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<J
THE
ELEMENTS
OF
SYRIAC GRAMMAR.
BY THE
REV.
GEORGE PHILLIPS,
M.A.
CAMBRIDGE:
PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, FOR
J.
AND
J. J.
DEIGHTON, CAMBRIDGE,
AND
JOHN
W. PARKER, LONDON.
M.DCCC.XXXVII.
PREFACE.
THE
"
following
who
This
Syriac Language.
studies to
their
easily accomplished in
is
which
affinity,
between
exists
mon.
quite
small
sufficient
portion
only of
the
Hebrew
scholar
for
Hebrew and
It
is
is
obtain a
to
indeed so nearly
once
the
proceed to
important that he
sition of
it,
since
reading
should
subject.
Syriac,
not neglect
the advantages
for
of
to be
whatever trouble he
There
is
the
that
the
Syriac
acqui-
may bestow
no necessity
Language
it
derived will
and
to
it
give
may
supplies
be
one
2094330
Pl<
Hebrew
Bible.
By
ACE.
K K
Hebrew word
an examination of a
rendered in elucidating
many
passages of
practice of commentators to
it
difficult
and important
fails to estab-
of a word.
In such
is
this lan-
guage
is
of
its
much more
its
the
original
But the
great claim as
Syriac has on
for
whose use
New
and
this
book
and
if
the
Syriac
to
spoken in
The high
it,
Language
is
so
Palestine in the
many
persons
it
is
an importance on
that by
Testament.
its
it
New
nearly
first
the
same
as
that
age of Christianity,
inferior only
PREFACE.
that
to
which
the
to
belongs
Michaelis
Original.
duction to the
to
fix
New
its
when
the period
of
In his Intro-
that Version
end of the
that
is
or the beginning
it
its
frequent
must have
it
common
first
in favour
it
to every critic,
all
From
that the
these remarks
Hebrew
it
scholar should
it
has been
this elementary
also
further
oriental
my
Grammar
studies
is
acquire a knowledge
especially as that
To
facilitate the
knowledge
acquirement
encouraged
attention there
to the public.
to
do
it
from
the growing
in this Country.
It
is
have been
Hebrew and
to
be wished
the
Hebrew Bible
many
by the
PREFACE.
who
who
new
and
am
aware that
Hebrew
learning, that
Hebrew
To
this it
may be
it
no
Bible,
will supply
Greek
that this
Old Testament
Version
is
in the fidelity
execution,
may be brought
of
its
original.
Old Testament
in
the
is
Old and
offered to
New
mankind by
New;
for
Testament everlasting
Christ."
both
life
is
is
not to be deemed
Greek
knowledge of
disclose
to its
there
something
is
for a
reader any
else
new
which
doctrines
it will
do.
not
will not
of religion;
It will teach
PREFACE.
enable
him
to
interpretation on
benefit
which
and which
Vll
is
will
many
particular passages.
to be acquired
This
is
be found of immense
value
the
to
may
It
him
no ordinary degree.
It
more
critically,
for the
obliges the
ministry, to study
an influence over
all
life.
It
mind
may
when the
basis
In the early
great questions at
Hebrew and
profound
skill in
Hebrew
learning, as
who have
much by
their
PHEFACE.
viii
in
sustained
they
Popish tyranny.
from
country
oriental
was be-
flourished
literature
their
emancipating
it
Holy
Spirit,
There
made
to convert the
Jews
confessed that of
all
the people
These
to Christianity.
ness,
now under
subject
consideration.
are
be forgotten in
is
who
for it
must be
and our
of gratitude
feelings
of that people, to
ages "the
first
oracles of
we ought
to
were entrusted
disciples
of our
whom
whom
faith.
Jewish
brethren
and
to
for
use
so
many
sprung the
But
eternal
whilst
welfare
every effort
to
may
at the
subscribers
for
who
to
same time be
the Jews'
safely affirmed
Society
employed to conduct
that the
its
operations are
ac-
PREFACE.
quainted with the
who has
Every person
language.
of
opinions
Hebrew
IX
the
in
aware
the
of
read
Hebrew
in
indeed
like
Hebrew
in
own
bent on
all,
to
Bible
to
and
is
the
prejudice
never
they
it is
The
and
feelings
It
peculiar system.
who
subservient
it
therefore incum-
is
are
of
selves
cessary
the
that
Jews
they
from
should
Neither
will
modern Jews
Hebrew
it
be
Hebrew
the
spiritual
the
oral
derive
give
Priests
that
The
Bible.
of
religion
their authority.
a blind adhesion
The Jews
to
is
these
and
their
are
of
Talmud
Teachers,
exercise
church,
flocks,
are
they
The Jewish
Romish
the
ever, therefore,
enough
that
Scriptures
is
to
rest
indeed he of
written.
we
highly ne-
is
be competent to prove
own
their
It
it
from
is
dogmas and
ever
ready to
dogmas and
to
sub-
Who-
PREFACE.
X
of Rabbinism, must
his business for
An
and
many
the
study of the
Talmud
years.
its
their
make
made
to
Hebrew
in
family of languages that they are barren
literature,
is
partment of study.
The works
been
the
written
transmitted
quantity
treat,
or
Such
assuredly
these
in
to
is
languages,
not
are
us,
of
variety
which
deficient
subjects
on
fact.
have
either
which
in
they
subjects possess.
many important
character and
fail
to
Student.
Interpretation,
not
not the
offices
afford
great
There are
satisfaction
also
the
to the
Christian
mentaries.
be denied that
* I
beg leave
many
to
of
America.
The Grammar
is
Mr
chiefly
a Translation of
Winers and
is
PREFACE.
XI
New
must
It
writings.
and
also
that
middle
of the
literature
historical
is
ages
locked
science
and
in
the
up
Syriac
the
many during
the
as others of a
more ancient
to
last
or
fifty
sixty
years
Ger-
in
as
well
I have endeavoured
date.
vowel changes
by the operation
of
very
of
inflexions
words,
to
How
language.
I leave
for
far I
others
to
decide.
At
which
trust
will
the
end
is
St. John's
given
Gospel,
Student
It
have
was
made
my
its
appearance
about
occasioned by the
Grammar would
year
new
ago.
Syriac
The
Types
soon as I expected.
PREFACE.
Xll
my
thanks
and
also
elapsed
to
since
publication.
offer
the
CONTENTS.
PAGE
THE Alphabet
Vowels
of the Vowels
Changes
The
Accent
Method
12
15
13
O j
Diacritic Points
letters
8
11
The
Diacritic Points,
Ribui
Diphthongs
ib.
16
18
20
17
of expressing
'
numbers
Reading Exercises
19
NOUNS
Gender
21
Number
States of
Nouns
Adjectives
Numerals
PRONOUNS
-
Pronominal Affixes
Nouns with
Example
fern,
42
|OO1 and
AJ
47
53
49
43
41
.44
VERBS
Paradigm of
of a masc.
40
ib.
Affixes
Example of a
34
36
Demonstrative Pronouns
22
24
58
60
CONTENTS.
xjv
PAGE
63
IRREGULAR VERBS
Verbs ]si or wa_2
Verbs
C6
^
70
^D]
Paradigm of
Paradigm of ,Xj
Verbs
Q-^-
Verbs
Verbs
JJ
or
77
Paradigm of
^OOD
Paradigm of
(Lyi
78
-
82
85
84
Verbs ^il
The
Verbs
86
Paradigm of ifc
Observations on Objective Affixes
Doubly
defective
93
95
Verbs
Quadriliteral Verbs
PARTICLES
96
ib.
99
Adverbs
100
Prepositions
ib.
SYNTAX
Syntax of Nouns
102
Construction of Adjectives
.........
Numerals
Syntax of Pronouns
...... Verbs
Prepositions
Number
ib.
117
Ellipsis
APPENDIX
St John's
Analysis
115
116
Particles
106
109
......
......
104
105
Gospel, Chap.
n.
-
118
124
-
127
ERRATA.
Page
Pi-**) read
X
............
and
......
34, lines 17
......
ftl
18,
Pf--|
read
ft]
no brackets.
from
this
last
but one.
......
O^IZ]
read
this
last
remark
THE
1.
The
letters,
which are
their forms,
all
names,
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.
to
between the
distinguish
and
One
The
to another
letter is joined
drawn from
zontal line
exceptions to
magnitude.
its
hori-
in
oi^.
extremity;
are
this
by a small
may be joined to
The nine letters
a
the eight
>
,**._,ro2).Q.
>..
additional
i.
finals.
and A
i
at
word.
terminating
and
stroke,
The
are
five
They
<n o
o.^i>j^._.CDfc2)Ow.
So j
The
written
01
as,
or
^o,
.,
\j.
compound
used.
As
Letters
changed
tion;
for
Olaph-Lomad
^L
Lomad-Olaph
tf
Lomad-Lomad
\\
of
one
the
same
another in
for
X)
organ
the
are
process
frequently
of deriva-
into classes
VOWELS.
Gutturals
DIPHTHONGS.
VOWELS.
i.e.
When
followed
a quiescent
by
or
Eihekel
_i
li.
(sAo
as
K'tho-bo.
*QO1
Ne-puk.
ft
Impure
-_
as
in
jL
cad.
Vowels are
J&^
tida-mo.
Men.
i-do-tho.
^V
so also
long,
on
A-pin, where
occurs
^1 L^L .oV
^Ajf,
~
The Greek
Hebrew, anoma-
vowels
are
with
two
as,
consonants,
&c.
modern books.
3.
There are
several
Diphthongs.
Vau makes
four
losing their
iu, ou.
The
first
of words and
^20 V
as,
is
au-kel, he Jed,
ho-nau, this
The
The
is.
third
The
Esh-teu,
iu
effected
as, |I?oo-
as,
by
4.
o_,
as,
it.
chevotso
preceding
o_,
as,
preceded by another
is
Shou-do-yo, promise.
and
ai
diphthongs,
when
is
by
fourth ou
*>;
will drink
before
preceding
o with
]k>oJ
OJC7I
oi:
ai
by
before
as,
vj<ji
hoi, she.
Properties
The
letters
_.
we proceed
when they
to mention.
Olaph
final
rests
:
or *
in
as,
l^ul the
man,
was
77
77
77
}}.
he polluted, ]]aZ]
T,
he was decorated.
as,
Olaph
in
the
^"jio
to
eat,
middle of a word
fiojiD
to
say.
rests in
Yud
is
* or
*;
sometimes
in *;
changed into Olaph quiescent
as,
^]So to beget,
<r
for
* or
*;
usually rests in
Yud
L>]
^5
is,
^^
as,
he begun,
but.
i*
Vau
deprived of a vowel
iooo
escent in *; as,
fulcrum
as the
mater
lectionis of this
is
it
vowel
Vau
is
In foreign words
ioou day.
rise,
as
or,
for the
is
the
termed,
technically
as,
frequently
found to be
as,
ft
throne.
The
letters
_,,
when they
is
wh en
are
tense
present
and
is
^AjJ ,A&o
otiose;
kot-loten,
preceding
a^o
fern.
as,
ye
slay, masc.
the end of
has no
and
also
fern.
when
the
otiose;
as,
a word,
are
vowel,
kot-litun,
^.VfcA
^Aj]
Vtal,
^Ao^o
Yud
thou;
in
for
in
is
fctul,
likewise
certain
V o
fr
affixes;
in
as,
the pronoun
^Aj]
.^\<J>
my
malk,
at,
king,
And
and adverbs;
It
is
as,
.V-
in
some substantives
shel, tranquillity.,
when?
^Ak)],
that
many grammarians
supposed by
Yud
Ta\i6a
New Testament
also in the
Mark
KOV/ULI,
for
pafifiovvi,
John xx.
end
U^],
"
-
for
man
first
radical
- -
in the
^,
Heb. TH^-
>.
as,
compound words;
on
^&]
for
*>")
The
although.
same
off;
the middle
many
fall
as,
t>
for *^_3\
radical doubled,
thus,
especially in
16.
t>
]Z;_a
we
41.
v.
derives
we have
was
them
nest from
same manner
situations as in
Thus, Olaph
beginning with
Yud;
as,
is
prefixed to
^] hand
many words
for ]^,
]ka*1 day
for
^L]
he drunk, and
_A^
x
>^Al
fc
he found.
and
We
seems
in
to
be a
Nun
a duplication of the
is
forte
Dagesh
there
oridn
O
the
for
compensation
on
;
as, .cDOjJJoio
great
changed into
*Z
...
V
1
j^
as,
2HT
gold,
n!)S
rock,
;ftttf
snow,
...
OT
...
or j
yn
he run,
*4<3l5
nbj
^ e revealed,
\it or
TT
^>
I
y
^D
...
1&3.
fash,
T T
...
Qi^
<M>O
...
HV^
^e
sometimes into
fected
The
is
words
of
by vowels;
characteristic of
*'~
man ^ere^
5.
Inflexions
;mn
are
vowels
certain
different
numerous
in
forms
of
cases
ef-
being selected
as
the
same
word.
Hebrew vowels
as follows:
Pethocho
(v)
to
Patach (-);
as,
^Q
his
generally
to
om^ji,
king.
The
the
Revotso
vowel
Hebrew
as,
(*)
jonsZ,
corresponds
TipBTi
thau shalt
visit.
Chevotso
Zekofo
Hebrew ~;
to the
( )
Kamets T
to
(?)
nrr>v for
itpy.
as,
as,
^oj]
man,
DIK
TT
he revealed.
Etsotso
Kibbuts;
(*) to
]_JCLO, holiness,
as,
^o
Enp;
^b
#.
^O
in
a vowel,
for
5CTLL for
5CJLL.
Yud
observes
the
or
as,
^3)
for
^D]
i
;
as,
ioA...
*
letter,
the Olaph,
in the
ciples
is
same
Vau
Yud
or
syllable.
may be
is
full exhibition
of these prin-
When
two consonants come together at the beginning of a syllable, which is sometimes the case in
the beginning of a word,
in consequence of prefixing
but also
as,
^->
for the
for
the former
most part T~
also
vn -
in heaven,
10
7
for
""
J2--)
the letter,
A^oZl*
for
A^&oZ]
A^XZ.
for
This
she was
analo-
is
Shevas
gous to the Hebrew, when the former of two
coming together in the beginning of a syllable, is
generally changed into
T.
away;
it
is
as,
3rd.
thus
isol
,Q^ he
it
001
may make
lau,
he
for ocn
is
Hebrew ought
and'
Jjcji
liar,
and
But
visited.
to
as,
have a Dagesh
are preserved;
is
state,
as,
for o<n
this for
U^.?;
ocri
as,
QJOT
ocn
- ^
when
a diphthong with o;
cast
is
only be added;
letter
vowel
vowels
the
final
visited;
forte
if a
1st.
preserved,
when another
away:
is
syllable
cast
so
it
is
that
ILj da-go-
ho-nau,
this is,
]jcn.
man
examples
will
definite
state
many
other
the prepositions
Lomad become
VXLO
^Loo^
and
*>jao
with
the
prefix
in certain
compounded
">L
for
The
6.
