UNIT 2 ELECTRO MAGNETISM

Electro Magnetism

Structure
2.1

Introduction
Objectives

2.2

Magnetic Circuit

2.3

Magnetisation Curve or B-H Curve

2.4

Composite Series Magnetic Circuit

2.5

Parallel Magnetic Circuit

2.6

Magnetic Hysteresis

2.7

Self Inductance

2.8

Mutual Inductance

2.9

Coefficient of Coupling

2.10 Dot Convention

2.11 Inductive Coupling in Series
2.11.1 Series Aiding
2.11.2 Series Opposing

2.12 Inductive Coupling in Parallel

2.12.1 Parallel Aiding
2.12.2 Parallel Opposing

2.13 Summary
2.14 Answers to SAQs

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetism describes the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Nearly
everyone, at some time or another, has had the opportunity to play with magnets. Most of
us are acquainted with bar magnets or those thin magnets that usually end up on
refrigerators. These magnets are known as permanent magnets. Although permanent
magnets receive a lot of exposure, we use and depend on electromagnets much more in
our everyday lives. Electromagnetism is essentially the foundation for all of electrical
engineering. We use electromagnets to generate electricity, store memory on our
computers, generate pictures on a television screen, diagnose illnesses, and in just about
every other aspect of our lives that depends on electricity. Electromagnetism is the key to
the operation of a large number of electrical devices used in home as well as industry.
Transformers, motors, generators, circuit breakers and relays are some examples of
widely used electromagnetic devices.
Electromagnetism works on the principle that an electric current through a wire generates
a magnetic field. Whenever electric current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field
is produced in the space surrounding the conductor. This magnetic field is the same force
that makes metal objects stick to permanent magnets. In a bar magnet, the magnetic field
runs from the north to the south pole. In a wire, the magnetic field forms around the wire.
If we wrap that wire around a metal object, we can often magnetize that object. In this
way, we can create an electromagnet.
In this unit, we will discuss about electromagnetism and study the relationship that exists
between electric current and magnetic flux. Magnetic circuit provides path for magnetic
flux and it is the basis of electromagnetism. We shall study about various types of
magnetic circuits which may be series or parallel.

37

Electrical

The way in which electric current magnetizes a magnetic material will be discussed in
magnetization curve or B-H curve. The magnetization curve caused by an increasing
current is not the same when the current decreases and this phenomenon is called
magnetic hysteresis and this will also be discussed.
A current carrying coil has self inductance which is a property by which it can store
energy. The inductance between two coils is called mutual inductance. We shall elaborate
on these with examples. When two coils are coupled together, flux in one coil is linked
with the other. The coefficient of coupling between two coils gives idea about the degree
of this linking. We shall study about it.
When two coils are mutually coupled, their emfs may be aiding or opposing and it is
determined by dot convention which will be illustrated.
Two current carrying coils may be connected in series or parallel. Series and parallel
connection may again be aiding or opposing. We shall study about them in details.
Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to

explain what is meant by a magnetic circuit and understand the

magnetization curve. You should be able to write the equations for a series
magnetic circuit made of different materials and also having air-gap in it,

differentiate between parallel and series-parallel magnetic circuit,

write the emf equation for a current carrying coil and find the selfinductance,

determine the relationship between self-inductance, mutual inductance and

co-efficient of coupling, and

determine the effective inductance for inductors coupled in series and

inductors coupled in parallel, each with aiding and opposing combination.

2.2 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

You know that electric circuit provides a path for electric current. Similarly, magnetic
circuit provides a path for magnetic flux.
Example of a magnetic circuit is shown in Figure 2.1. Here we are considering an iron
ring having a magnetic path of l meter, cross sectional area A m2 and a coil of N turns
carrying I Amperes wound on it as shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 : Magnetic Circuit

Now we shall get acquainted with some important terms related to a magnetic circuit.
These are magnetomotive force, magnetic field intensity, flux density, permeability,
reluctance, etc.
Magnetic field is measured in terms of flux which has unit weber (Wb). Flux density

(B) is the flux per unit area, i.e. B = . Magnetomotive Force (m.m.f.) is the force which
A
38

drives flux through a magnetic circuit. Unit of m.m.f. is Ampere Turns (AT) and it is
defined as the product of current and number of turns in a magnetic circuit. So,
Magnetomotive force (m.m.f) = NI AT. Magnetomotive force per unit length of
magnetic flux path is known as magnetic field intensity (H) and it is defined as

H =

NI
AT/m .
l

B = 0 r H =

So,

Electro Magnetism

0 r NI
Wb/m 2
l

. . . (2.1)

0 is the absolute permeability = 4 10 7 henry/m and r is the relative permeability of

the medium.
Total Flux produced

=B A=

0 r A NI
Wb
l

NI
Wb
l
0 r A

. . . (2.2)
. . . (2.3)

Reluctance (S)
It is the property of a material which opposes the passage of magnetic flux in it.
Reluctance S =

l
AT/Wb
0 r A

. . . (2.4)

From Eq. (2.3),

Flux =
=

or,

m.m.f
reluctance
NI
Wb
S

. . . (2.5)

Permeance
It is the reciprocal of reluctance and its unit is AT/Wb.
Example 2.1
A coil is wound uniformly with 300 turns over a steel ring of relative permeability
900, having a mean circumference of 40mm and cross-sectional area of 50 mm2. If
a current of 25A is passed through the coil, find (a) m.m.f, (b) reluctance of the
ring, and (c) flux.
Solution
(a)

Coil m.m.f = NI AT = 300 25 = 7500 AT.

