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FROM: http://www.britannica.com/topic/Alfonsine-Tables
FROM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonsine_tables
Production
Alfonso X assembled a team of scholars, known as the
Toledo School of Translators, who among other translating tasks, were
commanded to produce new tables that updated the Tables of Toledo. The new
tables were based on earlier astronomical works and observations by Islamic
astronomers, adding observations by astronomers Alfonso had gathered in
Toledo, among them several Jewish scholars, like Yehuda ben Moshe and Isaac ibn
Sid.[1] He also brought Aben Raghel y Alquibicio and Aben Musio y Mohamat,
from Seville, Joseph Aben Al and Jacobo Abenvena, from Crdoba, and fifty more
from Gascony and Paris.[2]
The instructions for the Alfonsine tables were originally
written in Castilian Spanish. The first printed edition of the Alfonsine tables
appeared in 1483, and a second edition in 1491.[3]
Georg Purbach used the Alfonsine tables for his book,
Theoricae novae planetarum (New Theory of the Planets). Nicolaus Copernicus
used the second edition in his work. One use of these and similar astronomical
tables was to calculate ephemerides, which were in turn used by astrologers to
cast horoscopes.
Methodology
The methods of Claudius Ptolemy were used to
compute the table, dividing the year into 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, 16
secondsvery close to the currently accepted figure. Copernicus's observation
that his system could explain the planetary motions with no more than 34
circles has been taken to imply that a large number of additional epicycles had
been subsequently introduced into the Ptolemaic system in an attempt to make
it conform with observation.[5] (There is a famous (but probably apocryphal)[6]
ARABIAN ASTRONOMY
Following Ptolemy, Greek astronomy rapidly declined and
ended with the Arabian conquest of Alexandria in AD 641. Although the
magnificent library and museum were destroyed, the Arabs encouraged learning
and for the next 800 years developed an important astronomical tradition of their
own. Observatories were established at a number of cities including Damascus,
Cairo, Baghdad, and Meragha. One of the greatest stimuli to Arabian astronomy
was the need to calculate and maintain the Islamic calendar, which demanded
new mathematical methods and more precise timekeeping.
Al-Farghani (?c.861)
Albategnius (Al-Battani, Muhammad ibn Jabir) (c.850929)
Al-Sufi Abd al-Rahman (903986)
Abu'l-Wafa, Mohammed Al-Buzjani (940998)
Al-Quhi, Abu Sahl Wayjan ibn Rustam (c.940c.1000)
Alhazen Abu Ali al Hassan ibn al Haitham) (c.965c.1040)
Arzachel (Al-Zarqali, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Yahya) (10281087)
Khayyam, Omar (10481122)
Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-nasi (c.1065c.1136)
Alpetragius (?c.1204)
BAYER CONSTELLATIONS
Andromeda
details
Bootes
details
Carina Navis
details
Aquila
details
Cancer
details
Cassiopeia
details
Ara
details
Auriga
details
Canis Major
details
Canis Minor
details
Centaurus
details
Cepheus
details
Corona Meridionalis
details
Corvus
details
Delphinus
details
Equuleus
details
Hydra
details
Leo
details
Ophiuchus (Serpentarius)
details
Pavo
details
Piscis Notius
details
Sagitta
details
Crater
details
Cygnus
details
Eridanus
details
Hercules
details
Lepus
details
Lyra
details
Pegasus
details
Perseus
details
Sagittarius
details
Serpens
details
Triangulum
details
Ursa Major
details
Ursa Minor
details
Heres a picture of Orion with eight labeled stars, with magnitudes attached, for
reference.
