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Cargo

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Packed/General Cargo
a.
break bulk,
b.
neo bulk
c.
unitized cargo.
Break Bulk is typically when goods is
packed in boxes, bags, barrels, crates,
drums & on pallets.
Ship type used: bulk carriers.
Neo Bulk is typically lumber, paper,
steel, cars & trucks.
Ship type used: bulk carriers but also
specialized ro-ro.

Unitized Cargo is typically cargo that is

packed in containers. Ship type used:
container.
Unpacked/Bulk Cargo
a. Liquid/Wet Bulk - is typically
petroleum, gasoline, LNG
(Liquefied Natural Gas), liquid chemicals
Ships used for liquid bulk are tankers.
b. Dry Bulk - is typically coal, grain, iron
ore
Ship type used: bulk carrier.

Cargo stowage
A. shoring, blocking off,
B. seizing, lashing,
C. upright
1. side ceiling, side sparring, cargo
battens, grating (not shown),
2. umber boards,
3. floor ceiling,
4. hatch coaming,
5. hatchway,
6. upper tweendeck,
7. lower tweendeck.
8. lower hold (LH), hold, hatch,
6+7+8= hatch
h = deckhead, headroom,
h = head under beams

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Twenty-foot equivalent unit
(TEU) - standard unit for
describing a ship's cargo carrying
capacity or a shipping terminal
cargo handling capacity .
A standard forty-foot (40 x 8 x 8
feet) container equals two TEUs
(each 20 x 8 x 8 feet).

Triple-E mega ships will be based on the

three main purposes for their creation:
Economy of scale, Energy efficiency &
Environmentally improved (2013-2015,
Korea's DSME shipyard ).

Bale capacity is the cubic

capacity of a space when the
breadth is taken from the inside of
the cargo battens, the depth from
the wood ceiling to the underside
of the deck beams, and the length
from the inside of the bulkhead
stiffeners or sparring where fitted.
Grain capacity is the cubic
capacity of a space when the
lengths, breadths and depths are
taken right to the plating.

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Stowage factor is the ratio of weight to stowage space required under
normal conditions.
It indicates how many cubic meters one metric ton of a particular type of cargo
occupies in a hold, taking account of unavoidable stowage losses in the means
of transport or the CTU (Cargo Transport Unit).
Usually expressed as cubic meters per tonnes (m/tonne) or cubic feet per ton
(cu.ft.ton).
Broken stowage is the space between packages which remain unfilled.
The percentage that has to be allowed varies with the type of cargo and with
the shape of the hold. It is greatest when large cases have to be stowed in an
end hold.
Deadweight cargo is cargo on which freight is usually charged on its weight.
Cargo stowing less than 1.2 m/tonne (40 cu.ft./ton) is likely to be rated as
deadweight cargo.

Measurement cargo is cargo on which freight is usually charged on the

volume occupied by the cargo.

Angle of repose
When bulk cargo is loaded by
pouring on to a fiat surface, it
forms an angle between the
cone slope of the cargo and a
horizontal plane.

Low angles of repose indicate

that the bulk cargo is prone to
shifting at sea.
The IMO Code of Safe Practices
for Bulk Cargoes (the Bulk
Code) distinguishes between
cargoes having angles of repose
less than % greater than 35
degrees.

Angle
of
repose

Before loading cargo the following preparations

should be made:
Holds and tween decks thoroughly swept down.
All dunnage removed from cargo spaces or stowed at one end and covered.
Bilges should be cleaned and sweetened, bilge suctions tested.
Cement chocks at the top of the bilge and tween decks should be examined
and found or placed in good condition.
Limber boards should be covered with separation clothes so as to prevent the
bulk getting into the bilges.

All hatch beams should be in position. The condition of hatch boards should
be checked.
Shifting boards should be rigged where required.
Fire extinguishers tested.

Ships cargo operation gear

Ship's gantry cranes
very flexible from the operation point of view
very easily travel from the forward to after part of a ship, on the
laid down track ways.
Some general parts of a gantry crane :
gantry arms
gantry legs
gantry sprocket teeth head (a device like a wheel with one or
more rows of tooth-like parts sticking out which keeps a chain
moving)
wheels
spreaders
traversing trolley
hoisting and lowering head
hatch cover lifting base
hydraulic ramps
curtains

The main purpose of dual cranes is to achieve

the highest out turn rates in the minimum time.
These two sets of the cranes can work simultaneously
but on the two different cargo holds depending upon
the size criteria of the crane and cargo holds.
Best outturn is achieved when both the cranes are
working well apart with ample clearance between them.

Ship with two gantry cranes

The gantry crane tracks i.e. the platform on which the gantry crane
runs.
These include the sprocket teeth head tracks and the track way for
the wheels of the gantry.

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Radial head cranes

easy to operate because

fixed in one place and only their
head moves all round for the
cargo operation on the cargo
holds.

ship with radial head crane

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Span or topping lift

Derrick head

Guy pendant
Guy
Heel
Runner

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Port cargo handling equipment

high efficiency with minimal impact on the environment through advanced
technology
ship unloaders and loaders are based on a unique
screw conveyor technology, in combination with belt
conveyors & can handle virtually any dry bulk cargo.
enclosed conveying line for environment-friendly
operation.
supplied in rail-mounted, port mobile, road mobile,
stationary, & ship-based versions.

Rail yard and port cargo handling equipment

e.g.
a new generation of 'eco-friendly' efficient pure car
truck carrier (PCTCs )are entering service;
they feature MacGregor RoRo access outfits & are the
world's first car carriers to have all of their RoRo
equipment electrically-driven.
The 4,000-unit pure car truck carrier (PCTC),
Iris Ace, is owned and operated by Japanese
company, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines Ltd (MOL) and
features an electrically-driven MacGregor
stern quarter ramp/door, side ramps and two
movable ramps from Cargotec.

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Bulk cargo handling equipment

dry bulk cargoes - handling facilities may be in the
form of:
power-propelled conveyor belts, usually fed at the
landward end by a hopper (a very large container
on legs) or
grabs, which may be magnetic for handling ores,
fixed to a high capacity travelling crane or
travelling gantries.

Timber
grab

Hopper

These gantries move not only parallel to the quay,

but also run back for considerable distances, and
cover a large stacking area.
These two types of equipment are suitable for
handling coal and ores.

In the case of bulk sugar or when the grab is also

used, the sugar would be discharged into a hopper
feeding by gravity a railway wagon or road vehicle
below.

Gantry crane

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Elevators (US) or silos are

normally associated with grain.

Cargo ship being loaded with grain via

conveyor belt near silo

They may be operated by

pneumatic suction which sucks the
grain out of the ship's hold.

Grain from silos being loaded onto

cargo ship on conveyor belt with
freight train in foreground

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General cargo handling equipment

Board sling rope passes through holes in the 4 corners
of wooden board which is a platform for lifting goods.

8-sided net :
8 lifting points
help contain
cargo better
than a square
net.

Nets have an eye at each end of corners for lifting

with a hook. For cargo not easily susceptible for
damage.

Rope sling ends of a rope are joined together to

form a loop. It is slung around cargo in bags/bales.

Chain sling put around logs or steel products such

as beams to be lifted by crane. A ring and a hook at
ends.
Car sling made of
rope or wire, has a
spreader from which
two slings are, in turn,
suspended.

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Hooks - curved piece of steel fixed at

the end of the rope of a crane/derrick
to which the ropes & slings are placed
around goods are attached.
Tray

Boxes - handling of small items.