(b)

Reluctance of the ring =

l
40 10 3
=
0 r A 4 10 7 900 50 10 6

= 0.707 106 AT/Wb.

(c)

Flux =

m.m.f
7500
=
= 10.6 m Wb .
reluctance 0.707 106

2.3 MAGNETISATION CURVE OR B-H CURVE

If you want to magnetize a magnetic material like iron, you need to apply a magnetizing
force. This can be done by placing the unmagnetised iron within the field of a solenoid.
In Figure 2.2 we have an electrical circuit which is used to magnetise an iron bar AX. If
current I in the circuit is increased by varying the variable resistance R, the field

39

Electrical

H (= NI/l) produced by the solenoid is increased. Correspondingly the flux density B in

the iron bar AX is also increased. If flux density B is plotted as a function of field
intensity H, we get magnetization curve or B-H curve. The approximate magnetization
curves of a few magnetic materials are shown in Figure 2.3.

Figure 2.2 : Magnetising Circuit

2.0
Steel Casting
1.8
Wrought Iron

1.6
1.4

Flux Density 1.2

B in Wb/m2
1.0

Cast Iron

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2000

4000 6000

8000

10000 12000 14000

H in AT/m

Figure 2.3 : Magnetisation Curve or B-H Curve

2.4 COMPOSITE SERIES MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

A magnetic circuit may consist of different magnetic materials. Now let us consider a
composite series magnetic circuit consisting of three different magnetic materials A, B
and C of different permeabilities as well as lengths and air gap as shown in Figure 2.4.
Here the total reluctance will be the sum of individual reluctances as each path has its
own reluctance.

Figure 2.4 : Composite Series Magnetic Circuit

40

Total reluctance =

l
0 r A

Electro Magnetism

l3
l
l1
l2
+
+
+ a
0 r1 A1 0 r 2 A2 0 r 3 A3 0 Ag

. . . (2.6)

Example 2.2

A ring is composed of three sections. The cross-sectional area is 0.001 m2 for each
section. The mean lengths of each section are la = 0.3 m, lb = 0.2m, lc = 0.1 m. An
air-gap length of 0.1 mm is cut in the ring. Relative permeabilities for sections a, b,
c are 5000, 1000 and 10000 respectively. Flux in the air gap is 7.5 10 4 Wb and
the coil has 100 turns. Find (a) Total m.m.f, and (b) exciting current.
Solution

Reluctance of section a of ring

Sa =

la
0.3
=
= 47746.37 AT/Wb

7
0 ra A 4 10 5000 0.001

Reluctance of section b of ring

Sb =

lb
0.2
=
= 159154.57 AT/Wb

7
0 rb A 4 10 1000 0.001

Reluctance of section c of ring

Sc =

lc
0.1
=
= 7957.73 AT/Wb

7
0 rc A 4 10 10000 0.001

Reluctance of air-gap

Sg =

lg
0 A

0.1 10 3
4 10 7 0.001

= 79577.73 AT/Wb

Total Reluctance
S = Sa + Sb + Sc + S g = 294436.4 AT/Wb
(a)

Total m.m.f = Flux Reluctance = 7.5 10 4 Wb 294436.4 AT/Wb

= 220.83 AT.

(b)

Exciting Current =

m.m.f
220.83
=
= 2.21 Amp
No. of turns
100

SAQ 1
(a)

A ring has a diameter of 21cm and a cross-sectional area of 10cm2. The ring
is made up of semicircular sections of cast iron and cast steel, with each
joint having an air-gap of 0.2 mm. Find the ampere-turns required to
produce a flux of 8 10 4 Wb. The relative permeabilities of cast iron and
cast steel are 166 and 800 respectively.

(b)

A circular iron ring, having a cross-sectional area of 10 cm2 and a length of

4 cm in iron, has an air gap of 0.4 mm made by a saw-cut. The relative
permeability of iron is 103. The ring is wound with a coil of 2000 turns and
carries 2 mA current. Determine the air gap flux.