The
a transposition
particles
takes place;
as,
until.
and Rukok.
away the
aspiration
it is
and
hardness,
signifies
but they
A^n,-^.
it is
it.
II
called
the
in
latter
Rukok,
J^DOJ
softness.
There
much
is
points.
lene
Hebrews
words.
is
viz.
without a vowel
of
jugations
if
verbs;
A^ID-^D
1st.
as,
letters
as,
that
same,
or
^L
he brake.
of the
supply
4th.
It is used
be one
radical
of the second,
the
used
first
is
In the beginning of
2nd. In the middle of a word after a letter
of the
which
Kushoi
any
Yud
or
Nun
or
other
similar
defect.
RIBUI.
12
where
important to state that in such cases
would be implied, the preceding vowel will complete
then
it
If this duplication be
Father.
A/3/3a,
it
is
The Rukok
is
placed under a
Aas^s
letter; if
it
as
fMrn>. wisdom.
much
But the
insertion of these
points
neglected in
Ribui.
7-
Many
both numbers.
to
In such cases
it
same
the
form in
For
distinction.
this purpose
sign
Ribui (**QA$)
x
The
number.
following
'
p0A_, orphan,
**
|ioAj orphans.
lAo
book,
books.
f|
was
covered,
fmZ.] were
covered.
he arrived,
Ribui
is
^x-^O
placed obliquely in
they arrived,
and J^s
(fern.)
thus,
X ^
13
LINES.
'
noun ending
plural
the
since
_*
^ i
in
has no need
or
>>
number
is
a noun
of multitude
already in-
Of
as
DP
a flock of sheep,
to
distinguish
from ]iL
it
a sheep.
If
it
points
as,
8.
small
line
found
sometimes
is
and
above
found
is
above
letter
principally
in
the
following instances,
1.
In abbreviated words;
2.
When
as,
are
letters
as,
for
l^fO
x
13.
-^-
3.
holy*
Of
o]
to
distinguish
When
it
the
called
is
linea
beneath
is
occultans.
Barth, a daughter.
letter
it
directs
therefore generally
Thus,
2*o
Bath not
It is found,
as ]* iv>
writings,
o], or.
(i)
Ol
found
is
it
for
and
t>
Manna, |1V a
stag.
QJCTI
that
is,
especially in the
occurs
frequently
in
ecclesiastical
LINES.
(2)
With Olaph
many
instances;
another-,
especially
in
as
often
is
it
substantive verb
(s)
beginning of a word
the
in
as,
the
in
used
in
as,
\i]
(a)
He
With
place
]i]
)j],
as
of the
am.
without a vowel
is
the
"
it
pronoun
as,
new.
J2j*
In affixes; as
.mnnVvn Ms kings:
^oi_,;_o
he called him.
(b)
when
dant,
when
it
it
the
is
assists
in
it
is
redun-
as,
"jooi
^oioZul he
x
was,
")ocn
*
he had
.^
he was
visiting,
.^^
"jooi
in
But when
visited.
of to
sense
or
copula,
logical
be,
to
exist,
it is
used in the
the
line
is
not
found.
(c)
my
(d)
body
as,
ooi
^j
is.
Rome.
(e)
In the verb
(s)
With
oau
Loin ad
in
he gave.
7
;
as,
J]jl
departing,
fern.
15
LINES.
With Nun
(6)
^Aj),
AJ],
^pAj], ^.-.AJ]
as, ]AI
om
the ship.
(7)
When
a line
is
mood
of the imperative
such
that
implies
found
under a
in
letter
a verb
of a passive conjugation
letter
is
deprived of
its
it
vowel as
Ethkatl
Marhetono and Mehagyono.
9.
The
ed
to,
is
very
little
attend-
necessary.
They
and emphasis of
Marhetono
is
serve principally to
mark the
is
division
syllables in poetry.
is
to be pronounced without
it.
The Mehagyono
is
being without a vowel denotes that it is to be pronounced with one, for the most part with short (*);
as
is
true pronunciation
oil,
for
oiS
to
her.
Jg
Admiration,
Command,
For various
&c.
Appendix.
There are
which
offices
it
At
'
'
CO.
(i)
(2)
Two
hand
towards
and
.
]-
are
"i
*A
the
equivalent
vjo_kl
,_.?
left,
our
to
clause,
colon
thus,
When
li-w
saw
finish
Jesus
the multitudes.
N. B.
as
a sign of interrogation.
(3)
Two
hand
comma
or semicolon.
One
situations.
Matt.
xii.
10.
The
11.
These
(:)
sometimes found
are fre-
They
N. B.
left
Letters
Olaph
is
_,.
pronounced in different
pronounced as Yud.
ACCENT.
When
(1)
17
it is
as,
7 "
When
(2)
air.
Oyar,
5]]
it is
out a vowel
When
(3)
it
is
as,
ticiple peal;
as,
par-
Vau
pronounced as v when
is
as,
syllable;
begins a word or
it
it
has
the sound of u or w.
Yud
1
not pronounced.
is
its
in
vowel
as, .o
It preserves
Hence we
Ikar, he was
X
K I
heavy.
the vowel
Yud
of that kind,
Olaph
is
to the
Yud
is
to the
transferred
-p,
Olaph
written
is
is
thus,
]j_/j.
I
]^X a
The
pro-
the same.
decent.
the Accent.
1.
ble
terminate in
syllable
]k> Jt
2.
if
the
first
sylla-
as,
gdrmo, bone.
If on the contrary the final letter of the word
is
put on the
ACCENT.
18
second syllable;
as,
I-led, he begat,
yXj
n z
^<y>
;
Po-ked,
TI
Should each syllable be formed in that manthen each is affected with the accent; as, /og*
visiting.
ner,
bles,
mate;
visited.
]A^>
is
sylla-
Po-rdch-tho, bird,
]A\o]iD Me-Ml*
tho, meat,
13.
This
is
done by the
of a few marks.
letters
READING EXERCISES.
14.
19
Reading Exercises.
MATTH.
913.
VI.
,-,_/ J
.7
*^
t)
]J]
in
o>
n?
V)
o_c]
o>
>7i>
nr> i
'
77
\v7
l>7."*7
The same
]]Q
7
.
\
^
^cn -^
-7;
n*-^
.>
/>
^4k>
in English Characters.
A-bun
men
bi-sho
V'lo
tha-lan
me-tul
l'nes-yu-no
d'di-loc
hi
e-lo
mal-cu-tho
pa-tson
v'chai-lo
OOC7I
.^~An
v^Q
OOOi
OOOl
Ujiji
OOO1
The same
in English Characters.
eth-na-bo
ma-nu
m'choc
vach-ron-yo-tho
22
NOUNS.
THE
15.
consist
Vv.
of the
only
letters
sacrifice.
king, **>^>?
*
The augmented
augmented by one
which to
disciple
and
the
consist
will
more of the
letters
memory may he
the
of
}
called
root
JXD
*_.
j L,
^AjoSo)
sacrifice:
.
m
vnV
v>\ he learned.
from
These
or
the
assist
^^^D
Thus,
forms
abbreviations of words
are probably
letters
signification
of
them
qualifies
that
of the
Nouns having
(i)
with the
first
radical
and (o-)
as,
the
]Soo_!i5
first
radical,
stract nouns
Two
t
as,
Jlo
as,
or
ending in
V>oo
holiness,,
o*,
]2o^aiJ. strength.
in
sense;
2*o a
joined together
voice.
as,
]AA\v^
lord of enmity,
i.
e.
an
21
NOUNS.
enemy.
great
in Scripture
of
may be found by
Schaaf and
of
number
under
Castell
words
the
]ioj
ft
^-.5
*}$
Gender.
16.
Of
&c.
The names
(i)
Luke,
Names
(2)
viV
Of
men and
of
their
Canaan,
and mountains;
rivers,
_j>5a_.
as,
\*&\ musicians.
]j(ji2 priest,
of nations,
offices;
as,
Jordan.
offices
The
of
the termination.
as,
\j^LL
also
is
praise,
oA
>
[ goodness,
a part.
The nouns
not
o,
^,
11,
.^joZ" confession,
x
Ai"vn
],
known by
The
masculine
the
the latter;
ending in
as,
.^i
by the
thus,
pure,
addition
of
quiescent
fern.
convert
it
is
]'
~*^[
into
derived from
to
the end
masc.
of
Those
moveable;
NOUNS.
22
termination
fern,
obedient,
fern.
5ol
as,
Yud
insert
few adjectives
v'W
the
immediately before
small, fern.
|l5ol
^W
V)
*
-Vn.
-H
The
as, ]i
.<y>m
both
^S? and
earth,
Words
tongue,
i\ cloud, &c.
StaOqKr],
an(^
")2p
and
y"u$
|i,5]
Greek do
from the
derived
foregoing rules
as,
JSOQ_,
<^
same gender
the
words, when
The same
Hebrew.
in
have
Qp and
book,
J\
rules
occurring in
Some nouns
observe the
not
as,
fern.
Number.
17-
^_,
to the singular;
as,
or
-
._
^l
boys,
Nouns
of
^\rr>vr>
the
fern,
or
,_.
is
\m(n
plu.
^L,.
gender
added
as,
U-
boy,
reprobated.
form
the
plural
by
'
and
^j into
as,
into
c*
ship,
o*
'.'
>
usury, in
the plural
_r>*
<^
and
rr>
into
ships, r>vnj
Aik)
portions,
23
NOUNS.
of
Many
in
the
sing,
Aco)
plu.
the
and
place,
52.]
the plural
in
fern,
nouns
Syriac
plu.
^oyL]
which
as,
have
throne,
fcxtfoD
the
physician,
]m'|
form
fern,
plu.
in
the
and masc.
sing,
]Aco]
wall, plu.
plu.
..on:
the
in
ell,
| vSP;
plu.
.Vn]
"\&D talent,
_*J_.
year, plu.
]i
\^]
as,
]m]
plural
in
both
as,
as,
sons of
**
*)
]~A
as,
jloAi
man
men ;
or
and some-
\v*-^ enemies,
fables.
Some nouns
found
are
the
in
plural
form only
as,
"
]
?Vn
heavens,
*>
life,
such
as,
^]
]ICn water.
and the
oiGJ and
father, plu.
nation, plu.
mination
.oioj.
Many
in
the
plural
Soynara.
Others
resembling
the
plural; as,
]n
as,
terminate
termination
,A
as,
.>.
|kli.Oj
in
as
StaOriKt), plu.
QO\,
of
the
.onnn >A
CDOj
Greek
.^.
]Z)iQ-.0>
plu.
^ry/ua,
ter-
CD|
or
.CD,
accusative
StaOrjitas,
8cc.
STATES OF NOUNS.
24
States of Nouns.
18.
To
of nouns,
and
a
This
Emphatic.
is
signification
when only an
be expressed.
The
before
It
of this
instances,
many
the article
to
equivalent in general
Hebrew noun.
termination
indicated by the
is
depend
or on
Masculine Nouns.
19-
In
the
First for
these.
singular
con-
The
}'
to
state
definite
the
of
state is obtained
The
is
state
of
same form.
in
in
changed
by the addition of
Hence the definite
the
absolute
into
]_/.
number
is
of the
state,
formed by
absolute
into
.J
and
^_,
The
into ^_I.
def. plu. is
into
and
^_,
into
this
To
25
nouns
of vowels, which
and
and
both numbers.
1st.
is
is
which
is
or
^4rj
in. ^so^o
^40.
^~o_o
alt.
i.
^LD
^ ^4^
n. ^^4
Now
In
\^Q
or
its
form
is
We
therefore only
to
have
to
the
and
def.
states plural*.
Thus,
Singular.
Abs. and Constr.
Def.
07
7
;
<^
morning
book
servant
wing
4>
>
>
**
*^
(*">
K
*
abs.
Exception.
and
!XXLjt^|
In
]^
captive
body.
its
place
in the
26
Plural.
Abs.
Constr.
Def.
<TI
_;_21_
"i
mornings
books
servants
1.
*.
(->
|Vn
...
*"
9,
Vn
comprehends all
sonant, and remitting
it
2.
take ^
first.
nouns the
*2\
The
time,
^>j
beard.
truth
the vowel
is,
"
is
last letter is
^^o
and
^^D>
a guttural or Rish.
The
- <?M soul.
5.
marked
forms are
4.
is
3.
is
(l)
to *
Vn
^0 and
Nouns having
in the
example
]^-
T>
definite
forms
Vv
word
^^
>
sented
Vn
as if
^ol^o and
6.
as if
27
from
^00 are
repre-
by
may be
considered as belonging to
is
^ov
The Yud
has Chevotso,
it
begins
a word.
preceded
by the vowel
^^
month, .*
Such nouns
Hebrew
Pethoco
as,
>
?,
and
this
Revotso
and
all
is
changed
a diphthong with o
or
thus;
Singular.
Abs. and Constr.
Def.
eye
day.
Plural.
Def.
.
Constr.
r
5-
2nd.
Other
as,
segolate nouns.
into
of
is
stones.
heap of
instead
it
^nn
classes of
*-*,
28
Such nouns
1.
inflexion
as
thus,
Singular.
Abs. and Constr.
Def.
1
is
o'Aa
portion,
Nouns
6ooA;.
evi/.
AiVn
sylla-
syllables
*">
Abs.
Constr.
Def.
also
.*;
if
bles,
-i
vJ\c^v> explanation,
as,
terminating conso.
,
Vn\)
ferred to
>"|
lloio death,
pew#,
"jo^CD
winter,
conversation,
]Zo "*
\o
fvo^
^\
^o
def.
]1
belong to
^n
v> magician.
2.
viz.
\rT^j-
*.
parts of
in all the
for
this
class;
Monosyllables,
nouns of many
f\r>
x
nouns
as,
\^
the vowel
A
in
carcase,
of which
5a^l small,
is
is
or
mutable,
29
Singular.
Abs. and Constr.
Def.
to
species
Priest
Path.
Plural.
'
Def.
Li_M
^j-Jl
7o
Abs.
Constr.
..7
species
Prierf*
Pflrtta.
The noun .o
as if
sow,
makes
in
the plural
it
in
peculiar
>mVr> m
tnus ?
consonant
the
receiving
ff
in
Olaph
Such are,
or
>mVn ^
Yud
lOT^Q-s
in
the
may
syllable,
seen
.07V)
>A
Plural.
