, SF007, Ginbot86, DumZiBoT, SwirlBoy39, GodfreyChan, Skarebo, WikHead, Geeklogic, Addbot, Jdnewman123, Pyerre, JBsupreme, Melab-1, Claque, CanadianLinuxUser, MrOllie, Download, Louperivois, Quantumobserver, Dynam1te3, Legobot, Tukka, Yobot, Philippachaucer, Balfour4ireland,
Echtner, AnomieBOT, Andrewrp, Killiondude, Jim1138, Will.true113, Law, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Quebec99, Capricorn42,
Shahzad11, Taihongnin, Der Falke, Jtunlock, Tabledhote, Taka76, Alvb, Fartface1234(theprettywon), Cody Cooper, Stefano65, Citation
bot 1, Jonjbar, Troy.frericks, Reconsider the static, Vrenator, Diannaa, Tbhotch, Mean as custard, RjwilmsiBot, UnlockItNow, Danic6,
Evelhal, Rsmaah, John of Reading, Orphan Wiki, Kodabmx, Dewritech, RA0808, Gedoe1976, Tommy2010, Wikipelli, K6ka, DaveDaytona, Danpeig, Thekguy, Cellphoneexpert, Mcmatter, Vanished user fois8fhow3iqf9hsrlgkjw4tus, Johdory, The Talking Toaster, L
Kensington, MadnessInside, ChuispastonBot, GrayFullbuster, DASHBotAV, WikiSpector, ClueBot NG, Gareth Grith-Jones, Unlockblackberry, JetBlast, MelbourneStar, Chrisminter, TheRyk, YuMaNuMa, Braincricket, Helpful Pixie Bot, FtDesoto, HMSSolent, Calidum,
Ramaksoud2000, BG19bot, Nickaang, Jmranger, Wikilovr44, Northamerica1000, Julianxhh, Nikos 1993, Kirananils, Rm1271, AdventurousSquirrel, Rvbrvbrvbrvb, Writ Keeper, ProdigyMike, Netwerk Media, Flirty mc henry, Ajpayne26, Settybodzin, Rsfrosty, Fraulein451,
Domenicofavotto1, ChrisGualtieri, Gdfusion, Laberkiste, Khazar2, IsraphelMac, Raymond1922A, BigJolly9, Mogism, Ibro0079, Mofolo, Ikesham, HistoricMN44, Zxcvzxcvqwer, 900mill, Thecellularclinic, Pincrete, Epicgenius, SalamiSRS, Pasazman, Voidz, Louismax,
Andres Possee, Nightbraker, Glaisher, Bisswajit, NyGuha, NottNott, Alibushara, Iamsrkfan, Jianhui67, Brokerpolitic, JaconaFrere, Stuartwalker169, Joeleoj123, Codeofdusk, Coo coo pigeon, Mrgnfrncs, Andreilow, CoronaryKea, Kashish Arora, Jason9451966, Bilal945,
Cstdomains, Nocturnt, SoniaFulton, Vijay.singularity.krish, Nicu madalin, Mirrorguy, Maka42 and Anonymous: 512
Mobile phone Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone?oldid=673950473 Contributors: WojPob, Bryan Derksen, Robert
Merkel, Zundark, The Anome, Koyaanis Qatsi, Malcolm Farmer, Ed Poor, Xaonon, Youssefsan, RobertBrook, Hajhouse, Nate Silva,
Little guru, William Avery, LionKimbro, Heron, Rsabbatini, Montrealais, Youandme, Tzartzam, Olivier, Edward, Patrick, Infrogmation,
Michael Hardy, Tim Starling, Paul Barlow, DopeshJustin, Jtdirl, Pnm, GUllman, Liftarn, Gabbe, Ixfd64, Dcljr, Sannse, Cameron Dewe,
6birc, Tzaquiel, Delirium, Dori, Minesweeper, Goatasaur, Tregoweth, NuclearWinner, Ellywa, Ahoerstemeier, Mac, Nanshu, Jpatokal,
Snoyes, Angela, Jdforrester, Kingturtle, Pmolinero~enwiki, RadRafe, Stefan-S, Rossami, Benjaminong, Kwekubo, Andres, Tristanb, Jimregan, Wael Ellithy, GRAHAMUK, Ehn, Arteitle, Reinhard Kraasch, Stephenw32768, Alakon, Chatool, Dysprosia, Fuzheado, WhisperToMe, Selket, Steinsky, Radiojon, Roadmr, DJ Clayworth, Birkett, Tpbradbury, Kierant, Maximus Rex, Furrykef, Pacic1982, Saltine,
Nv8200pa, ZeWrestler, Phoebe, Wernher, , Topbanana, Fvw, Stormie, Pakaran, Guppy, Francs2000, Cluth, Owen, Lumos3, Shantavira, RadicalBender, Northgrove, Riddley, Robbot, Paranoid, Dale Arnett, Hankwang, Craig Stuntz, PBS, Jredmond, Gak, RedWolf,
Donreed, Moncrief, Psychonaut, TimothyPilgrim, Pelle, Babbage, JustinHall, P0lyglut, Denots, Merovingian, Alexblainelayder, Academic
Challenger, Alexaq~enwiki, Rhombus, Jondel, Rasmus Faber, Leedar, Hadal, Cyrius, Alan Liefting, David Gerard, Matthew Stannard,
Giftlite, Dbenbenn, Anym, Lcgarcia, DocWatson42, Laudaka, Dinomite, Geeoharee, Lupin, MathKnight, Orangemike, Obli, Monedula,
Peruvianllama, Everyking, Capitalistroadster, Curps, Alison, Cantus, Filceolaire, Bsoft, Sundar, Zoney, AlistairMcMillan, Thomas Ludwig, Solipsist, Foobar, Iceberg3k, Khalid hassani, Uzume, Bobblewik, Tagishsimon, Wmahan, Somebody512, Wikiwiki~enwiki, Mackeriv, Utcursch, 159753, SoWhy, Spizzer2, Sohailstyle, CryptoDerk, LiDaobing, Technogeek, Yardcock, Antandrus, Beland, Joeblakesley,
OverlordQ, Scottperry, Kusunose, ShakataGaNai, Arsene, CaribDigita, Thevirus, Heman, Rdsmith4, Kesac, OwenBlacker, Maximaximax, Mysidia, Elroch, Mozzerati, Sam Hocevar, Histrion, Jklamo, Gscshoyru, Tooki, Jamesp~enwiki, Creidieki, Neutrality, Joyous!,
Jcw69, Ianneub, Shadowlink1014, Cab88, Kevin Rector, M1ss1ontomars2k4, Damieng, Trevor MacInnis, Acsenray, Moxfyre, Randwicked, Grunt, Canterbury Tail, Andylkl, Qui1che, Bluemask, Zaf, Forschung, Joseph Philipsson, Corti, Mike Rosoft, Myfanwy, Imroy,
Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, KillerChihuahua, Rhobite, Guanabot, Oliver Ruehl, NrDg, Hydrox, DrMac, Selphie, Wrp103, Vsmith,
StephanKetz, YUL89YYZ, IlyaHaykinson, Xezbeth, Mjpieters, Saintswithin, Ibagli, Zazou, Mani1, Pavel Vozenilek, Xeper, Paul August,
Pnevares, Plumpy, Bender235, ESkog, TerraFrost, Ground, JoeSmack, Janaagaard, Petersam, Violetriga, Evice, Billlion, Stebbiv, Yvolution, Brian0918, Tompw, Sockatume, CanisRufus, Torindkt, FirstPrinciples, MBisanz, El C, Lycurgus, Hayabusa future, Mwanner,
Jantangring, PhilHibbs, Mavhc, Sietse Snel, Art LaPella, RoyBoy, Cacophony, G worroll, Mairi, Coolcaesar, 2005, Jpgordon, Alxndr,