41

Electrical

2.5 PARALLEL MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

Parallel magnetic circuit consists of two parallel magnetic paths acted upon by the same
m.m.f. as shown in Figure 2.5. Here ACB and ADB are the two magnetic paths acted
upon by the same m.m.f. Each magnetic path has an average length of 2 (l1 + l2).
l1

l1
A

/2

/2

l2

l2

B
Figure 2.5 : Parallel Magnetic Circuit

Example 2.3

For the magnetic circuit shown in Figure 2.6 the flux in the right limb is
0.48 m Wb and the number of turns wound on the central limb is 1000. Calculate
(a) flux in the central limb, and (b) the current required.
The magnetiSation curve for the core is given as below :
H (AT/m)

200

400

500

600

800

1060

1400

B (AT/m)

0.4

0.8

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

Figure 2.6

Solution

Area of cross-section in side limbs = 4 3 =12 cm2

Area of cross-section in core = 4 3 = 12 cm2
Flux in side limbs = 0.48 m Wb
Flux density in side limbs =

0.48 10 3
12 10

= 0.4 Wb/m 2

For the flux density of 0.4 Wb/m2, H = 200 AT/m

42

Since the coil is wound on the central limb and the magnetic circuit is symmetrical,
flux in the central limb = 2 0.48 = 0.96 m Wb.

Flux density in the central limb =

0.96 10 3

= 0.8 Wb/m 2

12 10 4

Electro Magnetism

For the flux density of 0.8 Wb/m2, H = 400 AT/m

Side limb has a path of length 50 cm.
Central limb has a path of length 20 cm.
Total m.m.f required = H length = 200 50 10 2 + 400 20 10 2 = 180 AT
Current required =

180
= 0.18 Amp .
1000

SAQ 2
A cast steel magnetic structure made of a bar of cross-section 4 cm2 is shown in
Figure 2.7. Find the current that the 500 turn magnetizing coil on the left limb
should carry so that a flux of 2 mWb is produced in the right limb. Iron has r 600.

Figure 2.7

2.5.1 Series-Parallel Magnetic Circuit

After knowing series and parallel magnetic circuits, we now take example of a
combination of the two. Such a circuit is shown in Figure 2.8. It has two parallel
magnetic circuits ACB and ADB connected across the common magnetic path AB which
contains air gap of length lg. The flux in the common core is divided equally at point A
between the two parallel paths which have equal reluctance. The reluctance of the path
AB consists of (i) air gap reluctance, and (ii) the reluctance of the central core.
A

/2

Airgap

/2

Figure 2.8 : Series-Parallel Magnetic Circuit

Example 2.4

Figure 2.9 shows an electromagnet made of cast steel has a coil of 500 turns
wound on the central limb. The cross-sectional area of the outer limbs and central
limb are 2.5 cm2 and 6 cm2 respectively. Determine the current that the coil should
carry to produce a flux of 0.6 m Wb in the air-gap. The magnetization curve for
cast steel is as given below :
Flux Density
B (Wb/m2)

0.2

0.5

0.7

1.0

1.2

H (AT/m)

300

540

650

900

1150

43

Electrical

Figure 2.9

Solution

There are two equal parallel paths ACDE and AGE.

Flux density in either parallel path is half of that in the central path as flux divides
into two equal parts at point A.
Total m.m.f required for the whole electromagnet = m.m.f required for path
EF + m.m.f required for the air-gap + m.m.f required for either of the two parallel
paths, say path ACDE.
Flux density in the central limb and air-gap =

0.6 10 3
6 10

= 1 Wb/m2 .

Corresponding value of H found from the given data = 900 AT/m.

So, AT for central limb = 900 25 10 2 = 225 AT
H in the air-gap =

B 0.6 10 3
=
= 477.46 AT/m
0 4 10 7

So, AT required for air-gap = 477.46 0.8 10 2 = 3.82 AT.

Flux density in the path ACDE is 0.5 Wb/m2 and corresponding H is 540 AT/m.
So, AT required for path ACDE = 540 100 10 2 = 540 AT
Total AT required = 225 + 3.82 + 540 = 768.82

768.82
= 1.54 Amp .
500

Current required =

SAQ 3
A magnetic circuit made of wrought iron is shown in Figure 2.10. The central limb
has a cross-sectional area of 8 cm2 and each side of the limb has a cross-sectional
area of 5 cm2. Calculate the ampere turns required to produce a flux of 1 m Wb in
the central limb. The magnetization of wrought iron is given by :
Flux Density (Wb/m2)

1.00

1.25

Magnetic Field (AT/m)