Constr.
7
^>Q-
,-
is
plural
terminating
another
Singular.
07
sows
constitute
Def.
Def.
->
3.
Also
root.
01
Abs.
class.
30
the
^cJ sea,
is also
people,
the
first
iViVtl
plu.
of
V)V)
another instance.
20.
In
thus,
placed under
is
number the
singular
constructive
state,
year AJ_.
into L ; thus, ]L
changes f of the absolute
or
A.,
victory, constr.
ZODI
abs.
and
The
ending in Z;
state
definite
as,
]lS0
If the
the
as,
of the abs.
the
abs.
terminate in
state
the
in
quiescent
z
;
if
def.
the
Vau becomes
in o or
\1;
and
termination
*
quiescent in
make the
6.
state
4. 5.
Nouns ending
Ex.
changed into
is
")A\v
consonant takes
Ex.
ITD^.
word in
Yud becomes
which have a
nouns,
def.
word,
in the def.
def.
as,
of fern,
the preceding
in
is
def.
j&iS belly,
In the
12.;
termination
masc. termination
as,
as,
8.
9.
t add
def.
by the
only V in the
To
the
avoid
without
Facilitate
vowel,
of
concourse
or
which
the pronunciation
consonants
several
the
is
31
same
to
thing,
^
vowel, namely
or
is
^
7
Uk>$]
as,
widow,
A
def.
def.
A
]
\vnVj
state
fern,
assume
/,
under
^n^o,
the
in the
Nun, which
def. fern. ]A
iv>..!vn
is
com-
forter.
is
derived
^ and
from the abs. by changing the final
^ into
the def. is derived from the abs. by changing .into
11.
The Examples
ther illustrate
in
the following
of fern, nouns.
Singular.
Def.
Table will
fur-
Constr.
Abs.
(JoAo
32
Plural.
Abs.
Constr.
Def.
virgins
chariots
companions
_Q_I_J
)_Q_i_o
La
No.
In
1.
ending in
]'
which
}^T>
we
<Q^5
myriads
V^
divisions
^OliO
portions
have an
example of those
different states
beasts
^Q_t_K*
such are,
evil,
]v
nouns
in
their
an egg, ]5oL t
Vb,
2.
def.
Nouns which
additional
vowel
in
the
state singular.
3-
on the
nouns
in
4,
5.
They partake
Hebrew.
In these examples we have nouns whose termi-
assume an
as, ")cLKio
blow, def.
first
6.
an example of nouns,
is
33
ending in
and in which no
preserve their vowels unchanged,
is
introduced;
as,
OJ_I_K
<\_^n
liberty,
o*>
which
new vowel
equality ,
....
...
utility.
7-
8.
ends in
Yud
as,
which
is
placed on
Toi prophecy,
This
is
._,
In the plural
or
such as receive
are
Yud
is
quiescent
changed into
moveable.
9.
plural
termination
such are,
A\v
sacrifice,
\\^
plu.
21.
"JA^, sister,
The
ablution.
jla bride,
as,
^m
plural
as,
]lxo
praise, ]Av.n
by the constructive
state,
by the influence
uo I
Jesus departed.
words of
God.
3
God
or,
as,
ADJECTIVES.
34
foWiV
the blind
to the
tv>
king;
Jesus; ]',vnm\
to
to
man.
Hebrew
in imitation of the
oj
O/ woman.
/^
tt'/A
Sometimes we
world.
See Gen.
rw*.
#,
i.
see
1.
1.
i.
&c.
Adjectives.
The
22.
is
by other words, which when placed in ceruse and signification of adjecpositions obtain the
supplied
tain
tives.
Matth.
prefixed
body, oo05?
in other
guished,
*j-w
lit.
jL
i.
OT
e.
as,
the fire,
as,
QoSsj
inextinguishable)
011
/^y
#o
w^om
&LJk)
X
- <***
city qfholi-
Also a substantive
5.
iv.
a spiritual body,
l^J)
ways;
>
Vjoa
as,
^a
..
].
natural
jElj
w^^A
<QG
Also
not extin-
^o_L ^1j
^ojcn
(0s living.}
substantive
or
the
verb
the
form;
from the other by
with
which
they
are
35
ADJECTIVES.
The
connected.
marked by
certain particles
The comparative
and connections.
is
^o
>>
or,
more
j_,Al
sometimes
is
]Aj^Lo
as,
v>
liJCoSLm
_-52.?
there
as,
who
The
receives.
}r^
ISollS,
The
sometimes marked
is
comparative
as,
superlative
by adding the
often formed
is
as,
W.Vo
V\
.\A
sometimes
least;
particle
by the duplication
very, which
^^
is
equivalent
"
plu.
the
of the Hebrews;
TKE5
sometimes
r>
of the positive;
to
]oau ]I
again
by
]7.o !v>
most honoured;
plural;
as,
or,
as,
..
<v>
*n^5
much
by
worst,
~
as,
..
the
to
prefixed
i.e.
the least
the
of kings;
Apostles,
Apostles
or as,
it
is
*^-*
X
^poijo^i
19.
V'TI
see also
of
least
least
literally,
or
}-*
of these
least
commandments.
VD
IJ^DO^
Matth.
verse.
v.
ADJECTIVES.
36
Many
to
]
& mn
so
tive;
adjectives are
r p
]_,^i^ barbarous,
termination
is
]j
the adjective;
^o
primi-
Greek origin;
having
adjectives
PP
]".."
as,
1>j}}
aerial.
as,
}Lm-*> primary,
proper.
23.
Numerals are
Numerals.
either cardinal
Ordinal.
Fern.
(](\
or ordinal
<*).
Cardinal.
Masc.
Masc.
Fern.
owe
Constr.
.-.2.52.
^jjZ _*
-
lA
^5
^3
'T four
sixth
L.
]Lm]
or
seventh
seven
u.1
.W.
V.
,W
eigAM
m n <A
K,Z
ni
nne
NUMERALS.
From
37
Fern.
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
m777
v V>^
jy
m v7VAA
*
fifteen
m vA
1
sixteen
m v^
.
rn v>\
.rr>
seventeen
V>7
vA
eighteen
mv
nineteen.
Ordinal.
Masc.
Fern.
]'A
>r
mv
eleventh
{11
m SiZ
thirteenth.
&c.
The law
&c.
for
deriving them
is
suffi-
ciently obvious.
Cardinal
joined
to
numbers
the thing
from
three
are
for
the
numbered by Apposition
in
most
part
the
abso-
NUMERALS.
38
^'^
Intestate; as,
months; ^
]LZ>?( four
ten
But
virgins.
thus in Matth.
used;
numbers
These
day which
are
occasionally
imi
)&L^&0
found
frequently
eight,
(is)
we have
is
ten
cities.
In Luke
place 6f ordinals.
the
25.
iv.
a decad of
cities, literally,
state
constructive
the
i. e.
we have
59.
i.
to
occupy the
]_liiaZ.j
]Soo_I
A^
-a
hour.
sn?f
The
nine
masc.
as,
1 1
eighty,
from
..
mv
fern.
v7
ninety.
these
]A
are,
the
by adding
and ]^'
the masculine,
for
]^
V)
^.
derived
are
ordinals
termination
iVn7
seventy,
forty,
for
the
femi-
..mv twentieth.
]]VD
a hundred,
Also,
^]VJD.
plu.
Twice,
with the
the
^^s.
less
.<?>^\
or
ba2^, ooj
noun
^W^
thousand,
fern.
ten thousand.
^\
as,
Aj
]^
once,
lit.
one time.
Words denoting
third part,
]SQJ
part
of the
a fourth part,
whole
fttvV>
are,
]'A\ol
a tenth, &c.
NUMERALS.
Multiples, as
and
cardinal
double,
number
sometimes without
in or into seven,
The days
the week,
it
__5Z
treble,
r-'^-
with
following
as,
,_**
of the week
]A1^
39
]vo
Jo
prefixed,
seven fold,
lit.
>
or
one
double.
are,
]A
secon d day,
-^
SEC.
jJL
^r*<
day
of
PRONOUNS.
PRONOUNS
24.
sist
by certain
expressed
the end
of
following
is
nouns,
verbs,
other
or
they are
particles.
at
The
Singular.
Masc.
Com.
Fern.
Masc.
We
/,
You
i
con-
Plural.
e.
Com.
Fern.
e.
i.
i.
1st person.
Thou, 2d.
1J1
OO1
She
They.
He, 3d.
OO1
001
pronouns;
as,
and
^QJ]
001
,___j]
a transitive verb;
them,
John
ii.
also
1^.
that
man,
]ZAj]
are
for
the
as,
^QJ]
Q<AO
have filled
^QJOI they
9.
25.
this,
fern.
.00
masc.
*,
poi
IjCJI
,-jAcn
these,
these,
^^r
^01
masc.
of both genders.
i.JOT
fern,
These become
pronouns
personal
reciprocal
as,
41
"jjoi
she herself.
and
"jjcn
coalesce with
"jxri
and _cn
001
The
26*.
The
relative
is
of both
>
Hebrew
masc.
is,
nification;
The
of both
is
hath
Vn
opened
genders and
his
When
.~f
>
as,
eyes
77V
.rno
i
is
]v>-?
who
lit.
of both
<JLA
is
he,
is
com-
77*7
>jA) QJLiD?
who hath
person
relatives;
leu?
o i^n
numbers.
what?
used
with
P
become
]iiOj
<oSo,
]i_,f
fern,
,'|
)k>, ^Q^D,
<^>,
OO1
who?
also,
<>o,
1*
and
P
01
masc.
sig-
interrogatives are,
of the thing
who
same
probably the
is
of the person
Vn
It
or
af
as,
and numbers
genders
nt
a relative pronoun)
up,
this
QJCTI
Relative
prefixed to words.
is
as the
and
and then
^,01
and
as,
]^> the
^]i
of the plural.
J]j
,_!05
he
AFFIXES.
42
must
Care
preposition
word
was
latter
27-
Before
Vn.
written
Vn
the
with
of
use
point
vowels
above
Vn
with
the
it
the
former
and
the
<sn.
The
pronominal
nouns.
confound
be taken not to
affixes,
They
which
are certain
are
added
what are
to
the
called
end of
abbreviated terminations or
com. gender,
my
43
masc.,
^cmXjj
fern.,
their, masc.,
their, fern.
taken
and
away
dicated by
the
the
pronoun
distributive
thus,
only;
,_io
^OTLLLD v
whosoever, ]VQ\^
pronoun
wy
or,
to
is
Also
i|
\A
composed of
i]
is
in-
some of
substantive
v^^nVA whatsoever.
or
sometimes
^o;
d
by ]-*]
or
^OAn
The
latter
thing.
substance,
01
.01
or
..
person;
as,
#w<7
^1o
w himself.
29-
We
come now
^i
>
/^^
w^w/,
See, also
Nouns with
to
*^^
thyself.
Jianged
himself.
"jla
John
vi.
53.
Affixes.
nouns with
affixes.
The
vowel
are
changes of nouns receiving the affixes in Hebrew
many and complicated; but in Syriac are few and
simple.
noun,
then
tion
The
which
takes
f.
following
is
the
first
affixes
is
put
in
an example of a masculine
in
the
definite
state
and
termina-
44
Singular.
}sD
Def. State.
1st. pers.
sing.
com.
O\V>
o .
2nd
masc.
2nd
fern.
3rd
masc.
3rd
fern.
1st.
pers. plu.
masc.
2nd
fern.
3rd
masc.
3rd
fern.
nty king
^.nNV)
thy
nn\V)
thy
no
our
com.
2nd
king
^on"l>
your
"nVf) your
^.
^vn^\Vf>
^CTinVn
their
their.
Plural.
1st.
pers. sing.
2nd
com.
^ xV>
masc.
>
^^^>
-^
.
7 .
n n\Vi
2nd
fern.
3rd
masc.
.rnnnxVi
3rd
fern.
com.
2nd
masc.
2nd
fern.
3rd
masc.
rn
nV;^
y .
3rd
1.
The word
being
otiose.
fern.
.o\V)
Vvn n\Vn
.
is
kings
/////
thy
'
^ ZA
her
n n\V>
>rn
my
n\Vo
your
their
their.
pronounced JKfo/%;
the
Nouns
2.
the
in
number
singular
which terminates in
state of
45
the
form the
]!,
definite
of the
affix
first
ac
plural
persons
'.
boy,
their
is
definite;
of the
affixes
persons plu.
mentioned
.
....
77v>
~>
4.
lose
5.
affixes
those
N
I
affixes
from
abs.
state; as,
^ois,
retain
the
with
the
priest.
Again, those in
are
the
it
abs.
o^JDyk)
altar,
ioj
in
with the
as,
l^ k),
]J
as,
altar.
There
which
sons;
^001
J.
my
have
the
my
<^j<j\h
as,
thus,
rule.
person sing,
persons;
which
first
your boy,
]JOID
as,
,_icru
?
on the last sylhaving the vowel
and any other vowel on the preceding syllable;
is preserved
with the affixes of the above-
lable,
<ooij,
-?
state
abs.
the
->
^ A.\^
X
boy,
an exception to this
the
the
\ [ my
I
3.
and
^O^LI,
]lo Lord,
boy.
}&,
in
definite.
of the
affixes
def.
blood,
]ioj
Some nouns
in the plural
both
def.
in the
and
my
>vn^
number
blood.
receive
the
They
are
const, states.
state
in
the definite in
Note,
]I
]y}
significations.
n\Vn kings of
1st.
!.
my
the earth.
kings.
46
\$
brother,
1st.
pers.
sing.
com.
my father
i*~)|
X 7
2nd ..........
masc.
^ao]
0,
2nd ..........
w^-SO^l
fern.
*.
3rd ..........
masc.
3rd ..........
fern.
thy
......
thy
......
his
......
her
......
v_(JIO_r2J
*
'
OlO^j
X 7
1st.
pers.
com.
plu.
\Q^I
*
2nd ..........
masc.
our ......
-X7
^O-2OO|
your ......
X 7
2nd ..........
no
fern.
3rd ..........
masc.
-V|
*,
^poioo]
9*
3rd ..........
The
way;
30.
for
that fen_v.
except
See obs.
nouns take
two
other
makes
the
.
their ......
Oldo]
fern.
your ......
their ......
.Vn^.
my
same
the
in
affixes
father-in-law.
p. 45.
4,
both numbers;
to the singular
namely,
number
those which
are
of masculine nouns.
annexed
They
are
the
and third
definite
first
persons
state
in
plural,
the other
is,
that
in
the
and
at
parts,
The
the
the
reason
pronominal
end of their
termination
of this
affixes
differ-
mentioned
if
without a vowel.
