PCMS, MIS

G.S.Gupta

Unit IV

Languages in computer
1.

2.

3.

4.

Machine Language
It is basic level programming language which uses binary code to wirte the
program instruction. It involves difficult task to write the program in the
group of binary digits such as 0s or 1s. Programmer should be very
familiar about the specific type of cpu and the internal processing of the
computer. So it is a error prone task,
Assesmbly language
It is the next level programming language. It was developed to reduce
the difficulties in the machine language programming. It require the
language translator program called assembler that allows the computer to
convert the instruction into the machine language. It is also called
symbolic language because it uses the symbols to represent the operation
code and storage location. Such as x=y+z.
High level language (third generation language)
It uses the instruction which is called statements or airthematic
expression. Individual HLL instruction are also called macroinstruction. It
requires a special program which can convert the statements in to the
equivalent machine language instruction called translator or interpreter or
compiler. It uses the phrases or mathematical expression to express the
problem. It is easier to learn.
These are usullay less efficient than the machine language and require a
greater amount of computer time for translation into machine instructions.
Eg. BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN etc.
Very High level language. (Fourth Generation Language)
These are designed to generate program code with the fewer instruction
than the conventional language such as COBOL, FORTRAN etc. program
and instruction in these language can be developed with the shorter
period of time. Simple feature of this programming language can be
employed with the end user. However these languages are desined
primarily as productivity tools for the professional programmers. eg. AP2,
NOMAD2 etc.

Software
It is the set of sequence of instruction required to complete a task successfully. It is
written in any of the computer language such as assembly, high level etc. it control
the operation of computer. Without software computer hardware can not perform
the operation. The functions of software are
1.
Manage the computer resources of the org.
2.
Provide tool for the user to take advantage of resources
3.
Act as interface between organization and stored information.
There are major two types of software
1.
System Software
2.
Application software
System s/w or operating system
It is a set of generalized program that manage the resources of the computer
such as the cpu, storage devices etc. It acts as an interface between the user and
physical computer hardware. The programmer who write the system program are

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called system programmer. There are many kinds of system software such as
operating system, utility s/w etc.
Function of operating system
O.S. performs three functions
1.
It allocates and assigns system resources.
It allocates the resources to the application in the execution queue. It
provides location in primary memory for data and program and controls the input
output devices.
2.
It schedules the use of computer resources and computer jobs.
It decides when to schedules the job that have been submitted and when to
coordinate the schedule in various area of the computer so that all the jobs can do
the work at the same time.
3.
It monitors the computer system activities.
It keeps track of jobs, who is using the system, what program have to run,
and check any unauthorization access of the system .

User interface

Processor
mgmt.

Memory mgmt.

I/O Device
mgmt.

File or inf.
mgmt.

Operating System
There are several types of O.S. are available.
a.
multitasking
In this type many program can run at the same time. They share the systems
resources at any time through the concurrent use of CPU It mean only one program
can run in the CPU while other are using the input output devices on requirement.
Operating System

Program 1
Program 2
Program 3

b.

Multiprogramming
It refers to the multiprogramming on a single user system. One user can run
two or more program concurrently on a single computer. Eg. A person can write a
letter in ms- word while listening the songs in jet audio.
c.
Time sharing
It allows many user may share the computer resources simultaneously. It
differs from the multiprogramming such that the CPU spends a fixed amount of time
on one program before taking another . In this O.S. many user assign the cpu time
(2 milliseconds) . The user is free to execute its job in this 2 sec, after 2 sec cpu
will assign to the another user.
d.
Multiprocessing

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It links together two or more CPUs to work in parallel in a single computer

system . The O.S. assign multiple cpu to execute different instruction from the same
program or from different program simultaneously , dividing the work between cpu.
i.e. it uses the simultaneous processing with the multiple CPU.
Virtual Storage
It handles programs more efficiently because the computer divides the whole
program into small portions (these portions are called pages), storing only a small
portion in to the primary memory at one time and the other portions are resides in
the secondary memory. So this portion of the secondary memory is used as the
extension of RAM. When the execution of one portion is completed then it goes to
the secondary memory and other portion goes to the primary memory for the
further execution.
It has several advantages.
1.
the central processor is maximum utilized. More program can be in
main memory because only one page of each program is resides there.
2.
Programmer dont have to worry about the size of the main memory.
So they can write the program of infinite length which can run on any
computer of having any size of main memory.
Application s/w
It is the s/w which is used to complete the user requirement or a piece of work
successfully. It is written in any of the programming language. Many languages are
available to write the application program such as C, C++, BASIC, COBOL, VISUAL
BASIC etc.
there are so many application s/w packages which is marketed
commercially. These packages are available for the major business application on
mainframe, minicomputers etc. They contain customization feature so that they can
be tailored somewhat to an organization requirement.
Some of the most popular application package which developed for the
microcomputer espically word processing, spredsheet, graphics, data managemet
etc.
a.