Bastique, Sole Soul, Bobo192, Danwarne, NetBot, Longhair, Feitclub, Func, Rackham, DrYak, Blue Wizard, Elipongo, Cohesion, Angie
Y., Nesnad, Kappa, Harcoi, Sasquatch, Kjkolb, Darwinek, Famousdog, Cinnamon~enwiki, Tarun telang~enwiki, Opspin, B0at, Q3aiml,
Ardric47, Towel401, Idleguy, Wrs1864, MPerel, Sam Korn, Haham hanuka, Ral315, Hooperbloob, Nsaa, Ociallyover, QuantumEleven,
Eje211, Nickfraser, Espoo, Jumbuck, Mithent, Alansohn, JYolkowski, Davidl, ChrisUK, Schnell, Neria, Polarscribe, DenisHowe, Guy Har-
275
ris, Joolz, Wiki-uk, Lordthees, Atlant, Rd232, Mr Adequate, Andrewpmk, Verdlanco, Ronline, Andrew Gray, Lord Pistachio, Txredcoat,
Wikidea, Eagleamn, Yamla, Lectonar, Goldom, Zippanova, Water Bottle, Lightdarkness, Kocio, Mrmiscellanious~enwiki, Monty Dickerson, Chrisjohnson, Mysdaao, Denniss, Malo, Joris Gillis, PeteVerdon, Wtmitchell, Bucephalus, Blancandrin, SidP, Helixblue, Danaman5,
ProhibitOnions, Wtshymanski, Jrleighton, Keni~enwiki, Stephan Leeds, Amorymeltzer, Grenavitar, Drat, Red essence, Danthemankhan,
LFaraone, BlastOButter42, Versageek, Sleigh, DV8 2XL, SteinbDJ, Alai, Rjhanson54, Algocu, Micdab, HenryLi, Panchurret, Firthy2002,
Red dwarf, BerserkerBen, Oleg Alexandrov, Muhgcee, Tom.k, Lafraia~enwiki, Centralman, Dr Gangrene, Novacatz, Flawiki, Thryduulf,
Angr, Boothy443, OwenX, Woohookitty, 2004-12-29T22:45Z, LizardWizard, Mindmatrix, Lochaber, Anilocra, Swamp Ig, Pinball22,
Localh77, Daniel Case, Uncle G, Polyparadigm, Admrboltz, Pol098, Before My Ken, SP-KP, Byped, JeremyA, Matijap, Tabletop, Privacy, Wikiklrsc, Richardr443, GregorB, MiG, Rchamberlain, Leemeng, Prashanthns, Gimboid13, Liface, Nwahsnwahs018, Static3d,
Winged-stone, Palica, NeonGeniuses, ObsidianOrder, Mandarax, Fleetham, MassGalactusUniversum, SqueakBox, Matilda, Graham87,
WBardwin, Deltabeignet, Magister Mathematicae, Chun-hian, SamuraiClinton, Kbdank71, Bunchofgrapes, FreplySpang, Haikupoet, Jasonaj, JIP, RadioActive~enwiki, Miss Pippa, Edison, Rjwilmsi, Sideshowjohn, Phonedude, Quale, Misternuvistor, Commander, Moosh88,
Vary, Mjm1964, Hairymon, Tim Eliseo, Quiddity, Tangotango, Sdornan, Bruce1ee, Zpetro, Collard, Mike Peel, Vegaswikian, Kazrak,
Ligulem, Sferrier, Boccobrock, Brighterorange, Thekohser, DoubleBlue, MarnetteD, Plastictv, Utuado, Renaissance Man, Yamamoto
Ichiro, A Man In Black, SNIyer12, Allen Moore, FlaBot, Ian Pitchford, Sky Harbor, G Clark, Ground Zero, Polaralex, Zeppelin4Life,
Jak123, Winhunter, Descent~enwiki, Who, Mathiastck, Nivix, Chanting Fox, Ipats~enwiki, SuperDude115, Abrooks, RexNL, Gurch,
RobyWayne, Jrtayloriv, Cbmaster, CoolFox, Snarkibartfast, Lmatt, Webshared, SteveBaker, Srleer, OpenToppedBus, Arickp, Dnbosiris, Mrschimpf, Smaley, Party on Aisle 7, Chobot, Kellergraham, Mhking, Stoive, VolatileChemical, Cactus.man, Belowzero, Adam
J. Sporka, Gwernol, Wjfox2005, Elfguy, The Rambling Man, YurikBot, Wavelength, GMT, Playstationman, Klingoncowboy4, Angus
Lepper, Andynormancx, Eraserhead1, Sceptre, Kencaesi, Retodon8, Stormerne, DMahalko, Muchness, Briaboru, TheDoober, Splash,
Qubeular, DanMS, SpuriousQ, CanadianCaesar, Hydrargyrum, Mythsearcher, Stephenb, Lord Voldemort, Manop, Polluxian, C777, CambridgeBayWeather, Tungsten, Wimt, Pelago, TheMandarin, Rhindle The Red, Terra Green, NawlinWiki, Muntuwandi, Edinborgarstefan,
Dat789, Wiki alf, Chick Bowen, Jaxl, Welsh, Joel7687, ZacBowling, Mmccalpin, ONEder Boy, Lone Odessan, Cleared as led, JDoorjam, Irishguy, Nick, Aaron Brenneman, Dalziel 86, JRG, Anetode, Esther scholle, Brandon, Cholmes75, The Land of Smeg, Matticus78,
Night Tracks, PhilipO, Larry laptop, Chal7ds, Rickyboy, Momon526, Obey, William Graham, Hopperlexington, Furball~enwiki, Voidxor,
Semperf, Tony1, Alex43223, EEMIV, Brucevdk, M3taphysical, Mysid, Lcmortensen, CDA, DeadEyeArrow, Psy guy, Bota47, ColinFine,
Caspian, Nescio, Bbaumer, Brisvegas, Dv82matt, Tirerim, Navstar, Wknight94, Bob247, Mugunth Kumar, Mtze, BazookaJoe, Saric,
Hans Joseph Solbrig, Zero1328, Db9970a, 2over0, Zzuuzz, PTSE, Marketdiamond, Imaninjapirate, Nachoman-au, Teiladnam, Ageekgal,
Gimmeahighve, Closedmouth, VAgentZero, Hrshgn, Fang Aili, Tim Parenti, Pb30, KGasso, David Justin, Tsunaminoai, GraemeL, JoanneB, Alasdair, Red Jay, Chriswaterguy, Shawnc, Cp33, Anclation~enwiki, Mhenriday, QuillOmega0, Skittle, Garion96, Jonnymoblin,
X3210, Bluezy, Mhkay, Arunvijayan, John Broughton, Auroranorth, Roke, DVD R W, Eenu, Rykotsusei, Veinor, MacsBug, Vvill,
SmackBot, Nick Dillinger, Unschool, Salilm, Hux, Davepape, Iamajpeg, Reedy, Brianyoumans, Tomer yae, Prodego, KnowledgeOfSelf, TestPilot, CompuHacker, Marc Lacoste, McGeddon, The Monster, David.Mestel, Unyoyega, Od Mishehu, Thunderboltz, Karmastan,
Compay~enwiki, KVDP, Delldot, Chaosfeary, Adammathias, Agentbla, Frymaster, Gjs238, Fnfd, Imzadi1979, BiT, Nil Einne, Edgar181,
Mauls, Septegram, SmartGuy Old, Siradia, Aksi great, Richmeister, Unforgettableid, PeterSymonds, Gilliam, Boul22435, Ohnoitsjamie,
Choalbaton, OldsVistaCruiser, Andy M. Wang, Sonicandfan, GeorgeBuchanan, Julie C. Chang, Constan69, Jero77, Shrensh, Flurry,
Optikos, Kurykh, Spilla, SMP, Cattus, Master of Puppets, Thumperward, Raymond arritt, Oli Filth, Ankurjain, Elatanatari, Tree Biting Conspiracy, Jeysaba, Repetition, Joost P. Vermeer, Mdwh, SchftyThree, Victorgrigas, Bonaparte, Deli nk, Neo-Jay, Analogue Kid,