200

500

C
5cm2

1mm

F
15cm

E
8cm2

44

Figure 2.10

Electro Magnetism

2.6 MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS

You have seen in the plot of Figure 2.3 that if you want to magnetize a magnetic
material, you need to apply a magnetizing force by a current flow through the coil. When
you increase magnetic field intensity H from zero to a certain maximum value by
increasing current I, the flux density B also increases and reaches saturation as shown by
plot OA in Figure 2.11. The material becomes magnetically saturated for H = OM and has
a corresponding maximum flux density of Bmax in it. If you now decrease H from its
maximum value to zero by decreasing the current I, the flux density B will not decrease
along AO, but will decrease less rapidly along AC. When H is zero, B is not zero but has
a definite value OC. This means that even on removing the magnetizing force H, the
magnetic material does not lose its magnetism completely and this is called residual
magnetism.
If we want to demagnetize the electromagnet, we shall have to apply magnetizing force
in the reverse direction. When we reverse the current through the coil, then B becomes
zero at point D where H = OD.
If the value of H is further increased in the negative direction, the magnetic material
again reaches magnetic saturation, but in negative direction. Now by taking H back from
its value corresponding to negative saturation (OL) to its value for positive saturation
(OM), a similar curve EFGA is obtained once again.
You must be observing from the Figure 2.11 that B always lags behind H. The
magnetization curves for increasing and decreasing H are not the same and this
phenomenon is called hysteresis. The loop traced out by the magnetization curve is
known as hysteresis loop.

Figure 2.11 : Hysteresis Loop

2.7 SELF INDUCTANCE

You know that when current flows in a coil, flux is produced. If the current is changing
with time, the flux linked with the coil is also time varying and an electromotive force
(e.m.f.) is induced given by the law

e
or,

di
dt

e=L

di
dt

. . . (2.6)
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Electrical

In Eq. (2.6), the constant of proportionality L is known as self-inductance of the coil and
its unit is Henry.
According to Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, the induced e.m.f. in a coil
having N turns is given by

e=N

d
dt

. . . (2.7)

From Eqs. (2.6) and (2.7), we can write

di
d
=N
dt
dt

L=N

or,

d
dt

. . . (2.8)

As versus i is linear, Eq. (2.8) can be expressed as

L=N

. . . (2.9)

Since we know from Eq. (2.5) that

=

Ni
=
S

N 0 r A
Ni
=
i
l
l
0 r A

N 0 r A
=
i
l

So,

. . . (2.10)

From Eqs. (2.9) and (2.10) we now obtain

L=

N 0 r A N 2 A
=
l
l

. . . (2.11)

= 0 r

where

SAQ 4
(a)

A coil of 150 turns is linked with a flux of 0.01 Wb when carrying a current
of 10 A. Calculate the inductance of the coil. If the current is uniformly
reversed in 0.01 sec, calculate the induced e.m.f.

(b)

An iron rod 2 cm in diameter and 20 cm long is bent into a closed ring and
is wound with 3000 turns of wire. It is found that when a current of 0.5 A is
passed through this coil, the flux density in the coil is 0.5 Wb/m2. Assuming
that all the flux is linked with every turn of the coil, find (a) the B/H ratio for
iron, (b) the inductance of the coil, and (c) the voltage that would be
developed across the coil if the current through the coil is interrupted and
the flux in the iron falls to 10% of its former value in 0.001 sec?

2.8 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

46

Two circuits may be coupled magnetically as shown in Figure 2.12. Here coil1 and coil 2
have magnetic coupling in between them. Coil1 has N1 number of turns and coil 2 has N2

number of turns. Alternating source Vs establishes an alternating current i1 which

produces an alternating flux 1 in coil1. 11 is that portion of flux 1 which completes its
magnetic path around coil1 and the other part 12 is the mutual flux linked with coil 2.
r1

Electro Magnetism

r2

Coil 1
N1 Turns

Coil 2
N1 Turns

Figure 2.12 : Magnetic Coupling

So,

1 = 11 + 12

. . . (2.12)

The mutual flux 12, which is alternating in nature, produces an induced e.m.f e2 in
coil 2 according to Faradays law of electromagnetism,

e2 = N 2

d 12
dt

. . . (2.13)

Again e2 is proportional to the rate of change of i1, i.e.

e2
or,

di1
dt

e2 = M12

. . . (2.14)

di1
dt

. . . (2.15)

where M12 is the constant of proportionality known as mutual inductance between two
coils. Its unit is Henry (H).
From Eqs. (2.13) and (2.15) we get,

N2
or,

d 12
di
= M12 1
dt
dt

M12 = N 2

d 12
di1

. . . (2.16)
. . . (2.17)

The induced voltage e2 produced in coil 2 causes alternating current i2 to flow in coil 2.
Current i2 produces an alternating flux 2 in coil 2. Out of flux 2, a portion 22
completes its path around the coil. The other portion 21 is linked with coil 1 and it
produces an induced e.m.f given by

N1

d 21
di
= M 21 2
dt
dt

. . . (2.18)

So, from Eq. (2.18), we get,

M 21 = N1

d 21
di2

. . . (2.19)

If the flux and current are having a linear relationship which we assume to be true,
Eq. (2.17) and Eq. (2.19) can be written as

M12 = N 2

12
i1

. . . (2.20)
47

Electrical

M 21 = N1

and

21
i2

. . . (2.21)

Assuming that the permeability of the mutual flux path is constant, we have
M 12 = M 21 = M