The
with
following
is
of feminine nouns
an example
affixes.
Singular.
abs.
family const.
I*"* ;
1st. pers.
sing.
2nd
A*"*i;
def.
com.
-*Arb;_
masc.
^AiD;_
my family
/////
2nd
fem.
"^A'-v
thy
7
3rd
masc.
OlA*"");
his
3rd
fem.
OlAo^j*
her
\A^i-
OMr
1st. pers.
plu. com.
2nd
masc.
2nd
fem.
masc.
^OMr
^OI)Ao;-
nAo.
^oMr
4k
3rd
*>
their
^OCTlAo^
77
3rd
fem.
^-aOlA^iJ
M>.
P/wra/.
7
com.
-iA3;_
2nd
masc.
^iAo;_
my families
/////
2nd
fem.
_ju2A^^
/////
7)
masc.
3rd
t>
fem.
3rd
com.
masc.
2nd
fem.
masc.
3rd.
fem.
Aer
7
our
7
^our
^QDA^");
>
nAo.
**
3rd
^A*^;
<\
2nd
O"lAp;..
7
his
(7lAiD;_
^<w
7
^nrnA*^.
jOlAsi^
MezV
MV.
48
affix
it
^Z^ my
^L^
as,
from the
the
transfers
*_,
first
but
the
with
]2*o
daughter;
thy daughter,
Numerals and
31.
Numerals
nouns
in the plural
numher;
masc.,
fern.,
^porl'^LlZ
these
^pCT-iAirri]
these six,
rn
/Avol
these seven.,
masc.,
three,
ten.
When
the
fore
another
ten,
.y/.fnv
For example,
signification.
thy ten,
very frequently in
^/z^V
^poiZ^iiA
and we
his
find
New
the
ten,
rn7 : rr>v
A
wo
in,
number of
great
.
.-. in
me,
of
i^/br^ m^,
masc.
vr>[
in thee
iv>
him,
^ to,
nouns
plu.
^-ow
Some
&c.
affixes
^\
to you,
as,
w^,
Amo
particles
as,
^k>
of,
and
others.
/?er,
take
io^o before,
the
them,
. .
particles take
^1
the
v/o
ow or
VERBS.
IN
32.
is
Syriac, as in
first
Most of the
conjugation.
The
are quadriliteral.
The
triliteral
have a vowel
letter,
syllable.
They amount
conjugations.
have an
active,
and
four a
to
passive,
of which four
and sometimes a
derive their
They
reciprocal signification.
eight,
names from
may
be observed.
Act.
1
Peal
Pael
Pass.
\Ls>
Ethpeel
gs
Ethpaal
\2>}
Ethtaphal
Eshtaphal
Aphel
Shaphel
The
the
Peal conjugation
Hebrews
plest form
Wv<*
that
is,
it
and meaning.
is
the
same
as the
Kal of
its
sim-
VERBS.
50
Ethpeel
and
is
L] prefixed*.
n
Pael
is
Peal conjugation
fication of the
makes
transitive
it
as, JD>I
is
signi-
intransitive, the
was
lie
when the
Pael
sometimes
justified;
greater energy
dili-
gently.
verbs
as,
it
as,
he bought,
^i
To
^{
he caused
to
buy,
i.
e.
the Pael
is
Ethpaal
As
is
the Pael, in
cause
to
instances, signifies to
many
do whatever
is
indicated
make
or
to do,
that
is
that
it
same meaning;
he was
made
Professor
to think,
Lee
in his
|Z|
fie
as,
i.
e.
.^I
lie
->
he thought, .ol
thought.
T.7]
it
was
to
be a frag-
originally written in
51
VERBS.
In
sense
it
to the
Aphel corresponds
is
remembered; Aph.
he commemorated.
he caused
^DJ]
to
as,
pj he
be remembered;
It is also
sig-
by the Peal
as,
he
-(\V")
In some instances
7
as,
jau]
The
shone.
it
it
characteristic
is
prefixed to
the root.
The
much
follow are of
It
use,
Those which
Grammarians.
is
is
frequent
rarer occurrence.
The Ethtaphal
jugation.
all
of very
are
preceding conjugations
See
Examples
Mark
24.
xiii.
The Shaphel
is
conjugation
generally considered to
by prefixing
Aphel take
By many
to
to
and
like
formed
persons
quadriliteral
the root,
it is
this
verbs;
but
it
is
referred
found so frequently,
much more
others have
made
it
?.
and
VERBS.
52
Examples
are,
.*^- he made
he inflamed, ^Vnl ^
or caused to serve,
matfe perfect.
Eshtaphal is the passive of the preceding conjugation, and is formed from it by prefixing L], transposing
the L with the
radical into
o,
and changing
?.
form
in
agrees
with
the
If the
first
radical of a verb be
m,
i,
^*;
.,
it
is
Ethpaal conjugations;
of
.r^-7]
After
as,
1,
-n^A*] he was
as,
instead
left,
the L
is
changed into
5,
and
after
into
^;
cals
radicals.
There
are
two tenses,
the
^c
past
the
and ^QJ^QJ
and
fut.
The
and
preterite
and
times
future.
these
more
forms
accurately
present tense
may be
pronouns.
By means
be afterwards given.
also
defined;
of which
of
the
auxiliary
VERBS.
The
different
53
numbers, persons
affixes
to
joined
the
of
root
sense.
negation or prohibition
The
used
is
Infinitive
in
is
in
active,
neuter,
affirmative
expressed by the
is
}]
it.
its
an
or passive
sense;
affixes.
It
has
33.
reader
]6oi
with
the
he was,
their forms
of the
tenses, &c.
and of
A.,]
x
is,
substantive verb
is
much used
Sing.
Tense.
Number.
AjOOl
Gender.
/ was
com.
AjOOl
thou wast
masc.
_A_iOCTI
thou wast
fern.
|OOT
he was
masc.
ZoCTl
Plural
she
was
fern.
Number.
2
2
__OCTI
we were
_A_OO1
com.
masc.
you were
fern.
OOCT1
they were
masc.
-iO<n
they were
fern.
in
VERBS.
54
Future.
Gender.
Singular.
Person.
OOT
shall or will be
com.
MOM
sAaft or wilt be
masc.
MOM
*Aa// or wz7/ be
fern.
foOTJ
he shall or
]ocnZ.
*/?e
]oOTJ
^OOOlZ.
__iOCTlZ
OOU
__OOTJ
?z;z7/
shall or
be
masc.
n7/ 6e
fem.
be
com.
Pluial.
_?/e
*Afl//
or mill be
ye shall or w7/ be
<Ae
shall or wz7/ 6e
masc.
fem.
masc.
fem.
Injfattioe.
Singular.
2 fcjOOl, or AjOOT
be thou
masc.
_j_iGcn
6e <Aow
fem.
Plural.
^O^jOOl
.
6e ^e
masc.
6e
fem
^-ZUOOI
j(c
55
VKIIBS.
Present Tense.
Gender.
Singular.
ft] ]j]
X
lam
com.
thou art
masc.
/AoM or/
fern,
Ae
masc.
OO1 Aj]
I
jCTI
vjAj]
X
OOT OO1
_i01 w_O1
she
is
is
fern.
Plural.
com.
ye are
r-j-J
^-*Aj|
//c
masc.
are
fern.
^QJOl _iOO1
they are
masc.
_iOOl
i/ey are
fern.
1O1
Participle.
Singular,
jocn
%
being or
masc.
being or
?*
fern.
i>
(-iCCn
Plural.
_iOOl
6eiw' or are
masc.
6ezn^ or are
fern.
_iOOl
The
place
of
the
substantive
verb
after
used in the
a participle, by
which means the present tense of verbs may be exWe have also
pressed, as will be afterwards seen.
56
VERBS.
he
is
In these
good.
cases,
ployed in preference to
We
34.
the
come next
Hehrew
and
^OJCTI
to
A^
and
^]
are
is
the same as
HP.
em-
vry
which
is,
ocn
as,
following
manner.
Person.
Plural.
***
Singulan
ore
^eare
^-A-1
thwart
fern.
masc.
x
7
she
If to
with
its
affixes
A,]
fem.
is
}o<n,
The
verb
to have,
A.J signifies
for me,
i.
e.
when
affixes;
it is
followed
_\
as,
have.
Plural.
Singular.
Behave
^\>
A.)
Gender
I have
com.
masc.
have
^^
A,]
thou hast
,.,
they have
oil A.]
, fe
fem.
mas ,
fem
VERBS.
57
y
The
form
negative
it is
is
\j
contraction
of
]]
affixes,
we
me,
on
ohtain
i.e.
the following,
have
verb,
we
have,
we are
We
^JL^L
not,
V A^JL
there is
A_i_S
I am
not for
Or by annexing the
not,
and
affixes to
^Lt^L
so
the
c.
will
now
conjugations,
&c.
35.
its
not,
give a paradigm of
as
^JD
in all
58
Peal.
Ethpeel.
Pael.
masc.
Praet. 3.
3.
fern.
2.
masc.
2. fern.
1.
com.
Plur. 3. masc.
0X40
0X40
3. fern.
2.
masc.
2. fern.
1.
com.
Infinitive.
Imper.
masc.
^040
fern.
masc.
Plur.
fern.
Fut.
3.
masc.
2. fern.
1.
com.
Plur. 3. masc.
3.
fern.
2.
masc.
2. fern.
1.
com.
Part. act.
0^40
_l_Xo4o
^40 AJ
masc.
3. fern.
2.
0X040
^040!
Ethpaal.
EXAMPLK
^D
59
he slew.
Ethtaphal.
Aphel.
Eshtaphal.
Shaphel.
\^
>
rTVfri
V\
j\
<vT>
V ^A Jf
\ f\oA
1<
m Vn
KEGULAK VERBS.
Observations on Regular
36.
The
The
second has
the
a vowel,
sometimes
has
it
mind;
of the
.no ?
Hushed,
he
.^-
trembled,
root
for
^OITD
cleaved,
most part
laid
qualities,
he
is
as,
radical is
^Aj
he
written
he
^5
he
inhabited.
Olaph;
as,
^|_
T
whose
also
Vau
feminine gender,
third
person,
is
^Lo ^ eV
as,
happens to
s^ew fern.
'>
The same
is
occasionally
The
reason
Nun
paragogic
is
added
plural
number;
^0^4^
The
which
>v
it
in
but more
frequently
particle is
energy or certainty to
is found to occur.
Some
verbs are
oj^Ll
lie
found.
to
force of this
of giving
as,
of the
number
plural
as,
">
ZCTLO
set.
The Yud
to
have frequently
sensa-
is
Yud
he
Those
verbs
or
slept,
^-
down,
but
v;
intransitive
he ceased,
^i
without
generally
the
affections,
as,
he
is
especially in
*;
Prceterite.
of the
letter
first
Verbs.
the
and
latter;
fern.
supposed to be that
the
expressions
in
REGULAR VERBS.
by
6l
affixing a particle
thus,
-A
f r
^pA\4
The Future.
This Tense seems to be formed in the active con-
by
jugations
abbreviated
certain
prefixing
mood
an d
^>CLJD
^o^o)* for
"
A*
^o^o
for
\>o_&-o2
thus,
an d
'
In
the
passive
used instead of
Verbs having
whose
third
few
conjugations
of the particle
*<
radical
submit
verbs
the
2.1.
praeterite, in
\i]
*
of
*.
-X
t>
forms
is
a
to
as,
guttural
no
rule
^>21
,-4^1
or
as
will
those also
Rish
to
take
the
receive,
?.
vowels
which
The
sometimes
end;
thus,
The
second
>\Ko7 and
as in
praeformative letters are not four
Hebrew;
probably from
IJOT.
REGULAR VERBS.
62
is
person plu.
which
to be taken.
is
ro*
The verb
which
is
-m
part,
thus, praet
regular;
except
&L]
for * through
he obeyed, receives
&
the
first
the
imper.
infin.
i
*\
^L]
g^AVn.
x
Infinitive.
The
of all
Infinitive
prseformative.
The
Peal
is
Mem
conjugations has
the
The
masculine.
others
The
make
Ojm
ye, o^kjj
as,
sleep ye.
people to utter a
command
in a hasty
and an abrupt
manner.
Nun
paragogic
is
as,
(\n .
Participles.
The
*
Participle
active
Peal
brew
participial
from
Vau
not
noun Kal.
being
used
is
is
always
written
inserted in the
This circumstance
with
the
vowel
P;
as
He-
arises
but
REGULAR VERBS.
with
as,
passive
The
fcr>.
has
participle
participles
of
all
by prefixing Mem.
terite
On
*.
63
of the
particle
the
part.
From
i.
omit-
is
Mem.
remark must
be exempted some
conjugation, which retain the
Aphel
another
to
on
21.
last
the
permitting
In
slaying.
frr>
x
Luke
Olaph when
one
e.
that,
.m
especially on intrans. verbs; as, ^
this
of
verbs
i.
or ]LD; so
,_lb,
first rad.;
astonished,
slayeth,
its
The
pronoun ^2,
he who
is
VV^Avn
This
letter
This
live.
is
is
prefixed
also
>
as,
]0->
ture.
The Olaph
of the
Aphel conjugation
is
changed
77
^^oU^o
in the
Ethtaphal into Z;
This
is
37-
few
for
The
Hebrews.
as
the
which
<n,
oo > ^ or
Peal
for
radical.
ciple
the
In
Peal,
worshiping,
for
^4lASo.
changes
is
as,
most
5,
part
great
Verbs,
the
vowel
other
conjugations
they
have
he commemorated.
third
radical
of
the
o^n^io
the
a variety of vowel
in
the
glorying,
under
the
and the
active
of
as,
place
ojio
he
"*;
middle
mocked,
parti-
REGULAR VERBS.
g4
The
verbs
polluted,
same
in
To
he consoled,
he
]v>^
dejiled,
]].
he
the
changes
38.
(form
^^40)
them;
thus,
is
after
Singular.
I am slaying
M5
\3\
OOT Vi^
he
_i01
she
]'
fc
is
slaying
is
slaying.
Plural.
\ fco
n>e
V^o
i
ye are slaying
are slaying
>
>
^Aj"!
-
masc.
&c.
7
i
y>
\"
\^r
n>e
are slaying
V fern.
ye are slaying
)
The
third
act. part, in
pers.
is
plu.
and
as,
A\ fro
The
form
substantive
^40 w iH
verb
and
added
to
.A'V/VO
thou art
fern.
the
participial
IRREGULAR VERBS.
he was slaying.
as,
\4o
]ooi
added to
the praeterite
pluperfect tense;
as, "jocn
But
this
if
verb be
will
it
65
^>!&o he
had
slain.
this
manner:
in
The
auxiliary
the
verb
context
perfect
is
not
will
In
tense.
it
IRREGULAR VERBS.