Jerome Charles Potts, Telecom.portal, Dlohcierekims sock, ERobson, Viewnder, Jfsamper, DHN-bot~enwiki, The Moose, Colonies
Chris, Hallenrm, Darth Panda, Firetrap9254, A. B., Andyiou52345, Thief12, Mordantkitten, Brideshead, Sebhaque, Salmar, Zsinj, Decemberster~enwiki, Dethme0w, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, SheeEttin, Vasilken, Volphy, Mitsuhirato, Newcop, DRahier, Djido,
X570, Ioscius, Flibbert, OrphanBot, Onorem, Jennica, Yidisheryid, TheKMan, Rrburke, Homestarmy, Krsont, VMS Mosaic, Addshore,
Grover cleveland, Miken2005, Perspective16, Khoikhoi, COMPFUNK2, Jmlk17, Krich, Bindyree, PiMaster3, Solarapex, Jaimie Henry,
Cybercobra, Khukri, Nakon, Bsteger, Lubar, Gamgee, LMF5000, Anoopkn, Dreadstar, Richard001, Tova86, Rescbr, DylanW, Hgilbert,
Weregerbil, SeanAhern, IE, Woodysee, DMacks, Wizardman, Ultraexactzz, Kendrick7, Twir, Salamurai, LeoNomis, Richard0612, Pilotguy, Kukini, Bezapt, Keyesc, Ardenn, Ohconfucius, Paul 012, L337p4wn, Lexicontra, Tydus Arandor, Snowgrouse, The undertow, SashatoBot, Rory096, Krashlandon, Robomaeyhem, Mksword, AThing, Lester, Harryboyles, Howdoesthiswo, BrownHairedGirl, Stewie814,
Zero10one, Kuru, Celluser, JackLumber, Jidanni, Vitall, Roarke, Scientizzle, Shaliron, Soptep, Mwboyer, Freewol, J 1982, Heimstern,
Nobodyinpart, Disavian, Calum Macisdean, CPMcE, Rohan Lean, Tennis Dynamite, Wibbble, JohnI, Soumyasch, Sir Nicholas de
Mimsy-Porpington, Shlomke, Tony Corsini, Slinga, GCW50, MidnightSwinga, Accurizer, Goodnightmush, ManiF, AMac2002, Gregorydavid, Jaywubba1887, Aleenf1, Rawmustard, Anand Karia, 041744, Ckatz, Cortezz~enwiki, CyrilB, 16@r, Ex nihil, Sinaerem, JHunterJ,
MarkSutton, Stupid Corn, Andypandy.UK, Slakr, Karn-b, Drumersrule, Beetstra, LuYiSi, Milesdowsett, Mr Stephen, Dicklyon, Mariersteve, Larrymcp, Waggers, Dammit, Felixluo, TastyPoutine, Synergism, Tuspm, Goldline~enwiki, Gizmoleeds, Mintchocolatebear, MTSbot~enwiki, H, PSUMark2006, Haveronjones, Agent 86, Dl2000, Andreworkney, GorillazFanAdam, Hu12, Stephen B Streater, Hetar,
BranStark, OnBeyondZebrax, Chuck 266, Fan-1967, Iridescent, Ft93110, Stangoldsmith, Joseph Solis in Australia, Kernow, Newone,
JHP, Casull, Cradle, The nibbmeister, Igoldste, Cls14, QcRef87, RekishiEJ, Beno1000, Esurnir, Estrategy, EurowikiJ, Svego~enwiki,
Mr Chuckles, FIshstick, Linkspamremover, Illyria05, Rayoight278, Eluchil404, Tawkerbot2, Hogibear, I3lizzard, Simplyagro, Chris55,
Flubeca, AbsolutDan, Lahiru k, JohnTechnologist, Rpb161, SkyWalker, J Milburn, JForget, RSido, Vega84, CmdrObot, Ale jrb, Cxw,
Top Cat, Dread Specter, Wafulz, Zarex, Ric36, Jorcoga, Comrade42, KyraVixen, Cellphones and Pagers, The White Cat, Dgw, Splenius,
Kai360uk, Priceytom, Smallpond, GargoyleMT, Imaginationac, MarsRover, WeggeBot, Kalemika, Moreschi, Smoove Z, Jerressy44, Ken
Gallager, Joostjodel, Trex005, Omnicog, Vanished user fj0390923roktg4tlkm2pkd, Nilfanion, Votingontheinternet, AndrewHowse, AMFilmsInc, Pit-yacker, Grenno, Cydebot, Abcde123456, Dynamic1, Mashby, MVimislik, Neurocistance, Shritwod, Stephanbim~enwiki,
Garyruskin, Gogo Dodo, Xxhopingtearsxx, Corpx, Swat828, Mglickman, Coolguy22468, Myscrnnm, Pascal.Tesson, Scott14, Simmysimsim, Dancter, LaserBeams, Dr.enh, Evelynchai, B, Tawkerbot4, Codetiger, Energetic is francine@yahoo.com, DumbBOT, Chrislk02,
Starionwolf, Shoobe01, Pokeman, In Defense of the Artist, Bpadinha, Legis, Kozuch, Ward3001, Abtract, Arcayne, Omicronpersei8,
Vanished User jdksfajlasd, Zalgo, Michaelorgan, PamD, Kuang Eleven, Xwas, .:.Critical.:., EvocativeIntrigue, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Andy
Eng, Dr.Bhatta, Wikid77, Ashlie123, Lov ya, Qwyrxian, Lfrench, Daniel, HappyInGeneral, Josephbrophy, CompC, Keraunos, Nachdenklich, Mojo Hand, Marek69, Electron9, Peace01234, AlexanderM, Overridex, Doyley, Second Quantization, Z10x, Tellyaddict, Cool
Blue, Sinn, LG4761, Hcobb, AgentPeppermint, InfernalPanda, Zachary, DaveJ7, Blathnaid, Srose, Mobilekick, DeusMP, Lajsikonik, SusanLesch, Dawnseeker2000, Eielle, AlefZet, Escarbot, Pie Man 360, Eleuther, LachlanA, Hmrox, KrakatoaKatie, AntiVandalBot, Rahularora1985, Majorly, Joejoew97, Gioto, Luna Santin, Caledones, Sirishar, Stile4aly, Opelio, Alois.Daniel, CZmarlin, Fru1tbat, Apiya27,
29productions, TheBlueFox, Prolog, Benclinch, Autocracy, Khin007, Almondwine, Tmopkisn, Tjmayerinsf, Postlewaight, Arghlookamonkey, Caeinatedblog, Kristoferb, Povins, Sehsuan, Ankushj, Ran4, Alphachimpbot, Kzaral, Leevclarke, Lfstevens, A*A*, Canadian-
276
Bacon, Kniwor, Golgofrinchian, Res2216restar, Kariteh, HanzoHattori, JAnDbot, Key-global, Harryzilber, Bobvila2, BenjaminGittins,
MER-C, Kprateek88, Wesborland, Sonicsuns, Ericoides, Arch dude, Blood Red Sandman, Cleanupman, Dhp~enwiki, Grant Gussie,
Sosh, Andonic, Roleplayer, Hut 8.5, Dave101, Greensburger, Dricherby, PhilKnight, AOL account, Rothorpe, Joneyf1, GoodDamon,
Madhive, Y2kcrazyjoker4, LittleOldMe, SiobhanHansa, Acroterion, Yosh3000, MaxPont, Pedro, Whatever626, Bongwarrior, VoABot
II, Peas and corn, Dannyc77, AuburnPilot, Jpmaurya, HorseloverFat, JamesBWatson, Adrian122, Think outside the box, BobTheMad,
Cadsuane Melaidhrin, Pugetbill, Cumiskey192, Trottsky, Mphung, Euhedral, Nyttend, Paul Haymon, Dendrolimus, Froid, Nick Cooper,