Example 2.5

A flux of 0.5 m Wb is produced by coil A of 600 turns wound on a ring with a

current of 2 A in it. Calculate (a) self inductance of coil A, (b) the e.m.f induced in
coil A when a current of 6 A flowing through it is switched off, assuming the
current to fall to zero in 2 millisecond, and (c) the mutual inductance between the
coils, if a second coil B of 400 turns is uniformly wound over the first coil A.
Solution

(a)

Self inductance of coil A = N1

(b)

e=L

(c)

M = N2

1 600 0.5 10 3
=
= 0.15 H
i1
2

di 0.15 (6 0)
=
= 450 V
dt
2 10 3
1 400 0.5 10 3
=
= 0.1 H .
i1
2

2.9 COEFFICIENT OF COUPLING

When two coils are coupled magnetically, it is important to know how much of the flux
produced by one coil is linking with the other. Coefficient of coupling gives an idea
about that.
Let us again consider the magnetically coupled coils of Figure 2.12. Following Eq. (2.9),
inductance of coil1 and coil 2 can be written as :

L1 = N1

1
i1

. . . (2.22)

L2 = N 2

2
i2

. . . (2.23)

Let 1 be the total flux produced by current i1 in coil 1 and 12 be the part of 1 that is
linked with coil 2.
Let

12 = k1 1

From Eq. (2.20),

M = N2

12
k
= N2 1 1
i1
i1

. . . (2.24)

Similarly, let 2 be the total flux produced by current i2 in coil 2 and 21 be the part of 2
that is linked with coil1.
Let

21 = k2 2

From Eq. (2.21),

M = N1
48

21
k
= N1 2 2
i2
i2

. . . (2.25)

Multiplying Eqs. (2.24) and (2.25), we get,

M2 =

Electro Magnetism

N N
k1 k2 N1 N 2 1 2
= k1 k2 1 1 2 2 = k1 k2 L1 L2
i1 i2
i1 i2

M = k1 k2

where

k = k1 k2

L1 L2 = k

. . . (2.26)

L1 L2

So, From Eq. (2.26), we obtain,

k=

M
L1 L2

. . . (2.27)

Constant k is called coefficient of coupling and it is defined as the ratio of mutual

inductance M to the square root of the product of inductances of coil 1 and coil 2.
If k =1, you know that the flux due to one coil is fully linked with the other. If k = 0, the
flux in one coil does not link with the other coil at all.
Example 2.6

The number of turns in two coupled coils A and B are 600 and 1700 respectively.
When a current of 6 A flows in coil B, the total flux in this coil is 0.8 m Wb and
the flux linking the first coil is 0.5 m Wb. Calculate self inductances of coils A and
B, mutual inductance between the coils and coefficient of coupling.
Solution

N1 = 600, N2 = 1700, i2 = 6 A, 2 = 0.8 m Wb, 21 = 0.5 m Wb

L2 = N 2

k=

2 1700 0.8 10 3
=
= 0.227 H
i2
6

21 0.5 10 3
=
= 0.625
2
0.8 10 3

Self inductance

L=

N2 A
l

L1 =

N12 A
l

L2 =

N 22 A
l

L2 N 22
=
L1 N12

L1 = L2

N12
N 22

= 0.227

(600)2
(1700) 2

= 0.028 H

Mutual Inductance

M =k

L1 L2 = 0.625 0.028 0.227 = 0.05 H

SAQ 5
The coefficient of coupling between two coils is 0.75. There are 250 turns in
coil 1. The total flux of coil 1 is 0.4 m Wb when the current in this coil is 3 A.
When current in coil1 is changed from 3 A to zero linearly in 3 milliseconds, the
voltage induced in coil 2 is 70 V. Calculate L1, L2, M and N2.

49

Electrical

2.10 DOT CONVENTION

In a circuit, the e.m.f induced due to mutual inductance may be aiding or opposing the
e.m.f induced due to self inductance. In order to determine the nature of mutually
induced e.m.f, dot convention is useful. With the help of this dot convention, we can
know about the sign of mutually induced e.m.f as illustrated in Figure 2.13.

M Negative

Figure 2.13 : Dot Convention

2.11 INDUCTIVE COUPLING IN SERIES

When two inductors are coupled in series, the series combination may be such that the
mutual inductance existing between them is either aiding or opposing. Let us find the
equivalent inductance of the series coupling for both these cases.

2.11.1 Series Aiding

Figure 2.14 shows two coils coupled in series aiding. Let L1 be the self-inductance of coil
1, L2 be the self-inductance of coil 2 and M be the mutual inductance between the two
coils.

Figure 2.14 : Inductive Coupling in Series (Flux Aiding)

Let us consider coil 1 first.

Coil 1

Self-induced e.m.f e1 = L1

di
dt

Mutually induced e.m.f e1 = M

. . . (2.28)

di
[due to change of current in coil 2]. . . (2.29)
dt

Coil 2

Let us consider coil 2 now.