39-
Large
going paradigm of
^^o
nearly
same
the
causes
by gutturals, which
the letters
or
^,
They
Hebrew
have been
by the
irregularities
are produced
in
as
fore-
first
namely,
already noticed;
radical
by
being
by
Nun;
from the
classes
of
irregular
verbs
exist
in
We
have
designate the
seen
that
conjugations.
the
verb
The
V\v<^
classes
is
employed
to
of irregular verbs
VERBS |a OR
are
also
the letters
of
the
verbs
^ ^
^Ia
in
first
the
"K "^>
which
^
is
In
1.
in
this
class;
he was anxious,
he
}.
or ^,.
which exist
that
or
Olaph
and not
&
as,
*2>I],
This
}}
yXj.
5.
2.
for
is
anomalies
begot,
>
o or
<^.
be observed
to
is
"^
is
Yud
See
\& or
or j
third radicals
Verbs
for
stand
l^>>
which
40.
by one
sake of brevity
middle radical of
the
thus,
of
radical
those
for
denoted
usually
is
in
forms
those
where
two
Yud
without vowels.
is
in
stated
(1)
Yud would
begin
much
3.
as at the
is
made
to
the
Yud
is
generally
Olaph or
Yud
begotten,
oXo]Z]
begotten.
retains
its
vowel;
thus,
avoid
to
as
beginning of a word.
without
consonants
and
^Z]
the
he was
L^lL] I was
VERBS ja OR
67
e*
4.
jugations,
diphthong au;
5.
first
is
as,
Yud
and
Olaph
as,
person singular;
Yud
Olaph or
are
^02]
dropped in the
shall beget.
Verhs
6.
<*
are
In
Peal
the
*>
is
Olaph
vowel
is
but
if
jiol
say
*,
the
thou
jl*")
? ; as,
vowel
be
^o^f
the
?,
similar
rule
first
is
is
"<;
as,
observed in
The Olaph
is
is
first
masc.
the first is *
jugations
of the
second
the
8.
the vowel
conjugation,
in the praet.
In the imper.
?.
exceptions
(5).
7.
and
Pael
the
in
regular
future
in the Ethpeel
as,
^LL]* from
t\
ceded by
Thau
is
Thau
for
Olaph
in general in
or
*
Yud
or
i.
in the middle of a
The
latter is
word
rests
sometimes chang-
52
VERBS ]& OR
gg
The
departed, makes
he
verb, ^f)
CH
its
imperative
mood
oil
The
^]
of
it
4V
of
the vowel
Lomad
remitted
is
to
Zain;
as,
Ai^fj
*
she departed.
the
Rom.
18.
ii.
Yud
in
vowel
oau
the verb
vowel
is
remitted to the
The Yud
]
of
instead
*;
the
inf.
verbs
and
taught,
its
first.
*")
he sucked.
so,
and
set, fut.
takes
thus,
beginning with
fut.
conjugation
changed into
is
Peal;
as,
Yud
he
.\.
has
is
characteristic
n he believed;
Some
some verbs
he ejaculated, .o
as the
.<?>
as>
in
reject
he
this
knew,
radical in
inf.
15^;
*
VKKBS _0.
Verbs ^_a.
41.
The
are
anomalies
belonging
to
principal
one
the
only few;
Nun
in certain situations
ever
Nun
this
is
class
the
end of a
the
at
is
69
is
syllable
of
verbs
rejection
this;
of
when-
and without
is
rejected.
for
Ne-puk
We
have
therefore
aa2LU Nen-puk.
it
Nun
.r><y>vn
is
as, *oo2>
Peal
for
thrown away at
for
oaaj.
The
nouncing
inf.
fut.
is
The
Ethpeel,
Pael
Verbs of
and
this
its passive
The
class are
conjugation.
fut.
and
thus,
^nu
he
cut,
.^g>i
he breathed,
CONJUGATION OF VERBS
Peal.
Prset. Sing. 3.
Pael.
Ethpeel.
Ethpaal
masc.
3. fern.
2.
masc.
2.
fem.
1.
com.
Plur. 3. masc.
3.
fem.
2.
masc.
2.
fem.
I.
com.
X
Infinitive.
fem.
Put. Sing. 3. masc.
Plur.
Part, act
pass.
3.
fem.
2.
masc.
2.
fem.
1.
com.
3.
masc.
Si.
fem.
2.
masc.
2.
fem.
1.
com.
EXAMPLE ^\o
he eat.
71
Shaphel.
Ethtaphal.
Aphel.
Eshtaphal.
Also]
AXiof
Aloof
*.
Nn
P
Nno
i
^ Nno
i
\no aZ
^r>
17
vvno
a.
V>
XnnA
*\")
T>
m Vi
CONJUGATION OF VKKBS,
Peal.
Praet.
Sing.
3.
Ethpeel.
masc.
3. fern.
2.
masc.
2. fern.
1.
com.
Plur. 3. masc.
3.
fern.
2.
masc.
2. fern.
1.
com.
Infinitive.
-A
Plur. masc.
fern.
Fut. Sing.
3.
masc.
A.AJ*
3. fern.
2.
masc.
2. fern.
Plur.
1.
com.
3.
masc.
Ar
3. fern.
2.
masc.
2. fern.
1.
Part.
act.
pass.
com.
A*
<*
EXAMPLE
ll
he begot
Ethtaphal.
Aphel.
73
Shaphel.
.
t
\0
Eshtaphal.
m.
.SolAS
*.
OL
VERBS
74
he adhered,
but ^inj
ifa
it
fut.
and imper.
it
The
to
this
class,
third
the same;
are
radicals
is
of
verbs
Nun
whose
one of the quiescent letters; nor in some verbs
second radical
.o\m
is
He.
he ascended
is
from
forms
.OPO
inf.
Olaph
casionally
verb
obsolete
the
its
.rmi;
as,
mx>
imper.
fut.
characteristic
of
the
Aphel
conjugation
as,
prefixes;
L]L
is
oc-
thou wilt
42.
r>v
Verbs
or
v.
Verbs
in
other
their
conjugations;
both comprehended
in
one
that
class.
may
be
letters
are
they
These
power and
defects
in
consequence arise
vowel
the
for
is
Vau
ioaoZZ], Avn. n
for
Yud;
as,
VERBS
Vau
2.
When
r>
75
for
Yud;
required by the
is
Vau
the
or
taken away
is
for
i-oo
as,
for
changed into
ceding letter;
*,
and
as,
sn
this
.
r^
vowel
is
Vau is changed
to Vau is also
for
as,
in
he disturbed
JQJ
the Pael
he
ioiL]
was
disturbed.
Vau
pronounced Yud.
the vowel
;
or Rish
When
"
is
is
changed into
v.
See
is
a guttural
^.
37-
Throughout the Bthpeel conjugation L of the sylThislable L] is doubled, except in the 2nd pers. fut.
is
The
is
made by Dagesh
forte.
he adhered.
or
Yud
for
he was equal,
the
VERBS
Such verbs;
(2)
as,
i>
acted unjustly.
jcLw
as,
was
it
Vau
is
marked
Ao^o in the
praeterite.
Plural.
In the
fut.
vowel except
Singular.
first
person
singular.
From
make two
its
In
the
additional conjugations;
viof,
\jfii
he
he exalted, from
^o&i
Yud
....
is
ceding consonant
as,
inf.
its
is
annexed,
\tl^o for
.'
>
vvr>
VERBS
|i,
Verbs
43.
77
]J
].
verbs,
but they
to require a para-
digm.
vowel
the
to
without a vowel.
he was good,
put on the
ACD
Agreeably to this
^so
he was
shoe.
he enquired; imper.
old, ^Vj_
So
was previously
law we have *z>\4
which
letter
preceding
also
Ethpeel we have
in
first
radical
In Aphel we have,
put on
^]^(
*>[( he did
the shoes,
well.
Yud
as,
^.
is
changed
pared.
44.
Verbs
jj].
class
'
(^
When
the Olaph
is
either taken
away
or
78
CONJUGATION OF VERBS
EXAMPLE
79
Ethpaal.
Ethtaphal.
Aphel.
Palpel.
EthpalpaJ.
..
Zl
ut in Ethpeel.
A Vn
oVn
V>
ol
Vo
ol
..*
Z.(
o/f V
nV>
X .7
<*i|
OlO-lDJ
SZf
7
^*f
iZf
07
9.
77..
.
V)
r>Vn
nZ.
.7
.
><vT>
77..
7*7
nj
o/
^.VnAn
7]
ix^^nj
7
.
V)
.-
O//
Vn
o7
v .^:^;
X
oVn
.nVn
7 *
o//i*
oZ
7 . .
VERBS
80
.\
thus, AiLt,
that Olaph
is
beginning a
This
|]
arises
or
syllable,
the middle of
a syllable.
2nd.
form the
Participles
.'
P
'.
jlji> fem.
gender according
Chapter on Nouns;
fern,
as,
JL^.
v>
,.
as,
Olaph
*tt
The
4th.
iufin.
subject to the
is
1st.
but
rule;
5th.
Olaph
x
,
is
and
-^-\t
away.
have
fut.
Before
the
ol
the
the
in
in
other
thus,
?;
conjugations
In the fem.
o.
in
makes
^,.
in
all
tense
moveable;
In
rests
away
In the
6th.
in
with
taken
is
But
^juX^Z].
a diphthong
it rests
it
rad.
in the former
in the latter
and
affixes
affix
the
conjugations;
participles,
^o
and
^ Olaph
<_,
passes
thus,
rests
Olaph
it
is
taken
into
Yud
as,
plu.
praet.
and _
Peal
for
ojl
of the
third
~tf.
person
we
In a few in-
VERBS
81
]].
when the
served
affixes
Some
they untied
the Olaph
annexed
are
him ; Mark
xi.
to
is
them
pre;
as,
4.
Yud and
>r-KJ
The
verb
Singular.
^A_l
is
is
It
is
thetic.
few verbs
of this
class
Peal,
pers.
some
plu.
verbs
as,
prset.
take
have
^L]
in
drink.
and 2nd.
the
the sing.
pers.
paragogic
plu.
forms
CONJUGATION OF VERBS
82
Peal.
Praet. Sing. 3.
Ethpeel.
Pael.
masc.
3. fern.
2.
masc.
2. fern.
1.
com.
Plur. 3. masc.
3. fern.
2.
masc.
2. fern.
1.
com.
*
Infinitive.
Imper. Sing.
masc.
fern.
Put. Sing.
3.
masc.
3. fern.
2.
masc.
2. fern.
Plur.
1.
com.
3.
masc.
3. fern.
2.
masc.
2. fern.
1.
com.
Part. act.
pass.
Vn
masc.
fern.
Plur.
EXAMPLE
he revealed.
11
'
i\ '
Shaphel.
Ethtaphal.
Aphel.
Ethpaal.
83
^ 11 I
^J
w->Z!\ i
Eshtaphal.
>
o^
t
.0
*.
T
.
V>
S JL m V)
Ni'
FiM
&
I
J8
?h
^i
.?
^>
\.V
^^O
"S
A_a_]
62
84
VERBS
\yv>.
Verbs
45.
\i^,
The
With
first.
quite
The
regular.
peculiarity in
is
the exception
remitted to
is
and
Pael
Ethpeel,
Ethpaal
But
respect regular.
two
for the
^^5
;_^J.
he mag-
nified.
The
and
v,
for these
on the second
Peal receive
fut.
vowel * or
the
radical
down
imper.
verbs;
thus,
ICLCU
TV
he will
spoil,
In the
act. part.
ed into Olaph
.CD]*'
is
but
it
pronounced Ro-yes
made
to
the end
vowel
is
taken away;
^A
is
Verbs
as,
,_AU
When
the
part.;
^.m^
it
have
Olaph
preserve
both
of
for
them
in
changthus,
an addition
^-VQ.
Sji
the
Yud
Olaph with
preserves
masc. and
which
irregular verbs.
11.
J.
as,
for
as
pronounced
of this
an exception;
the plural
radicals
is
is
the
The
is
its
verb
Olaph in
fern.
second
inflexion;
and
see
third
doubly
85
OBJECTIVE AFFIXES.
In
tained
the part.
but
has
it
the
linea
occultans
sometimes
is
as,
re-
\\fcvr>
shadowing.
The Olaph
sometimes
characteristic
retained
with
the
of
the
Aphel
preformatives
conjugation
as,
is
n-i^/)vn\
to love.
46.
The
We
besides
others
these,
may be
called
the
that
Verbs.
different
frequently
objective
affixes
which
attached,
thus,
^.^J^Q
serve its
affixes
We
to
pre-
will first
When
(.ill
affix.
77
Sing.
imper.)
(^_,
Phi.
imper.)
01
and Nun
preced.
Phi.
CONJUGATION OF VERBS
86
Peal.
Praet. Sing. 3.
Ethtaphal.
vf
masc.
4=r
3. fern.
2.
Aphel.
ML,
masc.
2. fern.
Plur.
1.
com.
3.
masc.
3. fern.
2.
masc.
2. fern.
1.
com/
Infinitive.
Plur.
masc.
o^ZZl
fern.
Put. Sing.
3.
masc.
3. fern.
pass.
ICLQJ
EXAMPLE }^o he
Sbaphel.
destroyed.
Eshtaphal.
Palpel.
n]
77
>
o]
~>Vn
Ethpalpal.
OBJECTIVE AFFIXES.
38
Vorvel preceding.
Plu.
Sing.
01 (CTU)
It
is
lar verb
irregular
The
It is
places.
also not
will
be given.
The
first
and
both numbers
second persons
of
do
take
tenses
affixes
would
be
which
reciprocal
not
the
objective
expressed
usually
by
certain conjugations.
In the
forms
is
the
<->
and
pers.
V Q one
j\
plu.
two
has
fern,
the
simple and
paragogic;
Verbs of the
them
third
y
(\
other the
There
prset.
7
pers. plu.
affixes
^obi
the
affixes.
form
^Q Vfr
praet.
of both genders
and
>
OBJECTIVE AFFIXES.
Prceterite.
47.
^^Q
A he has
ihee, masc.,
2/OM,
1]
nVfrA
......
......
^!^D
slain me,
Srrf.
thee,
......
Atfr,
he has slain.
_S^o
......
.^\^o
*
masc.,
AM, oiS^jD
.
89
......
fern.,
fern.,
yow,
^QJ]
us,
^4
......
^ool^o
......
m\fro
......
them,
masc.,
fern.
them,
AX^D
ft
^_j^o
......
#^,
masc.,
wjjDA^^o
......
you,
masc.,
^^AlL^D
......
him,
a\t^o
masc., ^
i")
AS^jo
......