MadeinIndia, Bubba hotep, Catgut, MobileMistress, Have hat, will travel, Indon, Times10, Dhurowitz, Acornwithwings, Frijole, ArchStanton69, Mittosi, Thedreamdied, Robotman1974, Stoneice02, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Badie, TerryChen, Allstarecho, Kingutd, Tswsl1989,
Netboyak, Gomm, Marinebro0306, V 1993, Glen, Chris G, DerHexer, GermanX, Esanchez7587, Streetsk8ta4life, Cool.x, Patstuart,
Flami72, Tidus187, Stewartpalmer, Khr0n0s, Gjd001, Stephenchou0722, Onlynokia, S3000, Alx 91, MartinBot, Dennisthe2, Bentleywannabe, PaulLev, Andycole, STBot, Gasheadsteve, Musicalmelodygirl, Arjun01, Tvoz, Solcuerda, Umeshunni, Jim.henderson, Brogman, Rettetast, Bissinger, Andsam, Jonathan Hall, Tskam1, Burnedthru, Kostisl, Mycroft7, CommonsDelinker, Duncanelliott, Nono64,
AgarwalSumeet, PrestonH, Siliconov, Antb, Jeroldc, Slugger, HarZim, J.delanoy, Captain panda, Martinf hk, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Mange01, MoiraMoira, Trusilver, Darin-0, Rgoodermote, Chinese goods, Neutron Jack, Quiksilver11709, Ali, Bogey97, Redtestarossa, All Is One, SimpsonDG, Jesant13, Ginsengbomb, Boris Allen, Extransit, TrueCRaysball, Geoweb54, WarthogDemon, SedireX,
Thaurisil, NerdyNSK, Ian.thomson, Scottrb, The-gr8, Davidprior, Acalamari, Ivanam, Aestiva, Cazanoma, DanielEng, Kingj123, WikiBone, It Is Me Here, Elkost, Monty54, Bot-Schafter, Katalaveno, Markseth, Atomichippo, Hometownmallonline, DarkFalls, McSly,
Ignatzmice, Apurv1980, Tetonca, Mikael Hggstrm, Skier Dude, Ahodacsek, Beeva24, AntiSpamBot, (jarbarf), TomasBat, Vaughanemery, Michaellubelle, Btd, SJP, Carewser, Cobi, Mobile Cell Phone Forensics, Touch Of Light, ThinkBlue, Tanaats, Joeykry, Toby lodge,
Potatoswatter, Grmarkam, Schwal, Deshawnjon, Cmichael, Andy Farrell, Juliancolton, Cometstyles, RB972, Yosarian~enwiki, Greatestrowerever, Jamesontai, Noctuidae, Crummie, Shawt-NurRhd, Danield101, Gtg204y, TWCarlson, Culdesacjungle, SquishyTheQueeniac, Useight, StoptheDatabaseState, TheNewPhobia, CardinalDan, CrZTgR, Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, DecadeMan, Jc7919, Echosmoke,
Black Kite, Lights, Buttin, X!, Flikes123, Dragonvulture, LeeColleton, Hellno2, Shiggity, The stripy penguine, Hammersoft, VolkovBot,
Traf22, CWii, Science4sail, SimplyCellPhone, Leebo, Je G., Indubitably, Dmaonk, Mathteacher1729, Bovineboy2008, Soliloquial,
Helplessstar88207~enwiki, Aesopos, Gracemusante, Cacolantern, Philip Trueman, WalrusMan118, RPlunk2853, FluyWyld2, Trenwith,
Martinevans123, Isaac Sanolnacov, Drunkenmonkey, Blendus, RiSeLing, TXiKiBoT, Prieplauka, Newtown11, Eve Hall, SethFreeman,
Thepulse2007, Mettler, Aghibner, SK hockey fan, Graavy, Anonymous Dissident, Funky Monkey 2000, Kishonti~enwiki, Tangerineduel, WikipedianYknOK, Qxz, Piperh, RMWLLC, Warrush, Anna Lincoln, Aeharding, Lradrama, Melsaran, Kovianyo, CanOfWorms,
Bagle, Abdullais4u, Canaima, LeaveSleaves, Edgar187, Raryel, Darkkaangel, Tim9798, PDFbot, Cremepu222, Maxim, ARUNKUMAR P.R, C-M, Bkbroiler, Tri400, Shifter95, Sses401, Vladsinger, Jensgram, Aron.Foster, Graymornings, Poopyunderwear1, Gracenotes
left sock, Synthebot, Altermike, Saramarie8789, Falcon8765, Hg5131, Richtom80, RMW42, Vchimpanzee, MyronAub, Sesshomaru,
Unused0030, Runarreistrup, Amalia07, Rboxer, Agape25, Superdude444, Doc James, AlleborgoBot, Nagy, Symane, PGWG, Pc9889,
Cheesecake13, PRChinaMan, Wwwwhite, Fearthisname, Jackky, Red, D. Recorder, Hmwith, Redoggy101, Marioblooper, Kbrose, DenverF666, Jimmayoy007, The Random Editor, Biscuittin, 3e solutions, Darkieboy236, Markomiha, SieBot, Froztbyte, Whiskey in the
Jar, Smlowe5, Celeste67, Thennessey8910, Anhimgr8, Augustus Rookwood, YonaBot, Scarian, Jevo90, Luboogers25, Malcolmxl5, Ellbeecee, Loveshoes, Ashayh, Ypps~enwiki, Hertz1888, Jack Merridew, Iveschavira, Luisa Yeom, Da Joe, Caltas, Karlson753, Twinkler4,
Shochin, DIAMOND LOVE2007, RJaguar3, Lcfuentes, CurranH, Feoray, Gravitan, LeadSongDog, Cbird09, Infodriveway, Bhagwatkumar, Nummer29, Wheelspins13, Dllew1, Blake3522, Archers princess, Jrreboy2, Cocomaxwater, Chromaticity, Tiptoety, Radon210,
Smsmasters, Larek, TheThingy, Glenibaby06, Stumbler7, Nopetro, Eamclellan, Exrev, Jnottingham13, JetLover, Undead Herle King,
Aureliusweb, Jimthing, Jimblobodob, Guildwarsplayar, Istaro, Oxymoron83, Kkgorykid, Sammygooders, Faradayplank, AngelOfSadness, Physik, Editor91, Peter k john, Lightmouse, Tomi T Ahonen, Kd24, Macy, Sacon, Wrmscomet, Ooza, Spitre19, Schmidty247,
Correogsk, LonelyMarble, StaticGull, Martycell, Cyfal, Kdevin, Mygerardromance, Realm of Shadows, Thedarkcookie, Immy92, Vig
vimarsh, Dust Filter, Altzinn, MichaelIvan, Petete333, Klaus100, Kelan19, Dabomb87, Superbeecat, Florentino oro, Cutiepie 10129,
Princess habibu, Daveruzius, Adnanp, C0nanPayne, Tomahiv, Vonones, Perspective Vortex, Explicit, Mcarrieri, Falcon-eagle2007, Anthony060708, Cactuscake, Faithlessthewonderboy, Loren.wilton, Sfan00 IMG, Tanvir Ahmmed, Elassint, ClueBot, Admiral Norton,
Schaea, Pressforaction, Cpljwlusmc, Stinkehund, PipepBot, Snigbrook, Badger Drink, Foxj, LondonBVE2, The Thing That Should Not
Be, Cellre1, Gpermant, TherionPhusikos, Rjd0060, Tsomas214, Cambrasa, EoGuy, Royalgam, Figarema, P0mbal, Frmorrison, SecretDisc, Phone2phonee, Klabber, CounterVandalismBot, Leodmacleod, Shaliya waya, Niceguyedc, Blanchardb, Harland1, Argonistic professor, Klabber1, Xjohnjohnx, Bob bobato, Neverquick, Volleyballspider, Danaeb, Michaelmoran, Namazu-tron, Glaurio2000, Amirul2008,