Self-induced e.m.f e2 = L2
50

di
dt

. . . (2.30)

Mutually induced e.m.f e2 = M

di
[due to change of current in coil 1]. . . (2.31)
dt

Electro Magnetism

Therefore the total induced e.m.f of the series coupled coils can be written as
e = e1 + e2 + e1 + e2

or,

e = L1

di
di
di
di
L2
2M
= ( L1 + L2 + 2M )
dt
dt
dt
dt

. . . (2.32)

If L is the equivalent inductance of the coil, then we can write

e=L

di
dt

. . . (2.33)

From Eqs. (2.32) and (2.33), we get

di
di
= ( L1 + L2 + 2M )
dt
dt

or,

or,

L = L1 + L2 + 2 M

. . . (2.34)

2.11.2 Series Opposing

Figure 2.15 shows two coils coupled in series opposition as their fluxes are in opposite
direction as per dot convention.

Figure 2.15 : Inductive Coupling in Series (Flux Opposing)

Let us consider coil 1 and coil 2 individually.

Coil 1

Self-induced e.m.f e1 = L1

di
dt

Mutually induced e.m.f e1 = M

. . . (2.35)

di
[due to change of current in coil 2] . . . (2.36)
dt

Coil 2

di
dt

. . . (2.37)

Mutually induced e.m.f e2 = M

di
[due to change of current in coil 1] . . . (2.38)
dt

Self-induced e.m.f e2 = L2

Therefore the total induced e.m.f of the combination can be written as

e = e1 + e2 + e1 + e2

e = L1

di
di
di
di
L2
+ 2M
= ( L1 + L2 2M )
dt
dt
dt
dt

. . . (2.39)

If L is the equivalent inductance of the combination, then we can write

e=L

di
dt

. . . (2.40)
51

Electrical

From Eqs (.2.39) and (2.40), we get

di
di
= ( L1 + L2 2M )
dt
dt

L = L1 + L2 2 M

or,

. . . (2.41)

Example 2.7

Two coils with a coefficient of coupling of 0.6 between them are connected in
series so as to magnetize (i) in the same direction, and (ii) in the opposite direction.
The corresponding values of equivalent inductance are obtained as
1.8 H for (i) and 0.8 H for (ii). Find the self inductance of the two coils and the
mutual inductance between them.
Solution

Coefficient of coupling k = 0.6

(a)

For magnetization in the same direction,

Equivalent inductance L = L1+ L2 + 2M
or,

(b)

1.8 = L1+L2 + 2M

. . . (2.42)

For magnetization in the opposite direction,

Equivalent inductance L = L1 + L2 2M
or,

0.8 = L1 + L2 2M

. . . (2.43)

Subtracting Eq. (2.43) from Eq. (2.42), we get

4M = 1
or,

M = 0.25 H

Adding Eq. (2.42) and Eq. (2.43), we get

2 (L1 + L2) = 2.6
or,

L1 + L2 = 1.3

We know,

M =k

L1 L2 =

. . . (2.44)

L1 L2
M2
k2

(0.25) 2
(0.6) 2

= 0.1736

. . . (2.45)

Now (L1 L2)2 = (L1 + L2)2 4 L1 L2 = (1.3) 2 4 0.1736 = 0.9956

L1 L2 = 0.9978

. . . (2.46)

Adding Eq. (2.44) and Eq. (2.46), we get

L1 = 1.1489 H

L2 = 1.3 L1 = 1.3 1.1489 = 0.1511 H

SAQ 6
The combined inductance of two coils connected in series is 0.6 H and 0.1 H
depending on the relative directions of the current in the coils. If one of the coils
when isolated has a self-inductance of 0.2 H, calculate (a) mutual inductance, and
(b) coupling coefficient.

52

Electro Magnetism

2.12 INDUCTIVE COUPLING IN PARALLEL

When two inductors are coupled in parallel, the parallel combination may be such that
the mutual inductance existing between them is either aiding or opposing. Let us find the
equivalent inductance of the combination in both these cases.

2.12.1 Parallel Aiding

Figure 2.16 shows two coils coupled in parallel where the fluxes are additive as per dot
convention.

Figure 2.16 : Inductive Coupling in Parallel (Flux Aiding)

Using Kirchoffs voltage law, we can write

Also,

V = L1

di1
di
+M 2
dt
dt

. . . (2.47)

V = L2

di2
di
+M 1
dt
dt

. . . (2.48)

From Eqs. (2.42) and (2.43), we get

L1

di1
di
di
di
+ M 2 = L2 2 + M 1
dt
dt
dt
dt

Now

i = i1 + i2

i2 = i i1

. . . (2.49)

. . . (2.50)

Substituting i2 from Eq. (2.45) in Eq. (2.44), we get

L1

di1
d (i i1 )
d (i i1 )
di
+M
= L2
+M 1
dt
dt
dt
dt

or,

L1

di1
di
di
di
di
di
+M
M 1 = L2
L2 1 + M 1
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt

or,

( L1 + L2 2M )

di2
( L2 M ) di1
=
dt
L1 + L2 2 M dt

. . . (2.51)

