For the lesson this week I'd like to

spend a little bit of time talking about

resonance.
we're going to talk about the resonance
of strings.
we're going to talk about the resonance
of cavities and we're going to lead into
a discussion that talks about
reverberation in a room.
we'll go from a discussion of standing
waves.
to a discussion of the the natural decay
of rumacoustic's, that's really based on
statistical energy.
the interesting thought is that you play
an instrument within an instrument.
So a guitar has Is a stringed instrument
that basically can be tuned and create
musical notes.
And actually, that instrument interacts
with the room that you're in.
And the room itself becomes a part of the
signature of the sound, and so at the end
of this lesson you should understand a
little bit about the, the, the pieces
that correspond to that part of the music
production.
So standing wave and room acoustics are
going to be the focus here.
I'm going to start again with the
vibrating string.
And you know, I'd like to consider a
string that's fixed at both ends meaning
that the displacement, sorry about that,
the displacement is zero here.
And it's also zero here at x equal l.
So this is the dimension x.
And of course we have a displacement of
the string.
It can vibrate in the y direction here as
a function of the spatial position x and
time.
If you study partial differential
equations, you would know how to derive
the solution to the response.
it's done through a process known as
separation of variables.
we're not going to cover that here I'm
going to jump straight to the solution.
for the string, the response of the
string, which is represented here.
And you can see that, that it is
sinusoidal in the x dimension and that we
also have a harmonic response represented
here with the complex exponential.
And Professor Bako has a a discussion on
the complex exponential but it's and I'll
let him continue with that but the point
is this is a harmonic response, actually
is a complex exponential is represented

by sine and cosine functions.

So we basically have a wave number
K which you see here and K is defined in
terms of the overall length of the string
here and it takes on various integer
values.
So the solution that you see here is for
N equal 1, 2, 3.
And on and on.
There are an infinite number of solutions
or wave forms that fit between the
boundaries of the string as it's plucked
or driven in vibration.
In the time domain, there is a natural
frequency this is the, what is known as
the circular natural frequency.
It's 2 pi times the natural frequency,
which is represented by Fs of N here.
And it is related to the length of the
string and the speed of sound, and the
string with following relationship.
Where N is the integer pi.
C divided by the length.
And you can see here, that C is defined
in terms of the tension that's in the
string.
And this is the mass per unit length as
of N is a corresponding amplitude, and
then I mentioned T is the tension in the
string.
So c, our speed of sound, is represented
by the square root of the ratio, the
tension in the string to the mass per
unit length.
So, as I mentioned, there are many modes
that define the response.
In fact, there's an infinite number and
we can represent the response of this, of
the vibrating string by the expression
here for n equal 1, 2, 3.
Again, you, you see the the harmonic
behavior the relationship here in the
time domain expressed in terms of
amplitudes.
Sine and cosine, all multiplied by the
spatial response, that's also harmonic in
nature, as well.
At any given instant in time, the
response of the string is defined as the
sum of the response of all of the modes.
Meaning for all possible wave forms.
So at n equal 1 this is the wave form
that corresponds to n equal 1.
for n equal 2 this is the standing wave
or wave form that corresponds to n equal
2.
And similarly, for n equal 3 this is the
way form corresponds.
And this goes on and on.
And you can see that for n equal 3, there

are two modes, meaning two points where

the response is zero.
For n equal 2, there's one.
for any equal 1 there's 0 between the
boundaries where the response is 0.
and these are the wave numbers, k equal
1, k equal 2 and k equal 3, corresponding
to the indices.
And that defines the wave numbers are
defined as.
Pi on l, two pi on l for n equal two and
three pi on l for n equal three.