Mmark089, MrTobe, Silverbackwireless, Mr. Laser Beam, Thewhoissuperb24, AcademicallyIntelligent, D10025g, 123456789abcdefghi, DragonBot, SteveRamone, SapientiaSativa, Pc on whee1s, Gimli007~enwiki, Excirial, KihakuNoSenshi, Iloveulikeafatkidlovescake,
Congolese fufu, Fireyfan1, Ashirv, Dan373, Rodgersmas214, Resoru, Smartfunda, Mas214Kapinga, Daymas214, John Nevard, ZHUMAS214, Jewashere, Smallmas214, Estirabot, Lartoven, TUMAS214, Lunchscale, Jotterbot, Chirag Patil, Okiefromokla, Promethean,
Pokespot, GuasBorgz7, JamieS93, Gbvjcczxhb, RayquazaDialgaWeird2210, Mgw89, Dekisugi, Dnaphd, Gundersen53, Queenmegmeg, Nukeless, Careida, Nedim.sh, Sallicio, Ottawa4ever, Polly, ChrisHodgesUK, Swingout, Orionrulesallpeeps, Sudhir.rao, Thingg, Error 128, Quinn111, Aitias, Volodimir~enwiki, Versus22, Teleomatic, Dana boomer, Mshadowsbabywoo, Xman4sho, Djk3, Katanada,
David Chiam, Chuuplo, Johnuniq, SoxBot III, Apparition11, SF007, ClanCC, Ginbot86, DumZiBoT, InternetMeme, Loo4, Dairyqueen8,
XLinkBot, Mattthistle, Emmette Hernandez Coleman, Gwandoya, Rror, Duncan, Mitch Ames, SilvonenBot, NellieBly, Ericloewe, Sawickin, Sweetpoet, Noctibus, Pcpersons, NHJG, Zodon, Cooljc~enwiki, Catgirl, Sk8erking85, Sassygirl101leahu, Supercool277, Websi7,
Thatguyint, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Speer320, Schesnais, Vandalism bot1, Jcfan710, Witysmartone, Bluejm2, Willking1979, AVand, Some
jerk on the Internet, DOI bot, Alex1city, Ente75, Kiy765630, Fgnievinski, Pjjafc, Orangesbob, Nibbles249, Pieman196, Monkeysocks2,
Ja2ck2ie2, Mohamedhp, Battleboom13, Naughtyshakil, CanadianLinuxUser, Rj1200, NjardarBot, Ka Faraq Gatri, Cst17, MrOllie, Austinnielson, Belmond, CarsracBot, Thom443, Ccacsmss, Lalalosurr, Glane23, DoraXplorer, Mathu321, Bloopasareverykool, Buddha24,
Favonian, Jasper Deng, West.andrew.g, Tyw7, Livni, Ssseeeaaan, Deathspawn the suicidal, Numbo3-bot, Wikinoob123, Theking17825,
Evildeathmath, Cylover, Sinadoom, Tide rolls, Ghusta0809010, Verbal, Krano, Nuberger13, Aadieu, QuadrivialMind, Gail, Wireless friend, Abracadabration, Narayan, Jackelve, Chaldor, Luckas-bot, HikaruTora, Yobot, Fonboozles, Walter.Geo, Geroldorules69ers,
Tohd8BohaithuGh1, JSimmonz, Cm001, Specious, Donfbreed, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, GOR42, KamikazeBot, IW.HG, South Bay, Tempodivalse, OregonD00d, Retro00064, Backslash Forwardslash, AnomieBOT, Bctwriter, Lildu2008, 1exec1, IRP, Galoubet, Pyrrhus16,
ISquishy, JackieBot, Majikboom, Solidsandie, Flewis, Bluerasberry, Limideen, B2031919, Rtyq2, Crockie422, Citation bot, IRKAIN2,
Lisamcghee87, GACHealth, Syberiyxx, Patentideas, Glevinso, Frankenpuppy, Neurolysis, ArthurBot, Quebec99, Bobbyjoe101, Speedstick76, Rosenblattl, Xqbot, ManningBartlett, Bjorn Elenfors, Transity, Docksh, Addihockey10, Capricorn42, Termininja, Robot85,
Khajidha, GenQuest, TheWeakWilled, Repsrule, GrandKokla, JascalX,
, Tomwsulcer, Connshearer, Handshaines, Karthik6129,
Wiki2contrib, Shahzad11, GrouchoBot, Burstorange, Waeboy666, 0wnag34life, Ute in DC, Wizardist, Kopieto, Mark Schierbecker,
277
SassoBot, Karghazini, Southberry, Kcdtsg, KMoore175, Catstuer1, Kennny27, Yoganate79, Eckerslike, Connerc 11, LyleHoward, Shadowjams, Kyle Hardgrave, Bluesoju, Taka76, Klapouchy, FreeKnowledgeCreator, GliderMaven, FrescoBot, Akuvar, Kat081685, Chrsschm, Tobby72, GEBStgo, Tiramisoo, JuniperisCommunis, Varundbest10, Troglo, Austria156, DivineAlpha, Wireless Keyboard, HamburgerRadio, Avani089, Elvisforpresident, Citation bot 1, Zhwn24, Tonyupward, Ryannie1991, Rsolero, Nokia ST, Cpieger, I dream of
horses, Seals9889, Robert A. Maxwell, Chatfecter, The Arbiter, Toomuchcash, Angstorm, Dneubert, Tinton5, Cooltwig, PSUdesigner, Vincenzo 90, Jamesinderbyshire, Phoenix7777, Sajalkdas, Jirka.h23, FoxBot, Mjs1991, VEO15, TobeBot, Yunshui, DriveMySol, Lionslayer,
Lotje, Ladiesman2215, Extra999, Olliecracknell, Aoidh, David Hedlund, Crysb, Lambanog, Trinary M01, Jamiespinks, Iloveyourfaceman,
MegaSloth, FelixtheMagnicent, H.ehsaan, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Northwestern guy, Renault555, Horshamknowsbest, Maryjaneadams,
Lacastrian, Meeghaman, RjwilmsiBot, Anotherskinnykid, Scoreymjp, Vtstarin, Bokorember, NameIsRon, Ripchip Bot, Carnell robison,
Pioneer valley, Realglobalist, Carolynlowe, Caster33, Lopifalko, Rubinl88, Esibun, Powerkeys, Chapy26, BobbyChristmas, Zaeriuraschi,
Glamour girl1994, Bo789789, Becritical, Spidey9995, Stinkyindian, Northwesternep15, EmausBot, John of Reading, Repiceman89, WikitanvirBot, Ghostofnemo, Ever388, Emmalewis1, Karagirl25, Rusty Sheklelfurd, Dewritech, Qjawls2030, Modou 1990, Yt95, GoingBatty,
Cicely5, G&CP, Zachanders, Wikipelli, Americanhaute, Evanh2008, Kkm010, Listmeister, Udvarias, Acategory, Jack Sebastian, Arunj
001, Idh0854, Samgj127, Pyro721, Unreal7, Alex Neman, Hamiltha, Palosirkka, Gsarwa, Rangoon11, ChuispastonBot, Wakebrdkid,
Targaryen, DJDunsie, Ksmit139, Georgy90, Woolfy123, Diamondland, ResearchRave, Mikhail Ryazanov, Emma23 K, Jwhimmelspach,
ClueBot NG, Jnorton7558, W.Kaleem, Matthiaspaul, Gilderien, Daveduv, David O. Johnson, Singhmahendra20, Theimmaculatechemist,