......
Q&o
#^^,
......
......
her,
them,
......
us,
fern.,
you,
^oDAlL
fern.,
^QJ]
fern.
masc.
them, masc.,
i]
^*
2wrf.
ZL^JD
...... fern.
masc.,
jj]
^M^o
her, .QJ]
^
i>
^ew,
fern.
OBJECTIVE AFFIXES.
90
1st.
thee, masc.,
them, masc.,
A^uQ
^sAX^o
......
thee, fern.,
inA^o
......
you,
masc.,
&\fon
*
*
pers. sing.
them,
fern.,
fern.
or
*
US,
......
thee, masc.,
no V
fr
......
yow, masc.,
......
him, rnoVfro
......
..*''
>
I
)
r.\ |\o
fem., ^o
you, fem.,
^
......
A^r,
......
^wz,
oV^r)
^Oj]
masc., v
\ j\n
nn \ K o
^^,
......
^r,
fem.
The
other
form
US,
,
masc.,
>n\^\A
......
thee,
fem.,
-h
you, masc., V
.n\ 5-o
Am,
......
oOLftuD
affixes of
......
A^r.
yow, fem.,
The
other
form
US,
him, auo^u
takes
the
OBJECTIVE AFFIXES.
2nrf.
91
.A\ fto
rn
......
wztf,
.j\ |\o
fern.,
#^,
......
^oAiJ^o
......
masc.,
you, masc.,
m\
.
r>
^v
......
niV^o
......
fem.,
.rn
\ n
j\
Am,
......
rn
\^ r>
Infinitive.
masc.,
......
^\ftr>vn
*
.^V^ovn
masc.,
thee, fem.,
......
you, fem.,
Imperative.
\n
r>
......
7e
sing.
Vr>
US, ^
.m
fem.
\n o
,
......
fem.
M^ ^ .rnr>
9
thee,
you,
OBJECTIVE AFFIXES.
Plu. numb. 2nd. pers.
......
me, <o^or>
......
us,
^,
gio\on ^r.
him,
Future Tense.
\>d (^ni.
US,
Ai/w,
......
^-i
>
Vfrrii
thee-, fern.,
......
^.^\QQI
masc.,
.^\j\m
thee, masc.,
......
you,
^OTO \ Q n
fern.,
her.
r>7
w^,
......
3C
......
......
__i_l_xX^D2.
him, mi"
US,
>
3rrf. per*.
p/M. TMOJC.
me,
,
masc.,
,
wjjuo\^Qj
masc.,
#^,
......
niAV^i
*
fern.,
......
^pVi
^ow,
T.
icn
>
io\5ni
......
him,
OUQ^^QJ
.....
he?'.
fern.,
iX n
me,
masc.,
you, masp...
//,
......
mKfrrM
......
ft
......
.AiXftoi*
Wtf,
fern.,
yoM, fem.,
.rn
him,
when they
affixes;
is
found
seldom
are
Participles
with the
objective
Observations.
48.
with
Prceterile
It
that
will
the
verbs
thus,
changes;
to
Affixes.
^JD
which
when
it
to,
r^i
o receives
first
and
*-*
retained
is
letters
is
of the fem.
^n
f^\v
coming
<J1
>
the vowel
vowel
takes
similar
is
the same
nearly
is
first letter,
taken away.
plu. preserve
The
changed.
Verbs having
places where
? is
"
found in
may be
referred to
v,
or
;
Yud
for
for
the
first
whenever ,0
and Yud
Olaph has
Olaph and Yud have the same.
of a vowel, there
has
^uD
^uo
is
i
;
radical
destitute
when
<a
96
QUADRILITERAL VERBS.
two consecutive
letters
ject to defect.
may be
divided
1st.
third
Olaph;
as, Jnj
Nun and
radical a
first
he injured, Ethpeel,
^]
I
is
Olaph
Nun
final
is
dropped;
the
where
IS
where the
Aphel ^jz],
x
so, ]<-TM
7.7
oro]
Verbs having
2nd.
Olaph
as,
]1]
he came,
the
fut.
and third
first
Peal
which possesses
]Z]j,
*
radicals
T*
Those with
3rd.
third
Olaph;
as,
the
JL.
radical
first
]ku he swore,
A .vn.
ii
he will swear,
]So]k> to
Yud and
the
have sworn,
swear.
4th.
Olaph.
o]o
^"j and
inf.
fl
he
prset.
laboured,
plu.
Aph.
]]_
fective
is Jit,
and anomalous.
50.
Quadriliteral Verbs.
The
QUADRILITEKAL VERBS.
roots.
of a
are formed
They
letter,
the prefixes
By
I.
of the
triliteral
root,
and
chiefly
in those
cases
middle radical
Vau
see $ 42,
45
he
thus,
>L.
he
dragged,
when
the second
i_^J.
97
made.
\^IJ"\ he
was made,
or
became
bitter.
he did,
lazy,
from
*^-' he was
It will be seen from these and
lazy.
v
the following examples, that the general effect of the
is
duplication
II.
are
sn^An^J
^oa,
io^icl
he
ft
III.
as,
Some appear
.vyo^.*)
was
high.
tt
and
jjL
IV.
he quarreled.
By
of a word.
96
QUADRILITERAL VERBS.
two consecutive
letters
ject to defect.
may be
few
divided
1st.
Nun and
radical a
first
final
is
Olaph
Nun
dropped;
as,
]Z]
he came,
the
fut.
W).- where
so, ]frn
Verbs having
2nd.
Olaph
is
the
first
Peal
and third
]Z]j,
radicals
which possesses
Those with
3rd.
third
^D] and
Olaph;
as,
first
radical
he will swear,
}so)k> to
Yud and
have sworn,
swear.
Olaph.
the
4th.
ote
the
JL.
inf.
floSo imper.
^.
J]
he
prset.
laboured,
plu.
Aph.
ihee wearied.
]]_,
fective
t* Jit,
and anomalous.
50.
Quadriliteral Verbs.
The
are
chiefly derived
from
triliteral
QUADRILITEKAL VERBS.
roots.
of a
are formed
They
letter,
the prefixes
By
I.
of the
triliteral
and
root,
chiefly
in those
middle radical
he
Vau
42, 45
see
when
L he did
made.
thus,
or
cases
the second
jJtfJt
97
^rLw he was
5^k?
often, or practised,
l^**?} he
lazy.
was made,
It
will
or
he
>L.
dragged,
he was
from
^^
became
bitter.
he did,
lazy,
from
duplication
II.
are
v^vX
7]
Some appear
III.
was
to
^oa,
iojioj
he
high.
as,
.vvn^.
and
;_.
IV.
\sio.
he was base,
he quarreled.
By
of a word.
QUADR1LITERAL VERBS.
98
So
(1)
as,
^rnvJ] he be-
(2)
(3)
The
as,
letter
of a word;
*oaijjm he hastened,
as,
^vnV)
Vau
as,
from
/je
is
j.oo!
he burned, from
^# twisted, ^onv/] ^
^ bound;
,^
Anrn
>i^
joer-
expected,
^><y>
:
Sometimes we have
as,
v_i;
^,
>
from
^^.
io;
i*
rnVo
as,
5
as,
and
^-
At
,_*;
^^ persevered, from
J.
.A
^^
we
#zefe
from
A^i
^g was strong.
domestic,
.
.A
A7")
^^
w^
*
?,
.>
he revolved.
as,
rn
under, beneath.
It is unnecessary
to give
more examples; we
will
down
for
ADVEKBS.
PARTICLES.
51.
Under
99
parts of a sentence.
principal
Adverbs,
fore,
They embrace,
there-
and
Inter-
Conjunctions
Prepositions,
jections.
Adverbs.
Of
1st.
time.
^DJ^
V&oL] yesterday,
afterwards,
-n
then,
now,
)^oi
jso^oaX before,
IsooASo
as long
at
any
as,
li^oo!
*~^
to-day,
1^k>
immediately,
time,
fl^s,^
i
not
]k5
^-ip.ai
x
already,
now,
to-morrow,
J_!LO
yet,
until now,
suddenly.
Of
2nd.
place.
of
where?
]IL]
}s here, hither,
]nvr>
hence,
41
whither ? which
hitherto,
2.'
thither.
]_LL.')
^oz(;?
only,
.^^
,A\Vv>-
greatly,
fjioXXov,
powerfully,
jc
especially, more.
guic&ly,
VV.\A
/eV^, ^..
72
vA
100
IT
^]
where? which
truly, oo^l
is
so,
>
whether? L^so]
^oj
A!^K]~
lastly,
divinely,
cam,
! <^>
cA
]],
^r*/, ZoiljZ,
jVi^.
"
Ml
^^o
thence,
'
from
^LoZjoi
7
]
have
as
(for Ztiote
swiftly,
wo#, IOT
}]
secondly,
A_i)Aj>i justly.
Prepositions.
Some
&c.,
are
between,
5^o
/?er,
\\nnoS
^job
wzV^, ^SD
with,
^^/bre,
^^^
ADOJ
^0^5
ZoIZ
because
before,
from,
]^,
without,
.^K>. for,
^io
against,
oL
against,
ZcA
to,
nouns
verbs,
.^
or Ai
against,
",
to
prefixed
monly used
or
are
prepositions
ft-
]J5
5^,
^J
of,
Zoa w^r,
;_,.
or
These are
^*
J31
*
^o#,
or,
^],
Zc^],
unless,
cA
j^
o]
Isif
cA
*,
j/*
]]f
wo#,
d\\a
.]
if,
_,_
but,
Jo
7a/>
for,
as,
because,
,_,?
$e
but,
when,
iojj
lest
101
by chance,
fl
^_i_3C7i
therefore,
wc?,
o
truly,
JJ!D
when, ~->o,
\V
ti
^^
i
therefore,
-r
^o.
t
The
CO.
_o^ O #^^
wj(Ti
woe !
^^
O!
before
SYNTAX.
Syntax of Nouns.
52.
THE
must
noun which
precede
that
7o
^D^
the
womb of his
of
my
goods.
\f* division
mother,
This
is
the
and
this modification is
noun
absolute
is
state,
a preposition
case.
when
it is
prefixed
for the
^rni
as, ]2>}^>
acceptors of
ft
faces,
e.
i.
where we
hypocrites;
have
Ami
for
'
*>rfti
Matth.
xvi. 3.
i^>
]
<M
for
J'-e^A
^-^3
Aiu^
x
for
Tim.
i.
10,
where we have
i.
The
2.
iii.
Luke
]^-^
x
denying kindness
2 Tim.
blessed
AIL.}JQ
among
ft
e.
for
28.
ungrateful,
preposition
as, )-p
A^J
i.
is
SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES.
The
primary
103
office is
undoubtused
it is
known
either
their
by
A^k> the
occurs in
It
is
may be
as
used,
the
put in
def.
Hebrew
the
I am
its
Syriac version.
in
article
He-
the
same
the
are
the
in
article
the vine.
also
state
From
}h
as,
Hebrew
the
observed by comparing
may be
it
comparison,
circumstance
all
or
preeminence
universality,
corresponding
words
is
omitted.
The
in
state
def.
Hebrew the
such cases
very
constructive
found,
frequently
where
would be employed;
in
is
>
is
as,
John
xiii.
John
xi. 4.
valent
to
1.
]a&<>
]?w.n~>7
the
glory
God,
of
see $ 21.
b
The
state.
proper names of
nate with
men do
it,
as,
-^ Peter
but
SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES.
104
sion of the
See Ps.
The
or
sity,
repetition of a
as,
multitude;
tongues, Acts x. 46
v.
Mark
<^v
^]
~>
^oii
>
with
divers
John
in various times,
affected with
0cA
_L,5
-^
diver-
many
evils,
17.
ii.
v. 1.
as,
9.
found.
as,
are denoted
They
)jo^
o>
little
a small fountain
son,
is
the same as
identical with
]rnn.
lamb; ]fnno\n a
Zi##/e
by the termination
in.
dog.
a /z^/e waw, ]A
in
.coo*;
i
There
Greek termination
the
or
^p
little
no doubt that
is
and that
ov,
vV>
.Q*
mo*
is
53.
Construction of Adjectives.
in Hebrew.
When
the logical
is
office
being expressed or
number
as its substantive
my
of the predicate,
and before
understood,
it
as,
^01 ^,1
Gen.
iv.
13.
105
SYNTAX OF NUMERALS.
An
adjective
which
it
is
unclean
]_^o5 the
ffigM
as,
qualifies;
spirit.
Some
is
when an
made
precedence of
When
the plural
added
as,
]xns
them,
in
it
See Rom.
of
a pleonastic use
placed in
is
xvi. 21.
substantive,
the pronominal
to
and an
together,
The word ^3
come
substantives
several
and indulges
takes
it
substantive.
its
adjective or participle
affixes;
adjective
it
^anXo
4.
ii.
lit.
m\^\
\^so]
of them
all
^Q
p. 39.
Numerals.
54.
^v^i
i
v^
^L
and
The
it.
emphatic word
two men, Acts
rule appears to
in the sentence;
first
10.
i.
num-
]^>t>
]'i
John
of stone,
ii.
6.
So
also
tt
'J
^^
when thou-
as,
<*^
1 v.
/.
Jive thousand,
xiv.
Mark
vi.
44.
21.
the
In Luke
day which
is
i.
eight,
59.
i.
we have
e.
the
iv^
eighth
]^ol
day ;
so
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS.
106
v- ASA
also,
Matth. xx. 3
in three hours,
In
many
in the constructive
the year
lit.
six hours,
e.
i.
numbers are
places cardinal
year,
A^
v*
e.
i.
state
of
one,
]^
as,
Dan.
i.
to
Al_*_S,
21.
the first
]]k>
Ai
i\
}^o
M^j5]o
Heb.
A^
]]SD
*'# hundredth
The noun
p. 100.
after the
ber
the
z'w
lit.
>
and fourth
is
vii.
occasionally expressed
11.
is
constructive state
ten cities,
I'ALiySo
as, in
lit.
Matth.
Bar.
year,
iv.
a decad of
cardinal
noun
its
in the
we have
25.
num7!rnv
cities.
though not
so frequently as in
a thousand
e
Hebrew
of silver, Gen.
(shekels]
.o>m-^ .<^^
as,
word jloZ
understood.
is
55.
The
logical
Syntax of Pronouns.
as, \2\
But when
am, ^LK.
existence
ly
is
this without
him was
life,
Vi\7 ^1*^
we are
disciples.
John
i.
4.
as,
]ooi
is
used,
v
1.
jj")
and
01^ in
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS.
107
peculiarity
is
be met
to
such
pronouns; in
its
cases as,
1
when they
Affixes
the genitive
lit.