Word processing
It stored text data in the computer file rather than the paper. It allows the
user to change in the text electronically in the memory. It eliminates the need to
retype an entire page in order to the correction. It has the formatting option to make
changes inline spacing , margins, character size, and column width etc.
Its examples are ms-word, word perfect etc.
b.
Spreadsheet
It provides the computerized version of traditional financial modellling tools
such as the accountants columnar pad, pencil , and calculator. It is organized in to
the grid of columns and rows. Its power is the one when one changes a value then
all the value related with it is automatically changes. Many spreadsheet package
include graphics function that can present data in the line graphs, bar graphs etc
The most popular spreadsheet packages are LOTUS 1-2-3, MS EXCEL etc.

c.

DBMS(Database Management System)

A database-management system (DBMS) consists of a collection of

interrelated data and a set of programs to access those data. The collection of data,
usually referred to as the database, contains information about one particular
enterprise. The Primary goal of a DBMS is to provide an environment that is both
convenient and efficient to use in retrieving and storing database information.
A database is a collection of data organized in a manner, which allows retrieval and
use of that data, by anyone needing it. A database is organized and designed to

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allow a large number of users to draw information from it for many different
purposes in many different formats.
Database systems are designed to manage large bodies of information.
The management of data involves both the definition of structures fro the storage of
information and the provision of mechanisms for the manipulation of information. In
addition, the database system must provide for the safety of the information stored,
despite system crashes or attempts at unauthorized access. If data are to be shared
among several users, the system must avoid possible anomalous results. The
importance of information in most organizations - which determines the value of the
database - has led to the development of a large body of concepts and techniques
for the efficient management of data.

It contains several different types of database objects:

Saved queries for organizing data,
Forms for interacting with the data on screen,
Reports for printing results,

d.
Oops( Object Oriented Programming)
The fundamental idea of oops is to combine the data and function both in to an unit.
This unit is called class. The idea of combine the data and function both in to a unit is
called encapsulation. Because of data and function both are in the class so it can not
be accessed from outside. So the data and function is totally secured and hidden.
Many object can be created for the same class and each has its own data and
function. They will automatically created at run time and after completion of
execution they will automatically destroyed.
It is based on the concept of the class and inheritance. Program is not written
separately for each object but for every classes.
Inheritance
It means to assign the heredity of one class to another class. So the property
(data and function ) of the parent class is automatically transferred to its child and
there is no need to create it. We can add more function in to the new child. So
without creating the function the child class can use the function of parent class this
feature is called reuse .
Utility Software
These are the prewritten programs that are stored so that they can be shared by all
the users of a computer system and can be rapidly used in many different
information system application where requested. It is used for the routine, repetitive
tasks, such as copying, clearing primary storage, or sorting. When we worked with
the computer and perform such function as setting us new files, deleting old files or
formatting disks we used such type of utility software.
Some example of utility software are Disk manager, Partition magic etc.
Language translation
When we want to execute the program in to the computer which written in any
language such as c, c++ etc., then we have to convert that program into the
machine language ie one or zeros (binary code). For this purpose some software are
required, these software are called compiler or interpreter.
Compiler or interpreter
It is the software or program which convert user written program in to the machine
language. There is only one difference b/w the compiler and interpreter is that

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interpreter takes one line at a time and convert it into the machine language while
compiler takes whole program and convert it into the machine language if there is no
error if there is error then it display the line number which contain the errors. So the
interpreter is slower than the compiler.
Source Code
The program written in any HLL is called source code.
Object Code
The program in the machine language or binary code, called object code.
Executable code
Before the execution the object code modules are joined together with the other
object code modules in a process called linking or linkage editor.
Investment criteria of H/w and S/w
There are several investment criteria for the h/w and s/w. The most important are :
1.
Appropriateness
Some language is general purpose while some can be used to do
particular task. Some gives the good graphics but have the poor quality of
the processing of transactions. So the language selection involves the
identifying the use and users.
2.
Sophistication
HLL should have the sophisticated control structure and data structures.
They provide the shape of outcome of program by providing clear, logical
program which is easy to read and learn. So the language should be
selected that support many different data structure.
3.
organization consideration
In order to make it effective a language must be easily learned by the
firms staff , easy to maintain and flexible.
4.
Support
The s/w should support the many consulting firms and services and less
expensive. It should provide the facility of editing , debugging and
development aids. It should be reusable. Only a portion of s/w written is
unique , novel, and specific to individual application.
5.
Efficiency
It is the one with which the language compiles or interprets and executes
remains a considerations when purchasing s/w. Language with slow
compiler (BASIC) can be expensive to operate and maintain. In general
the 4th GL are very slow and expensive in terms of machine times. These
languages are usually inappropriate for high speed transaction system
which must handle thousands per second.

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