DieSwartzPunkt, Mesoderm, ScottSteiner, Ivan345garcia, Yev121, Abcd888, Nigs12345, Zackaback, Chacha15, Funkymonkey1997, Aurelie Branchereau-Giles, Joshb094, Joshb09444, Theopolisme, Mobileready, Utgard~enwiki, Helpful Pixie Bot, GGink, FtDesoto, Julietlewis, Roshanamila, Ceekee, , Webzoneme123, Phonenotebook, Nomam123123123, Skaldragon, Gob Lofa, Tyagirl100,
Pine, Smart1954, Kndimov, Northamerica1000, RobLandau, AvocatoBot, Davidiad, Bobultranerd, Architect101, NNU-01-05100137,
Rsamahamed, Ddavid2005, Shirudo, Russianamerican1, Cynival, BattyBot, Bagoto, RichardMills65, SchreibStang, Brimur05, Khazar2,
Froekenjul, Harpsichord246, HuntersMoon22, BrightStarSky, Katiewiltshire, Dexbot, Aditya Mahar, Blobbie244, Jcardazzi, KarinaJ
son, Lugia2453, Kskhh, Kevin12xd, Reatlas, Gabby Merger, Karthikeyankc, Polytope4d, Seqqis, Zalunardo8, Ryenocerous, Sahildhiman27091999, Andrewlyly, Spyglasses, Melody Lavender, Gokul.gk7, Saiful7, MameTozhio, Publiususa, Meteor sandwich yum, Lagoset,
CyHack, Monkbot, Dannywong1190, Filedelinkerbot, Qwertyxp2000, Amarkowitz1, Bpmeller, Wiki.wonder.56, GeorginaMat, Maodit,
Kaufmanitay, Morlvi, Junaid sipra, KasparBot and Anonymous: 2609
Cellular frequencies Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_frequencies?oldid=671667374 Contributors: CesarB, Kingturtle,
Cluth, Merovingian, Rdcole, Rchandra, Beland, Mind21 98, Canterbury Tail, Andros 1337, Vsmith, Swid, Pmetzger, Giraedata, Atlant,
Stephan Leeds, Unixxx, Brycen, Woohookitty, Armando, Erebus555, Vegaswikian, AySz88, Mathiastck, Siddhant, Killdevil, WiMAXPro, Theda, NFH, Jnc8651, SmackBot, Elonka, Bluebot, Carbondiamond, Ksn, JustinRossi, JForget, DangerousPanda, CmdrObot, Rawling, Cydebot, RLE64, Lautsprecher~enwiki, Nisselua, Magioladitis, Mytomi, An Honest Conversation About Politics, Nyttend, V 1993,
Jim.henderson, Nikpapag, Squiggleslash, Mange01, Mojodaddy, Hmwith, SieBot, Iandiver, Sauralf, InternetMeme, Svgalbertian, Addbot,
Abacos, Angelia2041, RTG, Ericdabbs, Hadsn, FrescoBot, Biker Biker, A8UDI, Sambarutan, Vega702, Smitty0157, WikiSpector, NiteSnow, Okwengu, Frmin, Ramaksoud2000, Altar, Ryukxio, K7L, Ginsuloft, Ecbf, Wyn.junior and Anonymous: 99
Tethering Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethering?oldid=674389022 Contributors: Darkwind, Julesd, David Latapie, Nurg,
Xanzzibar, Pne, OwenBlacker, John Foley, Welshie, Jaruzel, AllyUnion, Ashlux, Gbeeker, Lensovet, GregorB, Sega381, Mortenf, Foxmulder, CecilWard, D'Agosta, BiH, Borisbaran, SmackBot, Melchoir, KVDP, Brianski, Chris the speller, Thumperward, Snori, Jgera5, Jdthood, Jnavas, Frap, MrRadioGuy, MichaelBillington, Esrever, Hvn0413, Kvng, IvanLanin, Semper malus, Pithecanthropus, Zds, Kozuch,
Wabatl, Aray, Aebp2003, Ph.eyes, Minnaert, Albany NY, Tinucherian, Chlnarayana, Jim.henderson, Acalamari, Hibruce, Whitebro,
Josh Tumath, Sawta, Jmrowland, A4bot, Applehead77, JukoFF, Michael Frind, Benoit Rochon, IndulgentReader, CMBJ, Kbrose, Biscuittin, Jerryobject, Treekids, Denisarona, ClueBot, SakuraAvalon86, Nnemo, ColinHelvensteijn, Boing! said Zebedee, Excirial, Alexbot,
Qiuwo, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, Jmkim dot com, MystBot, Addbot, Mortense, Poco a poco, Pngolla, 84user, Jarble, Legobot, Luckasbot, Edoe, Peter92542007, Max, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Jo3sampl, HackTheGibson, Materialscientist, Kimsey0, Xqbot, RibotBOT,
Rockin56, Taka76, Schw3rt, Chenopodiaceous, JeremySchriver, Winterst, LittleWink, Spidermario, Duncanlim, TobeBot, Sosomary,
Miracle Pen, Mjolnir1134, Andrewshousha, EmausBot, Ms.henrick, Dewritech, Dhomstad, ZroBot, Harcom, Joel8520, Wingman4l7,
Hamiltha, A Bloke Wandering, Yukix9, DancingGerbil, ClueBot NG, Helpful Pixie Bot, Sfarry, BG19bot, WikiTryHardDieHard, Eshiv,
Sb300869, Abumalih, Mtumbaya, Maquinadigital, Maleziyo, Shiroishimatora, Shierro, SFK2, DavidLeighEllis, Anurag03, Anuj ks and
Anonymous: 120
Mobile phone accessories Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_accessories?oldid=672884616 Contributors: Ronz,
Bearcat, Orangemike, Antandrus, Rich Farmbrough, Lankiveil, BD2412, RussBot, Closedmouth, Banana04131, SmackBot, McGeddon,
Gjs238, Ctbolt, IronGargoyle, Noah Salzman, Cydebot, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Gogo Dodo, PamD, MER-C, Y2kcrazyjoker4, T@nn,
Jim.henderson, CommonsDelinker, J.delanoy, Martino3, Largoplazo, Biscuittin, L32007, Jojalozzo, EoGuy, Pcpersons, CANlms, Yobot,
OregonD00d, AnomieBOT, TracyMcClark, I dream of horses, LittleWink, Pianoplonkers, Aoidh, Bobgoldy, Autumnalmonk, RAN1, Emmalewis1, Mosiurrahman, ClueBot NG, BuyItFlogIt, Vibhijain, Strike Eagle, Baayi, Adallace, Nancypreetha, Zhgfsh, EagerToddler39,
Shiv.k.gupta, Epicgenius, Red-eyed demon, Yea55, Eyesnore, Sailvan, Rdumobile, Sam Hollingsworth, Lagoset, Filedelinkerbot, KH-1,
Emorigift, Alyastark and Anonymous: 42
56.9.2
Images
File:16QAM_Gray_Coded.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/16QAM_Gray_Coded.svg License: CCBY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Splash
File:1990_CPA_6190.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/1990_CPA_6190.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://s-collection.com.ua/ru_co1_marki_sssr_1990_g_html.html Original artist: Post of Soviet Union.