Circinus: 1.49/8=0.19
Columba: 2.91/15=0.19
Mensa: 2.91/15=0.19
Cassiopeia: 4.79/24=0.20
Lyra: 2.73/13=0.21
Perseus: 4.65/22=0.21
Canis Minor: 1.52/7=0.22
Corona Borealis: 4.51/20=0.23
Delphinus: 2.26/10=0.23
Chamaeleon: 2.94/13=0.23
Caelum: 1.72/7=0.25
Camelopardalis: 0.74/3=0.25
Crux: 2.98/12=0.25
Grus: 5.25/21=0.25
Pictor: 3.05/12=0.25
Hydrus: 4.20/16=0.26
Reticulum: 2.69/10=0.27
Virgo: 6.69/24=0.28
Lupus: 6.83/24=0.28
Equuleus: 2.03/7=0.29
Triangulum: 1.75/6=0.29
Pyxis: 2.92/10=0.29
Horologium: 3.00/10=0.30
Gemini: 7.01/23=0.30
Andromena: 7.57/24=0.32
Cepheus: 5.70/18=0.32
Phoenix: 7.30/23=0.32
Indus: 5.07/15=0.34
Telescopium: 4.09/12=0.34
Cancer: 7.90/23=0.34
Lepus: 4.47/13=0.34
Pegasus: 7.65/22=0.35
Hercules: 8.01/23=0.35
Leo: 8.43/24=0.35
Ursa Minor: 3.53/10=0.35
Aries: 6.79/19=0.36
Serpens: 8.64/24=0.36
Crater: 4.34/12=0.36
Ara: 5.48/15=0.37
Musca: 4.04/11=0.37
Fornax: 7.5/20=0.38
Norma: 3.87/10=0.39
Botes: 9.41/24=0.39
Aquarius: 9.42/24=0.39
Pavo: 8.75/22=0.40
Draco: 9.56/24=0.40
Ophiuchus: 9.22/23=0.40
Auriga: 9.24/23=0.40
Cygnus: 9.79/24=0.41
Pisces: 10.07/24=0.42
Tucana: 6.34/15=0.42
Hydra: 10.37/24=0.43
Microscopium: 4.47/10=0.45
Carina: 3.60/8=0.45
Octans: 10.80/24=0.45
Aquila: 10.37/23=0.45
Eridanus: 10.38/23=0.45
Capricornus: 10.92/24=0.46
Taurus: 10.98/24=0.46
Cetus: 10.22/22=0.46
Orion: 11.56/24=0.48
Ursa Major: 12.25/24=0.51
Piscis Austrinus: 7.34/14=0.52
Antlia: 3.73/7=0.53
Canis Major: 11.64/21=0.55
Puppis: 5.13/9=0.57
Sagitta: 5.13/8=0.64
Corvus: 4.62/7=0.66
Libra: 14.57/18=0.81
Sagittarius: 19.76/24=0.82
Scorpius: 20.12/22=0.91
Brightest stars in Libra: (2.61), (2.75), (3.25), (3.60), (3.66), (3.91),
(4.13)
Brightest stars in Sagittarius: (1.79), (2.05), (2.60), (2.72), (2.82),
(2.88), (2.98), (3.10), (3.17), (3.32)
Brightest stars in Scorpius: (1.06), (1.62), (1.86), (2.29), (2.29), (2.36),
(2.56), (2.70), (2.82), (2.89), (2.90), (2.99)
In Scorpius, it can be seen that in through , what is being designated is the
backbone of the scorpion, traced from the heart upwards and then downwards. In
Sagittarius, whatever pattern is being used is thoroughly mysterious, and (3.96)
literally comes 16th in the Greek letters. In these exceptional cases, Bayer
Designations may show important patterns, but whatever they are, brightness is
completely out of the question.
Copernican Revolution
At first, the new heliocentric scheme was resisted but not, as Lovejoy has pointed
out,2 because it demoted the Earth:
It has often been pointed out that the older picture of the
world in space was peculiarly fitted to give man a high sense of his own
importance and dignity ... Man occupied, we are told, the central place in the
universe, and round the planet of his habitation all the vast, unpeopled spheres
obsequiously revolved. But the actual tendency of the geocentric system was, for
the medieval mind, precisely the opposite. For the center of the world was not a
position of honor; it was rather the place furthest removed from the Empyrean,
the bottom of creation ... the geocentric cosmography served rather for man's
humiliation than for his exaltation ... Copernicanism was opposed partly on the
ground that it assigned too dignified and lofty a position to his dwelling place.
Those who were among the first to voice support and
provide further evidence for the Copernican system, including Galileo, were not
generally inclined to say much about its implications for extraterrestrial life,
though Bruno was an early exception. Instead, it was left for others of a more
speculative nature, such as Wilkins and Godwin, to begin to people the newfound
worlds. Yet when post-Copernican pluralism did take root it was not in response to
hard astronomical data (for there was still virtually none of this relevant to
astrobiology) but rather to an appeal to telelology and reasoning by analogy. In
Lovejoy's words:
The more important features of this new conception of
the world, then, owed little to any new hypotheses based upon the sort of
observational grounds which we should nowadays call "scientific." They were
chiefly derivative from philosophical and theological premises. They were, in
short, manifest corollaries of the principle of plenitude ...
The most fundamental tenet of those who advocated the
plurality of worlds in the wake of Copernicus was that God (or nature) makes
nothing in vain. If there were other planets, they must be inhabited. Otherwise
why would they exist? (see plenitude of principle).
20 16 TH BC BABILONIAN CONCEPTS OF
PHYSICS
FROM:
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/Babylonian_astronomy
.html
In
connection
with
the
planets, the Babylonians appear to have
been motivated by religious-philosophical
reasons to take note only of isolated events,
such as a planet's first and last appearances
in the sky. Such occurrences were taken to
have astrological significance: they might
foretell human fate. There is no evidence
that the Babylonians, unlike the Greeks,
came up with any geometrical model of the
cosmos. Even so, at the height of its
creativity, in the so-called Seleucid era,
around 600 BC, Babylonian astronomy could
predict planetary motions with surprising
accuracy, thanks to careful observations and
the fact that from ancient times the
Babylonians had a powerful mathematical
tool in the sexagesimal system of numbers
a place-value system based on 60 that we
still use. Babylon became part of the Persian
empire, and its glory dimmed for a while.
However, after Alexander conquered the
Persian empire, Babylon's culture and
science had a significant influence on the
Greeks.