Similarly,

di2
( L1 M ) di
=
dt
L1 + L2 2M dt

. . . (2.52)

di1
di
= ( L2 M ) 1
dt
dt

Using Eqs. (2.46) and (2.47) in Eq. (2.42), we obtain

L2 M
di
L1 M ) di
V = L1
+M

L1 + L2 2 M dt
L1 + L2 2M dt
or,

V =

L1 L2 L1 M + L1 M M 2 di
L1 + L2 2M
dt

. . . (2.53)

. . . (2.54)
53

Electrical

or,

V =

L1 L2 M 2 di
L1 + L2 2M dt

. . . (2.55)

Let L be the equivalent inductance of the parallel combination, then we can write

V =L

di
dt

. . . (2.56)

From Eqs. (2.50) and (2.51), we obtain

L L M 2 di
di
= 1 2

dt L1 + L2 2M dt

L=

L1 L2 M 2
L1 + L2 2M

. . . (2.57)

2.12.2 Parallel Opposing

Figure 2.17 shows two coils coupled in parallel where the mutually induced e.m.f in a
coil due to change in current in the other coil is negative.
i
i1
L1

i2
M

L2

Figure 2.17 : Inductive Coupling in Parallel (Flux Opposing)

Using Kirchoffs voltage law, we can write

Also,

V = L1

di1
di
M 2
dt
dt

. . . (2.58)

V = L2

di2
di
M 1
dt
dt

. . . (2.59)

From Eqs. (2.53) and (2.54), we get

L1
Now

di1
di
di
di
M 2 = L2 2 M 1
dt
dt
dt
dt

. . . (2.60)

i = i1 + i2
i2 = i i1

. . . (2.61)

Substituting i2 from Eq. (2.56) in Eq. (2.55), we get

54

L1

di1
d (i i1 )
d (i i1 )
di
M
= L2
M 1
dt
dt
dt
dt

or,

L1

di1
di
di
di
di
di
M
+ M 1 = L2
L2 1 M 1
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt

or,

( L1 + L2 + 2M )

di1
( L2 + M ) di
=
dt L1 + L2 + 2M dt

di1
di
= ( L2 + M ) 1
dt
dt
. . . (2.62)

di2
( L1 + M ) di
=
dt
L1 + L2 + 2 M dt

Similarly,

. . . (2.63)

Electro Magnetism

Using Eqs. (2.57) and (2.58) in Eq. (2.53), we obtain

di
L1 + M ) di
L2 + M
V = L1
M

L1 + L2 + 2M dt
L1 + L2 + 2M dt

. . . (2.64)

or,

V =

L1 L2 + L1 M L1 M M 2 di
L1 + L2 + 2 M
dt

. . . (2.65)

or,

V =

L1 L2 M 2 di
L1 + L2 + 2M dt

. . . (2.66)

Let L be the equivalent inductance of the parallel combination, then we can write

V =L

di
dt

. . . (2.67)

From Eqs. (2.61) and (2.62), we obtain

L L M 2 di
di
= 1 2

dt L1 + L2 + 2M dt

L=

L1 L2 M 2
L1 + L2 + 2M

. . . (2.68)

Example 2.8

Two coils of inductances 4H and 6H are connected in parallel. If their mutual

inductance is 3 H, calculate the equivalent inductance of the combination if
(i) mutual inductance assists the self-inductance, and (ii) mutual inductance
opposes the self-inductance.
Solution

L1 = 4 H

L2 = 6 H

M=3H

(a)

L=

L1 L2 M 2
4 6 32
=
= 3.75 H
L1 + L2 2M 4 + 6 2 3

(b)

L=

L1 L2 M 2
4 6 32
=
= 0.9375 H
L1 + L2 + 2 M 4 + 6 + 2 3

SAQ 7
A coil of inductance 200 mH is magnetically coupled to another coil of inductance
800 mH. The coefficient of coupling between the coils is 0.5. Calculate the
equivalent inductance of (a) series aiding, (b) series opposing, (c) parallel aiding,
and (d) parallel opposing.

2.13 SUMMARY
In this unit we studied about electromagnetism and the relationship that exists between
electric current and magnetic flux. The way in which electric current magnetizes a
55

Electrical

magnetic material was discussed in magnetization curve or B-H curve. In relation to B-H
curve, phenomenon of magnetic hysteresis was also discussed.
Magnetic circuit provides path for magnetic flux and it is the basis of electromagnetism.
Types of magnetic circuits which may be series or parallel were discussed.
A current carrying coil has self inductance and the inductance between two coils is
called mutual inductance. We had elaborate discussion on these with examples. The
coefficient of coupling between two coils determines the degree of linking between their
fluxes and it was studied.
Dot convention determines whether e.m.fs between two mutually coupled coils are aiding
or opposing and this was illustrated with examples.
Series or parallel connection between two current carrying coils was explained. Series
and parallel connection may again be aiding or opposing. We studied about them in
details.