File:1XEV_Mobile_Phone_Screenshot_blackberry.png Source:
Phone_Screenshot_blackberry.png License: Fair use Contributors:
BlackBerry OS
Original artist: ?
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/af/1XEV_Mobile_
278
File:3121376_G_sized.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/3121376_G_sized.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: made by en:User:Towel401 Original artist: Towel401
File:3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution_Country_Map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/3GPP_Long_
Term_Evolution_Country_Map.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
Data: LTE World Map and LTE Evolution Report, p.30-32. (registration required) Original artist: Frank Bennett / Orionist
File:3G_With_USB_cable.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/3G_With_USB_cable.jpg License: CC
BY 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as 3G: With USB cable Original artist: Julien Min GONG
File:3G_symbol_Android.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/3G_symbol_Android.png License: CC
BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Derived work from Flickr image https://www.flickr.com/photos/hax/7367622758/ by Daniel Hackney
(original date : 2012-06-13). Original artist: The RedBurn, Daniel Hackney
File:4G_LTE_Logo_Android_4.1_on_the_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/4G_
LTE_Logo_Android_4.1_on_the_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: File:Android 4.1 on the Galaxy Nexus.jpeg Original artist: The RedBurn, Sitic
File:802_16-Schma_synoptique_ralis_avec_Inkscape.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/802_
16-Sch%C3%A9ma_synoptique_r%C3%A9alis%C3%A9_avec_Inkscape.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Schma synoptique
ralis avec Inkscape Original artist: Gilles Lcuyer
File:8PSK_Gray_Coded.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/8PSK_Gray_Coded.svg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: Made by Splash using w:Inkscape. Original artist: Splash
File:ARIN_logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/ARIN_logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ARIN @ a glance Original artist: American Registry for Internet Numbers
File:ASUS_Mobile_ZenFone6_20141109.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/ASUS_Mobile_
ZenFone6_20141109.jpg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: OnionBulb
File:Active_mobile_broadband_subscriptions_2007-2014.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/
Active_mobile_broadband_subscriptions_2007-2014.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Chris55
File:Ambox_current_red.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg License: CC0
Contributors: self-made, inspired by Gnome globe current event.svg, using Information icon3.svg and Earth clip art.svg Original artist:
Vipersnake151, penubag, Tkgd2007 (clock)
File:Ambox_globe_content.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work, using File:Information icon3.svg and File:Earth clip art.svg Original artist: penubag
File:Ambox_important.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based o of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk contribs)
File:Ambox_question.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Based on Image:Ambox important.svg Original artist: Mysid, Dsmurat, penubag
File:Android_L_Develpment_Preview.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Android_L_Develpment_
Preview.png License: Apache License 2.0 Contributors: Android L Developer Preview website Original artist: AOSP
File:BPSK_Gray_Coded.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/BPSK_Gray_Coded.svg License: CCBY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Blackberry_Z10.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Blackberry_Z10.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Romazur
File:BluetoothLogo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/BluetoothLogo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Bluetooth.com Original artist: House
File:BluetoothUSB.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/BluetoothUSB.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Abidh786 at English Wikipedia
File:Bluetooth_headset.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Bluetooth_headset.jpg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Bluetooth_protokoly.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Bluetooth_protokoly.svg License: GFDL
Contributors: Wersja rastrowa dostpna pod adresem: http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plik:Protokoly.gif Original artist: Wersj rastrow zamieci uytkownik polskiego projektu wikipedii: Leszek Chuchla, Zwektoryzowa: Krzysztof Zajczkowski
File:Caller_ID_receiver.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Caller_ID_receiver.jpg License: CC BYSA 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Josve05a using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: Sjcramer (talk). Original uploader was Sjcramer at en.wikipedia
File:CdmaOneNetworkGeneralView.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/
CdmaOneNetworkGeneralView.svg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pan Camel
File:Cerf{}s_Up-marquee-20071031.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Cerf%27s_
Up-marquee-20071031.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Cerfs up Original artist: Joi Ito from Inbamura, Japan
File:Channel_capacity_for_complex_constellations.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Channel_
capacity_for_complex_constellations.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: original code by w:User:
Speedplane, adapted for SVG by Alessio Damato
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Cordless.phone.750pix.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Cordless.phone.750pix.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
279
280
File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem Original artist: The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides
the ocial specication for the design of the Israeli ag.
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Jordan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg License: Public domain Contributors: adala.justice.gov.ma (Arabic) Original artist: Denelson83, Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Peru.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Peru Original artist: David Benbennick
File:Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg License:
CC0 Contributors: the actual ag Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book: (2001). The
National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade from
http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color
guidelines (Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The design was taken from [1] and the colors were also taken from a Government website Original
artist: User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Flag of the United Nations from the Open Clip Art website. Modications by Denelson83,
Zscout370 and Madden. Ocial construction sheet here.
United Nations (1962) The United Nations ag code and regulations, as amended November 11, 1952, New York OCLC: 7548838. Original
artist: Wilfried Huss / Anonymous
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:GSM_SIM_card_evolution.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/GSM_SIM_card_evolution.svg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: based on GSM Micro SIM Card vs. GSM Mini Sim Card - Break Apart.svg Original artist: Cvdr
based on Justin Ormont's work
File:HSPA_plus_logo_Android_Screenshot.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/HSPA_plus_logo_
Android_Screenshot.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Derived work from Flickr image https://www.flickr.com/photos/
osde-info/14787845766/in/photostream/ by Clive Darra (original date : 2014-08-02). Original artist: The RedBurn, Clive Darra
File:HSPA_sign_shown_in_notification_bar_on_an_Android_powered_smartphone-_2014-04-28_13-56.png
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/HSPA_sign_shown_in_notification_bar_on_an_Android_powered_
smartphone-_2014-04-28_13-56.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:AliDabbirKhan
Source:
281
File:Huawei_E220_(Three).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Huawei_E220_%28Three%29.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Korax1214
File:IBM_Simon_Personal_Communicator.png Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/IBM_Simon_
Personal_Communicator.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IBM_SImon_in_charging_
station.png Original artist: Bcos47
File:ICANN.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4f/ICANN.svg License: Fair use Contributors:
http://www.icann.org/en/press/German/booklet.pdf Original artist: ?
File:ICANN_Government_Advisory_Committee.png
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/23/ICANN_
Government_Advisory_Committee.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Own work
Original artist:
Japinderum
File:IEEE_802.16.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/de/IEEE_802.16.png License: Fair use Contributors:
The logo is from the http://www.ieee802.org/16/ website. http://www.ieee802.org/16/logo.png Original artist: ?
File:IOS_8_Homescreen.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3e/IOS_8_Homescreen.png License: ? Contributors:
www.apple.com
Original artist: ?