Jesus.
jl>o5<nj
x
as,
fame of
no use when
is
KQ -
cnsVi
.;
Jesus,
i.
e.
the
the daughter
oiZf^
of Herodias.
2.
The
refers is
it
of the verb,
affix
after
placed
as,
it;
to which
omina 5^o
ft
m-
sent, cut
and he
e.
as,
him (I speak as
child,
When
Matth.
the
hour,
the preposition
as,
fovno
iii.
1.
i.
4.
e.
}A
VQ
that by faith.
is
observed;
in
the
as,
hour.
\h*
aih>
Sometimes
affix
Matth.
with Christ,
001 goeth
he took the
is
Rom.
e.
particle
he took
annexed to a preposition, a
is
i. e.
^_, ?
i.
lit.
14.
ii.
the affix
Matth.
head,
VXV m\ol
similar construction
it,
sent,
to it;
prefixed
in
off
10.
xiv.
3.
it
t\
i.
and he
.;
to
vi. 8.
Vrn
vn
6.
such instances;
the
belly;
001
as,
SYNTAX OF PBONOUNS.
as,
the
placed between
particle
same
these
2.
sacrifices,
as,
Heb.
By
as,
2.601
]A^1
day was
An
with
By
1.
circum-
little
affix
John
the sabbath,
and
0010
OCTI
"jibol
v.
1.
x.
OCTI
OCTI
that
same
9.
^-,5
is
frequently
employed as a possessive pronoun, J. 28 when the sentence would be rather ambiguously expressed by placing
;
J]
he came
John
they belong
to his
own and
thus,
time,
when the
case
as,
]^\ my
V.;
.V
.;
^VQ
47.
/{
^^
.^i
pronoun
noun to which
in thy eye,
John
#,
his
own received
11.
i.
v.
]Z]
not,
also to
13; 01^,50
v^
ft
.mnV^o
him
vi.
]2.rnVp
as,
is
it
in
iv.
John
affix
my
is
vii.
8.
likewise
words, John
?t
Luke
vi.
42.
34.
refers,
and
is
placed at a consider-
SYNTAX OF VERBS.
its foundations
109
1,
i. e.
the foundations
Such construction
of
\Li} occurs in
the earth.
the version of
principally in
exists
v. 2.
may
perhaps
An
by a noun
of whom
to
Vp.1
the
to
the
from
<_So
Zj-o the
daughwhich
or
noun
of the
state
def.
AiLmj _!>>
An
the
it,
,_io
art thou ?
equivalent
used,
as, _Aj"j
is
as,
interrogative;
13.
xii.
is
indicated
to
whom, OLD
to
cnl^
as,
to
whom ;
irn^
^QJCTL^ to them,
010 ......
in him,
ji
them,
in
...... >
56.
Syntax of
and person
Mary
as,
")2.]
anointed, \
Nouns which
in
whom.
Verbs.
whom, ^ vn~>
in
its
^o_a_,
^^
its
Subject.
subject in gender,
number
Jesus came,
aX^
as,
]ooi
"-
will
HO
SYNTAX OF VERBS.
.
in him
and
was
John
life,
i.
4;
7<i"
.10*
i
|
|5<JIQJ
^i1^"
i
men, same
[oaJoO
^OJL.ZL.1
t>
The former
place.
latter
grammatically termed construct
found
other
are
Several
ad
construct
exceptions
formam.
is
to the foregoing
much
quent, are of
in
rule,
general
fre-
Hebrew.
When
come
several substantives
ing to them
is
put
in the plu.
to
praeterite
Isaiah
light,
"JJOIQJ
ix.
1.
tense
U-r-^
I
f)
Ti
].
}2.ok>
^o
1
ft
<nX
1*
t>
\\]
he cometh not
to
con-
i*
as,
from death
to
life,
John
24.
go thou
A-.OOI
as,
the sentence.
For
is
Jiioi Aj]
Luke
x. 37.
\\
^
This
as a
praeterite
is
employed to
may be
it is
so applied.
SYNTAX OF VERBS.
The
Ill
many
cases
-X
"
i>
although
cw
<pA__K.]
^
iX.
^QJ]
]}
for
employed
these
-io]j
quently
xxiii.
But
9-
19
viii.
perhaps more
is
purposes;
as,
]Lfl
fre-
olL
<K
Use of the
An
intensity to
it,
Infinitive.
connected with
infinitive
or denotes
10.
iv.
what
is
verb
finite
to
I will greatly
as,
..
m] o
die,
Gen.
iii.
4.; ]ocn
;_
""
an
nifying will,
fixed;
as,
mO^
iii.
]1
Ik) hath
1.
>
know
^ *^ W ^
"jooi
-
xiv. 5.
When
adds
the
way ? John
him
to
OTJ^ 001
and he wished
falo
-j
i>
xiv. 5.
to slay
xv. 15.
him, Matth.
SYNTAX OF VERBS.
The
mission;
see also
is
imperative
as,
John
Mark
The
xi. 15.,
OH\CTI
^ol\
&/ wsg-o
thither;
38.
i.
frequently found in
is
o v^.
]i^
#w^
I^CTIO
"jl
thus,
WOM;
a covenant,
i.
Gen. xxxi. 44
now come
wc?
e.
us make a covenant,
let
^>{Jj
xi.
7.
We
]L^
Egypt,
criiiOQ_
this
e.
i.
Q_!_KO O^CLL
do and ye shall
live,
Gen.
do and
this
]?CTI
xlviii.
18.
Participles.
The
of
it
participle
i.
e.
has no time
it
as,
i.
25.
-^
X
->iv> _\
T
.AV^
^2.Aj"f,
t\
Tl
of
thee
thy wife
The
is
holy,
shall bear
as,
Behold
Judges
thee
their
35.
001
Therefore
Luke
iii.
timeless;
its
The
to
is
son,
Gen.
Participles,
xvii. 19.
when they
Praet.
and
SYNTAX OF VERBS.
113
not for the present tense, have placed before them for
the most part,
A
]Ad>
~>
>
Tim.
v.
The
the
^DyaAio
particle
the
or
prefix
to house,
Gen.
xxiii.
Mark
sitting,
as,
12.
i.
10.
In such cases
.^ulj descend-
l^oTi
0770
.
]^5Z
V)v
oA-i5
entering' in
.n\\ "j^ he
14.
ii.
Verbs.
Regimen of
as,
13.
saw Levi
noun
noun
or pronoun
*
tion
as,
John
,Av
1.
iv.
I)-;
^o^o^
|_ok3
may
x.
What
]lk),
3.
Mark
ii.
la_,?ti
has
li-o)?
Moses
that
17.
Verbs which are doubly transitive; such as transitive verbs in those conjugations which are causative,
exercise
nouns
to
this
as,
influence over
]_ocA
KO^J
j
be clothed with a
]vvV
1'AiJ..
ledge, Eccles.
}ooi
xii.
two such
rn - ^^s.
garment offine
nouns or pro-
he commanded him
linen,
Gen.
xli.
42.
SYNTAX OF VERBS.
114
Verbs
It
uncommon
not
is
verb
another
adverb
2 Cor.
viii.
him, Phil.
which
to
15.
ii.
cnis^?
9-
^^
]fco
.ooiiai
^k)Aj *imo2.Aj
parable,
K
ft?
has
put
before
of
office
taken
an
much,
i-i^t-cof
Luke
spake
verb
performs the
it
U>1
to
see
to
^^clj who
Wr>>
as,
will
again feed
->\^
^amoT Again he
11.
They entreated
xix.
that
it
-R
Hebr.
xii.
cnXaj^-*
19-
^-^1
Miscellaneous
The
ordinary
sense
reflexive
]1
instances done
as,
method of expressing a
by a
united to the
<**i
is
*<*}]
Observations.
transitive
affixes.
reciprocal or
But
it
is
also
in
some
ix.
22.
See also
John
viii. 6,
7, 59.
as,
xxi. 8.
wander
to
yiL,
for to be deceived,
signification
irXavaaOat,
Luke
xiii.
30.
^Aj
trees
roots.
SYNTAX OF PREPOSITIONS.
Compound words
115
in
conjunction with
or in
'
Zjiol
i\
i\
>
foreknowing, Acts
^.
Mark
predicted,
23.
xiii.
^oi5
i*
cniOj-a
xx. 4.
AlOpD
*
as,
so with
others.
many
Syntax of Prepositions.
57.
thus,
is
deny, also
*o;
as,
M?/W
XX
A-^0//
of sense
verbs
many
_i5<U5
who
A*
to confess or
construed with
are
cnZoloo ]v^l
deny me,
me
let
]^
^ jdsinjj
not see
*h
?\
death.
The
preposition
is
used with
verbs of enter-
ing or ascending;
]l5Z v ^>
as,
^^i 5?
with
verbs
covered,
of
covering
Matth.
or
xvii. 5.
whoever
1, 2.
commanding;
_r>^ ^e
as,
commanded,
AJ^
as,
with verbs
GW
light
separated ]An
and
yL*3
of separating or
^\
with
verbs
of
"j^oioj
i.
distinguishing;
.
~>
between
the
4.
coming;
as,
]1]
^^
cze,
Mark
i.
7.
of going,
as,
^>j]
*
^^ departed, John
vi. 2.
1 Cor. xiv. 1.
82
SYNTAX OF PARTICLES.
116
The
V\^oA\
prepositions
^1
against,
against,
Hebr.
Acts
The
V\
\\
~.
vii.
as,
\A^
Acts
nouns expresses
there
wc?
and
little
by
23.
Particles.
Syntax of
Rom.
intensity;
as,
14.
&c.
vi. 6.,
58.
iv.
continuation
or
as,
little.
before
them
in the
water,
little
The
constructive state
)Ii5^DQ_I
particle
^_iAr> a
few
placed before
]J
as,
v> VV
*,
t>
signification
adjectives
assigns
part cause
it
which
^>.
]J
foolish.,
^ to be prefixed
far be
be
so
to the next
word
as,
^,0
us!
to
as,
immortal.
)J
Interjections,
and
i>
IZo-iJiD
woe
them
to
\r>
days.
privative
to
prefixed
from him
59-
The
it
is
construed with
the verb
as,
rcnjj
of the person,
in Syriac as in
as in the
Hebrew
ENALLAGE.
Psalms
ELLIPSIS.
117
as,
Scriptures;
o}'
.<-><*vn
"jj^o^
A_i_lL
y^L
^io
^JOT
Rom.
for --:^>"
ov\
^jjio
J-.OJ
I
1. i.e.
Mark
3rd in
for the
IJJD
ii.
David himself
therefore
my Lord, where we
have
^-0
for
60.
xii.
Lord.
his
cn^k)
him
calls
15.
ii.
Ellipsis.
of the
sion
his
substantive
which
it
verb;
<nZoD>
.g>mn
as,
A . Vi
oiSo*o
]' those
who
]l_^
once have
vi.
"jAjiar^KiJO
acquired
Isaiah
i.
(are)
is
3.
^oJ J
and
22.
is
]Aij
Jj]
is
sons.
under-
^2]
]J
APPENDIX.
IT
is
stated in
The
have
heen
is
some-
practice of the
employ a
point, which hy its position ahove or helow the letter to which it is annexed, would determine the true
Syriac
writers
signification
to
appears
of a
to
It
is
pro-
some degree the kind of vowel intended to be supplied, and thus served as a guide in the pronunciation.
The
pally
De
from
Grammars
the
of
Amira,
Hoffman and
sign.
1^1
ljj|
\rA
],-.}
(\l-\
IM
2. |
who?
hand.
coming.
:
|Z.|
he came.
U1
O
O
{1
on
U^,O
U1
1
i
a sign.
*"
o
O
n*")
{A HO
wretched.
evil.
mourning.
APPENDIX.
001
on
001
001
he.
she.
masc.
1r"
/,
fern.
Ae became white.
white.
Oil
oil
to her.
Oil
Oil
to him.
,-So
^JaD
who?
from.
work,
servant.
working.
(JQA
unjust.
JJQA
iniquity.
]]ck
t/aw<.
year,
.sleep.
APPENDIX.
120
that this
appears from the foregoing examples
that when it
point performed the office of vowels ;
was placed above the letter, it denoted for the most
It
part
denoted
letter, it
",
v,
or
*.
This
p,
used
sing. fern,
has
this
praeterite,
The
sing.
it
the
denoted
1.
the
it
letter,
distinguish
When
neath the
to
the
third
first
of
person
The
2.
point
and
infinitive
whenever any
found.
is
3.
imperative
All
persons of
the
the
future,
of each
first
When
it
is
above
placed
letter
in
verbs
it
denotes
1.
The
first
2.
The
active
o w*
requires
it
as
in
^H^;
to
be
Peal conjugation
unless one
placed
of the
below;
as,
i>CL_niO Or
I
3.
The
of
^40
The
first
following
will
121
APPENDIX.
Prceterite.
Fern.
Masc.
2nd
lst
3r
P ers p u
1st
.........
Imperative.
sing.
plu.
Future.
Fern.
Masc.
2nd .........
1st
.........
3rd
..... plu.
2nd .........
Participles.
act.
pass.
APPENDIX.
122
is
The
distinction
is
letter of the
produced only by
letter,
same
its situation
The Names of
We
give here
the
the Months.
__;_
November,
t>
December,
January,
February,
7
\'
3>f
March,
April,
j]
May,
vO;_.V--
June,
August,
September.
APPENDIX.
The Estrangelo
The Estrangelo
They are found in
cipally ornamental,
The
123
Characters.
characters
are
MSS.,
for Titles of
are prin-
flD
Books.
124
JOHN'S GOSPEL,
ST.
CHAPTER
II.
Zooi
uo .
O 2
OO1
iQ_^C
(OOl
.ZoOl
-
Cu_*_Q
Uo m
..
^iQ__i5
r-lQ
^
OliDjO
iij
^ N^T
i.
T
-
^Vft
>V
.^
.<
s
V V). m?
;Jx
.]AiZ
001
"
IOOT
po
^01^
|Jo
.OaAjlo
fovr><r>
.A
>
vi,j
A\k\
iio]
.^OCTll.
];^>->
i
y
OOCTIJ
P..
^QJOI
v>
0001
10
3l?
t^o
OA^io
|4
I^QjL
*ool
;\n
ol
ST.
171
oo_
X
-X
vx?o]o
]1
V ..?
v^
OO01
.7
.*<
^Q._.^C'O
L-i
-X
^00~lj ^
-O
Ti
Vn/r>
_-i 3C-l^
|5O^L
"
07
\o
11
i>
vv
rn
125
ii.