2.14 ANSWERS TO SAQs

SAQ 1

(a)

Total ampere-turns (AT) required is the sum of the AT required in the

air-gap, AT required in the cast iron path and AT required in the cast steel
path. Length for air-gap is 2 0.2 mm, length for cast iron path and cast
steel path are both Diameter/2 = 21/2 cm. Now using Eq. (2.1), AT
for air-gap is found to be 255 as AT = H l where H = B/0 (B = /A,
0 = 4 10 7). Similarly, ATs for the cast iron path and cast steel path are
found to be 1265 and 263 from Eq. (2.1) as AT = H l where H = B/0 r.
Hence total AT required is 1783.

(b)

Using Eq. (2.1), ampere turns required for the air-gap is found as
AT = Bla/0 = 1000B (la is air gap length). Length of the iron ring,
li = (4 0.04 ) cm. So ampere turn required for iron ring is
AT = Bli/0 r = 99B. Total AT required is 1000 B + 99 B = 1099 B. Again
given that AT applied is 2000 2 10 3 = 4, we have 1099B = 4 and B is
obtained as 3.64 10 3 Wb/m2. So air gap flux = BA = 3.64 10 4 Wb.

SAQ 2

In Figure 2.5, path C and path D are parallel with each other with respect to path E.
So the m.m.f across the two paths is the same. If flux produced in the left limb is
, flux in limb C is 1 and flux in limb D is 2 (2 = 2 m Wb), then
= 1 + 2. If S1 and S2 are reluctances of path C and path D, then m.m.f across C
is 1 S1= m.m.f across D 1 S1. S = l/0 r A and we get from here 1 = 10/3 mWb.
Thereby we get = 10/3 + 2 = 16/3 m Wb.
Flux density in path E = /A. Flux density in path D = 2/A.
Total AT required = AT required for path E + AT required for either of two paths
C or D. Using Eq. (2.1),

AT =

flux density length of magnetic path

0 r

We get, AT required for path E = 4420. AT required for path D = 1658.

Total AT = 6078 and current needed = 6078/500 = 12.16 A.
SAQ 3

Follow exactly as in Example 4, Flux density in the central limb and air-gap is
found to be 1.25 Wb/m2. Corresponding H from the given table = 500 AT/m. AT
required for the central limb is 75. AT for the air-gap is 994.72.
56

Flux divides equally at A in Figure 2.7 along two parallel paths. So flux through a
parallel path ACDE is 0.5 m Wb and flux density B = 1 Wb/m2. Corresponding
value of H from the given table is 200 AT/m and AT required for path ACDE
is 68.

Electro Magnetism

Total AT required = 75 + 994.72 + 68 = 1137.72.

SAQ 4

(a)

Applying Eq. (2.9) L = N

Induced e.m.f e = L

, we get L = 0.15 H
i

di
. Change of current is 20 A in 0.01 sec.
dt

So e = 300 V.
(b)

From H =

Ni
B
= 6.67 10 5 Henry/m
, we get H = 7500 AT/m. So
l
H

Diameter d = 2 cm and cross-sectional area A =

L=N

d2
, = B A.
4

. Substituting the values, we get L = 0.942 H.

i

Voltage across the coil e = N

d
.
dt

d = 90% of the final flux, dt = 0.001 sec and N = 3000. Substituting these
values, we get
e = 424.11 V
SAQ 5

From L1 =

N1 1
, we get L2 = 33.34 mH.
i1

Voltage induced in coil 2 is e2 = M

di1
dt

e2 = 70V, di1 = 3 A and dt = 3 m sec. Using these values, we get M = 70 mH.

M =k

From the relation

L1 L2 and so L2 =

M2
k 2 L1

L2 N 22
=
, we get N 2 = N1
L1 N12

= 0.261 H
L2
and thus obtain N2 = 700.
L1

SAQ 6

L = 0.6 H when flux is additive and L = 0.1 H when flux is subtractive

0.6 = L1 + L2 + 2 M and 0.1 = L1 + L2 2 M.
From these equations, subtracting we get M = 0.125 H and adding we have
0.35 = 0.2 + L2
Let L1 = 0.2 H (when isolated), then we get
L2 = 0.15 H
Coupling Coefficient k =

M
L1 L2

= 0.72

57

Electrical

SAQ 7

From M = k

L1 L2 , we get M = 200 mH

In series aiding L = L1 + L2 + 2 M = 1400 mH

In series opposing L = L1 + L2 2 M = 600 mH
In parallel aiding L =

L1 L2 M 2
= 200 mH
L1 + L2 2M

In parallel opposing L =

58

L1 L2 M 2
= 85.71 mH .
L1 + L2 + 2 M