File:IPhone_5S_home_button.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/IPhone_5S_home_button.png License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kelvinsong
File:IPurse_Pouch_Phone_case_16.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/IPurse_Pouch_Phone_case_
16.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thepurse
File:ITU.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/ITU.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work
Original artist: Yann Forget
File:ITU_2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/ITU_2.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Yann Forget
File:ITU_monument,_Bern.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/ITU_monument%2C_Bern.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Icannheadquartersplayavista.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Icannheadquartersplayavista.
jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Coolcaesar
File:Iden.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Iden.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Quadell using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Original uploader was
MrChrome at en.wikipedia
File:Ims_overview-2.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Ims_overview-2.png License: Public domain
Contributors:
Ims_overview.png Original artist: Ims_overview.png: Bluezy
File:Ims_overview.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Ims_overview.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bluezy
File:Internet_map_1024_-_transparent,_inverted.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Internet_map_
1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Originally from the English Wikipedia; description page is/was
here. Original artist: The Opte Project
File:LTE-CSFB-E-UTRAN-UTRAN-GERAN-Interfaces.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/af/
LTE-CSFB-E-UTRAN-UTRAN-GERAN-Interfaces.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Own work - manually created version of the diagram from 3GPP TS 23.272 v9.6.0 (2010-12): Circuit Switched Fallback in Evolved
Packet System; Stage 2 (Release 9)"
Original artist:
go2null
File:Lacnicheadquarters.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Lacnicheadquarters.jpg License: CC BY
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: FabioMr
File:Member_states_of_the_International_Telecommunication_Union.png Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/3/33/Member_states_of_the_International_Telecommunication_Union.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred
from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Alinor at English Wikipedia
File:Merge-arrow.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Merge-arrow.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Mergefrom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:MicroB_USB_Plug.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/MicroB_USB_Plug.jpg License: CC BYSA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:masamic
File:Mobile_payment_01.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Mobile_payment_01.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: HLundgaard
File:Mobile_phone_evolution.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Mobile_phone_evolution.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Anders
282
File:Mobile_phone_map_1980-2009.gif Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Mobile_phone_map_
1980-2009.gif License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Michael Hale
File:Mobile_phone_subscribers_1997-2014_ITU.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Mobile_phone_
subscribers_1997-2014_ITU.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Chris55
File:Mobile_wimax_usb.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/96/Mobile_wimax_usb.jpg License: PD Contributors:
Photo of product as supplied by WiMAX Network Operator
Original artist:
Anonymous
File:Multiplexing_diagram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Multiplexing_diagram.svg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: The Anome
File:NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/
NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: WhisperToMe
File:Nokia6650_unlocked.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Nokia6650_unlocked.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work (Original text: I (Towel401 (talk)) created this work entirely by myself.) Original artist: Towel401 (talk)
File:OMA_logo.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b7/OMA_logo.png License: Fair use Contributors:
http://www.openmobilealliance.org/ Original artist: ?
File:OQPSK_timing_diagram.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/OQPSK_timing_diagram.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Splash
File:Oqpsk_phase_plot.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Oqpsk_phase_plot.svg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors:
Oqpsk_phase_plot.png Original artist:
This hand-crafted SVG version by Qef (talk)
File:PSK_BER_curves.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/PSK_BER_curves.svg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Splash
File:PalmPilot5000.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/PalmPilot5000.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: en.wikipedia.org: 00:35, 3. Jul 2004 . . Mfatic . . 220x296 (12719 Byte) (Palm Pilot 5000
This template will categorize into Category:Wikipedia license migration candidates. I dug this out of a drawer and took the
photo myself.) Original artist: Mfatic
File:Pi-by-4-QPSK_Gray_Coded.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Pi-by-4-QPSK_Gray_Coded.
svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Made by Splash using w:Inkscape. Original artist: Splash
File:Pi-by-4-QPSK_timing_diagram.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Pi-by-4-QPSK_timing_
diagram.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: wikipedia english Original artist: Splash
File:Pi-by-O-QPSK_Gray_Coded.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Pi-by-O-QPSK_Gray_Coded.
svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mik81
File:Pmc_wizird.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Pmc_wizird.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Notbonbon
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:QPSK_Gray_Coded.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/QPSK_Gray_Coded.svg License: CCBY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:QPSK_timing_diagram.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/QPSK_timing_diagram.png License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: en.wikipedia.org Original artist: Splash
File:Qi_logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2e/Qi_logo.svg License: Fair use Contributors:
The logo may be obtained from Wireless Power Consortium.
Original artist: ?
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Receiver_QPSK.PNG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Receiver_QPSK.PNG License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: en.wikipedia.org Original artist: HappyCamper
File:Runic_letter_berkanan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Based on Runic letter berkanan.png, which was based on the Junicode font. Original artist: ClaesWallin
File:Runic_letter_ior.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Runic_letter_ior.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Based on the Junicode font Original artist: Glanthor Reviol
File:Ruzgar-deneme-ynetici4.png
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Ruzgar-deneme-y%C3%
B6netici4.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from tr.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader
was Ruzgar at Turkish Wikipedia
File:SIM_Card.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/SIM_Card.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: User:Georgy90
283
File:SIM_Card_Holder.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/SIM_Card_Holder.jpg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: Own work (Zephyris) Original artist: Richard Wheeler (Zephyris)
File:Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.
jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Prolineserver (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:
Prolineserver' title='User talk:Prolineserver'>talk</a>)
File:Samsung_CDMA_Phone.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Samsung_CDMA_Phone.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Samsung CDMA Phone Original artist: Steve Jurvetson
File:Satellite_phone.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Satellite_phone.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: www.navy.mil/view_single.asp?id=23384 (Image 050404-N-6665R-343.jpg) Original artist: Jerey Russell
File:Sidewalk_electronics_repair_in_Hong_Kong.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Sidewalk_
electronics_repair_in_Hong_Kong.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Victorgrigas
File:Smartcard_chip_structure_and_packaging_EN.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Smartcard_
chip_structure_and_packaging_EN.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Justin Ormont
File:Smartphone.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Galaxy_note.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
File:Stamps_of_Azerbaijan,_2015-1223.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Stamps_of_
Azerbaijan%2C_2015-1223.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: azermarka.az Original artist: Post of Azerbaijan/Azermarka
File:Symbol_book_class2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CC
BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Mad by Lokal_Prol by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Prol
File:Symbol_list_class.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:TISPAN_IMS_Reference_Architecture.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9c/TISPAN_IMS_Reference_
Architecture.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Own work
Original artist:
Rait
File:Tdma-frame-structure.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Tdma-frame-structure.png License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: The diagram was drawn by me and I hereby donate the copy on Wikipedia to the Wikipedia project. Mozzerati
13:13, 2004 Sep 5 (UTC) Original artist: . The original uploader was Mozzerati at English Wikipedia
File:Telecom-icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Telia_micro_SIM_with_brackets.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Telia_micro_SIM_with_
brackets.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mroach
File:Tethering.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Tethering.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
uj020288 Original artist: User:uj020288
File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Text_document_
with_red_question_mark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Created by bdesham with Inkscape; based upon Text-x-generic.svg
from the Tango project. Original artist: Benjamin D. Esham (bdesham)
File:Tf_sim_both_sides.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Tf_sim_both_sides.png License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Koman90
File:Transmitter_QPSK_2.PNG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/37/Transmitter_QPSK_2.PNG License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Typical_cellphone_SIM_cards.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Typical_cellphone_SIM_
cards.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kirk
File:UMTS-fridge.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/UMTS-fridge.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: PPP
File:UMTS_structures.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/UMTS_structures.svg License: ? Contributors:
drawing by Own work
icons from Gnome
Original artist: Tsaitgaist
File:USB_battery_charger.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/USB_battery_charger.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Japanexperterna]
File:Virtual_Retinal_Display_Diagram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Virtual_Retinal_Display_
Diagram.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Vrd_blocks.gif Original artist: Vrd_blocks.gif: Tadtad
File:WISP_CPE_installed_on_a_residence.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/10/WISP_CPE_installed_on_
a_residence.JPG License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:WP8.1_Start_Screen.png
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/WP8.1_Start_Screen.png
License:
Fair use Contributors:
Microsoft (http://blogs.windows.com/windows_phone/b/windowsphone/archive/2014/04/02/
cortana-yes-and-many-many-other-great-features-coming-in-windows-phone-8-1.aspx) Original artist: Microsoft Corporation
284
56.9.3
Content license