. .
t^>
^^
1m \
"
><nn |
..
v_OlQ_K JO
UlLo (c
'
Vn\/n
-l
(OOl
s^-Lj
CO
14
os>*^j>|O
J.o
ViQ
CLIO
15
,_{O
o\on
Vrn
Tk
."J2.3Q-.U
^s
^^,
>
oi^inN
^^o]?
7
:
m]
17
1>
P7
-P
*CuAu>
77
V>?
16
^Qjcrvlo
auo.ns^
1<
7
-
pal
.jioi
Ti
.]jQ- o
llaysViNo
._i^AJj
]Jo
1>
7l77-
.mn_ .^n\7
o^5Z]o 17
71*7
is
19
i>
;>o
nV>
]j]
-tlDo..
"jA^A^o
no
:|j<n
jliuai
20
o5oAco
126
AJ]
ST.
So. o^n
..
.Vnn
]A^AX
AjJQ
|1^ iO1
JjCTl
i
f
22
UiL.cn ^LL
.aii-fr-aj
yyy
^]
]ocn
^_,j
-x
"A
v>
riiX
-X
-?
oai 21
n i V^ IOTP
.]OOT
"jocn
GOT 24
OCTIJ
JOTJCDJ
23
^aioAj]
\L^lD
<TM
^OCTvL
p<>
w^j]
^kljOllD
-^
^<y>
^.
Jo
oai
V\n
lp
>
1>
p-xpyp
]o<n
locn
"JOOI
"
25
..
.o^j^
i\o\
oai
^L
CTL!
ANALYSIS.
1.
]vv
^ool,
is
definite
form of the
noun
masc.
19.
of
"jASZj
5
Vau
conjunction
^1
And
\n
>
prefixed,
three,
i.
e.
sometimes used
are
numbers with
cardinal
third,
for ordinals,
54;
$.
]6<n
of the
subs, verb
tense.
praet.
")7oAvn feast, a
the verb "jA^, see
fern,
noun
from
15.
ftAo in Cana,
]i
fern,
of
composed
and ]L^o
in,
a proper name.
"jAi~
^vn
i
under the
Nun
derived from
is
\ ,Q of
cnlolo
noun
def.
state,
7o
Galilee,
and
fern,
$.
and
]1
..
f.
55.
def. state,
line
It is
8.
a proper name.
"jio")
fern.
"*
fl
noun
the
he judged.
]1
city,
and the
suffix 01
which
is
pleonastic,
ANALYSIS.
128
an adverb.
there,
Zoi was,
subs, verb,
*2)}o
ooi
lie,
word
fern.,
with the
it is
J.
8.
as reciprocal,
un-
JOSMS
55. p. 108.
\.
jw
from
Saviour,
Hiphil
jpafirr
he saved.
.
.
.
Vn\7
disciple,
noun.
a masc.
form
Def.
is
The
Vn\ he learned.
sign
numb.
_cno
is
^^Z] was
Ethpeel
conj.
o-iS to
it,
lowing word,
3.
from ]^D.
which
J.
shows that
is
fol-
55.
jjiujo
"Jon
invited,
<J.
38.
it assists
in
The
line
Peal conj. of
under the
forming a tense,
01 of ]6oi
8.
1JV>
>
wine,
def.
state masc.,
Arab.
/*4^
it
fer-
&]
fern.
mented.
o
and she
the Olaph
is
ANALYSIS.
redundant in
to kirn,
129
this place.
'
L^ A
>
^\
i.
e.
compounded of
4.
jioj
act.
rtzV/j,
and
not,
J]
is.
A^l
part.
have
-
I to
V and
.\
do with thee?
-
^V
W$
annexed
<).
to
is
$.
26.
and second
noun,
fern,
what
i.e.
an interrog. pronoun,
]sb
a man, the
into L, see
to thee ?
]ZAyf woman,
from
me and
]<D tt^al to
def.
changed
Heb.
form.
in
nttfK
4.
?
an adverb,
V\
n_ v yet,
compounded of
,A
and
or
221 has come, third pers. sing. fern. Peal conj. of the
verb
jZl
this is a
my
wjAi^
hour,
noun, abs.
$.
state
49.
1^
const.
state
Ai^
which with
sing,
5.
becomes _>AiJ,
oiSol
]jlo]
30.
see ver. 3.
first
pers.
ANALYSIS.
I^-vn'l
the servants.
to
and
noun,
def. state,
conj.
of the verb
is
}*
IQ^Ivn
iOyk)
masc.
-<^
he served; the
whatsoever he saith.
over ^o
is
numb.
iioj>
is
any thing
^0,10
which; or whatsoever.
to
annexed
to
Av
second
the
the
Etsotso,
.
second
pers.
plu.
numb.
^.
do,
verb
affix
you, pron.
plu.
pers.
regular
masc.
Revotso in
word
this
of the
imper.
is
sec.
an
rad. is
anomaly,
36.
6.
Jiocn
there were.
A_.1
,_,)
"jooi
is
A.,)
pleonastic,
and
is
there, adverb.
water pots,
,
Heb.
of
def.
].
stone, this is
six, a card.
numb.
fern.
22.
gen.
ANALYSIS.
"
Oi"
fern.
part.
pass.
131
gen. plu.
>
rel.
vn
pron.
from the
state,
verb
to
IDJ
noun
fern,
l^ujDjZ.
be pure.
]^JOOT_.?
x.
of
the Jews,
which contain,
.^wj? containing, or
act.
Peal conj.
part.
numb.
is
two.
form
v^
verb rL]
rel.
pron.
fern.
l^}'
gen. plu.
^jjZ
,__,j2.
of the
is,
noun
masc.
firkins,
numb.
def.
is
or,
o)
7
]AX2. three,
numb.
a card.
oVvn
7.
Jill,
he
filled.
"
i]
Q^D,
see
56.
T>
"^r
It is
]jLA]
of
in.
in
92
ANALYSIS.
composed of the
until,
lie
of the verb
New
V\
Root
numb.
\iSi
Test.
and
otL]o
of ]L]
and
ascended.
OLO^I draw
8.
,_L
prefixed.
an adverb with
to the top,
Heb. rby
particles
this verb is
^
;
it
is
jso
and
V\
numb, imper.
..V to the
masc. noun
compounded of
49.
.*
to recline,
a^lo and
Peal conj.
praet.
they brought,
tense.
third
pers.
plu.
numb.
See above.
i
9.
fio
^OL^ he
of o and,
prset.
as.
sing. Peal
^CLJOI
and
they, referring to
is
conj.;
.
36.
}.;<<>.
133
ANALYSIS.
"jooi
was knowing,
*fl
i. e.
vi^_,
to assist in
a preposition.
^16 from,
7
an adverb.
whence,
It
is
used
and
with
without an interrogation.
he called, third
)-jD
conj.
See
ver. 2.
l^
to the
numb,
sing.
pers.
prcet.
noun
bridegroom, masc.
def.
Peal
state,
Heb. tnn.
'
10.
is
V*5
every man.
i]
disappears;
state of
rst,
s s
i.
son of man,
or
man;
the def.
is
i"
as,
the same as
an
adj.
irpioTov,
an adverb.
abs. state
or
hringeth,
the
act.
part.
\L]
Aph.
conj.
sing.
-n
deviates from
changing
the
class
whose
Yud.
first
rad.
is
Olaph
in
ANALYSIS.
134
5
when, after
]ib
that,
by the
]io followed
rel.
OjO?! they
had drunk
numb,
pers. plu.
the Olaph
is
of the verb
prast.
conj. third
Aph.
sufficiently,
")o5
the vowel of
40.
then, an adverb.
an
i^^p worse,
vjor_,2.}^j
sing.
rel.
adj.
pron.,
masc.
it,
$.
26.
gen.;
is
suffix
_cnl
J.
re-
is
55.
^01
11.
^01 a
}L]
this is;
IXTI
"jjcn
demons, pron.
fern.
sign,
or miracle,
a noun fern.
gen. def.
gen.
{.
25.
state,
Heb. niN.
,
ij
an ordinal number
which he
did-,
fern,
gender.
praet.
^jolo
conj.
third
pers.
sing, praet.
or
manifested,
tense of vx^
the
Aph.
Yud
is
ANALYSIS.
135
the vowel
40.;
is
remitted to
>
his glory.
....no
is
^.
19
the root
def. state
is
oikuoio
phi.
numb,
Aph.
praet.
conj.
It
is
third pers.
irregular in
aid
in him,
a prep,
or ^>
en
It
affix
third pers.
sing.
masc.
5^>
12.
^X
]jai
\e
after, a preposition.
a dem. pron.
is
numb.
i.c*^
^aioJjlo
to
wc?
jj.
the sing,
36.
brethren,
is
]^1
plu.
"
?
;
praet.
numb.
gen. sing.
s^>n K.
fern.
plu.
abs.
state.
tf :
def.
state
ANALYSIS.
V\
\n
the
connected \vith
few, adverb
following
noun,
58.
7
noun
]ZiDQ_. days,
we have
and
L.;-OO
numb.
plu.
near,
def.
ter-
state fern,
an
adj.
masc.
def.
gen.
state |Aj(_o
*o^.
he rejoiced.
and derives
it
says
Pref. to his
New
of Syriasms in the
he ascended.
j.
Wo^a, found
Amira
list
Testament.
Revotso under the second
rad.,
36."
O^L]O and
14.
Olaph
v
prosthetic,
nj> that
were
}'ioL
i
put for Z,
and
this
sheep.
J.
4,
One
Greek
TOV/DOV,
}5o2.
Heb.
Lat. taurus.
f.
7.
ANALYSIS.
137
and
]igi v vVrXr>
the
^> is con-
i\
o^A1
structed with
the root
is *zil
whence jlaJoL
money.
.
to
QA'
sitting";
the Dolath
b$ taken as such,
15.
56.
$.
whip, Greek
llitrS
noun
cord, inasc.
def.
state,
lish cable.
and
and
all
of them compounded of
third pers.
dropped
p
to
sing,
for
praet.
e.
i.
of the verb
oAj.
.
The Nun
41.
temple, masc.
]ls_,ai
,_]o
X,
^001.
is
o,
and he poured
Vau,
J.
noun
def. state.
out.
The vowel
* is
remitted
40.
^OCTU^JOL
^Aeir
money,
i.
e.
the
money
of
the
changers.
<oouJoAio
by metathesis
wc?
#Ar
TjoaTre^a.
overturned.
tables.
ANALYSIS.
138
16.
'"i
Vn ;
no
^L\
hence,
i.
e.
rnA.
o\
Peal
conj.
,_Lo
imper.
from, ]s here.
#/ w#&
not
by the
generally expressed
it;
B.
tense.
fut.
prohibition
The
suffix
is
01
55.
pleonastic,
Pael
]]o
is
plu.
masc.
part.
take,
>So
act.
setting,
the house
of him ;
"(A\
is
a masc.
noun
->
derived from
The
night.
Zos
suffix
the genitive,
or ArS
01
is
before Dolath
pleonastic
55.
$.
merchandise, a
17.
the
#df
ojisZIo
noun, from
fern,
remembered,
they
which
is
written
Root
o^o
state,
from
being before
^
>
Heb.
~DT
Ae wrote.
o/" it;
T
Ethpeel
3C
conj.
4.
?,
;_..]
the
conj.
of
/o
]i
of the gen.,
55.
is
pleonastic,
ANALYSIS.
*\rf hath
eaten me,
139
*
vowel
the
belonging to
18.
prat.; Heb.
)JJL
ruy.
,Jl to MS.
is
composed of
root *^o_^.
and r ?
first
pers.
plu. affix.
19-
plu.
act.
i>o_k_a!o }j]
Jj|
part.
Aphel
raise
will
of the verb
conj.
^CL^C^D
up;
is
V*>
the
56.
..
20.
the
* *
* AJIO
and
six years
Acts
xxiv. 17.
-
^?] was
built,
21.
"|ocn
i&>}
Ethpeel
conj.
third
pers.
sing.
was speaking,
or
spake;
]oai
has
oi;_,,L_2>5
of
Iris
body
AD")
the
8.
$.
mark
it
"|La
masc. noun
ANALYSIS.
140
Chaldee
*riJ3;
adj.
and
]A'.'vn
numb.
def. of A >^n
]XTI?
pron.
is
understood
the noun
]6<7i
in
i&] he
had spoken
]bcn in
this place
jio)
assists
$.
38.
AD"])
23.
with
to L*]
its affixes,
'
def.
is
state, root
visited,
1] ?
tr>
yt
7/e
o]>jj
numb,
def.,
$.
34.
Arab.
multiplied.
^ew
cation of when.
24.
formed,
viojul
/^^y
/iJ
wg;
^_*>
ocn
But Jexus
himself, sec
signifiletter.
$.
55.
141
ANALYSIS.
m
to
<?M
them;
^ooi\ ]ooi
"jocn
joined to
is
the part.,
^D] Aph.
^k>
trusted
]J
^vn.rn<sn
f.
himself
conj.
]-
<^\
gives
56, p. 114.
because.
?iot
its
usual accom-
panying
]ooi
25.
letter
Vau,
$.
")cxn
-ri
JOLOU should
$.
are
vx^_,
im
-<^i
conj. of the verb
sions
2.
^
m
testify.
frequently
needecl,
imperf.
tense,
Peal
expressed
is
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of the
to the
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TICE
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16
SACRED
a collection of
of the GREAT MASTERS, BRITISH
$fUttStrel6;
MUSIC
EDITIONS.
WORKS
psalter;
in Metre, with
^jsalms of
or,
APPROPRIATE TUNES.
JOHN HULLAH.
Dairiti,
Edited by
This Work is preparing for publication on the same plan as the Editor's Part
Music. It will appear in separate Parts, for the different Voices, as well as in Score ;
besides which, there will be a Folio Edition, with a compressed
Accompaniment for
the Organ or Piano-Forte.
Of the separate Voice Parts and the Score, Cheap Editions will be issued, in
order that a UNIFORM VERSION of the
Psalter, with Music, may be brought within the
reach of even the humblest classes of society.
JOHN HULLAH.
jHUStC, edited by
CLASS B.,
CHILDREN.
CLASS C.,
MUSIC
in
SCORE
for
the
VOICES
of
WOMEN
and
Price 8d.
MUSIC IN SCORE
new Number
VOICES
for the
and C.,
is
of
MEN.
Price 8d.
FOUR
bound and
lettered.
FOUR
Schools,
numerous
and Amateur
(though equally well adapted for the use of Famiis published with a
particular view to the
Societies,)
JOHN W. PARKER,
PUBLISHER,
WEST STRAND.
University of California
FACILITY
Return this material to the library
from which it was borrowed.
QL
jf
KEC-D
fiL
JAN 1719W5
OCT
1158011659793