We can use the concept of impedance

matching that we just discussed.

To talk a little bit about how to connect
an amplifier and a loudspeaker to get
maximum power transfer, and therefore
maximum volume and efficiency out of your
system.
So, we're going to look at this circuit.
It's basically the same circuit that we
were just looking at.
But no I m going to, instead of saying I
have a DC source, let's say that the
amplifier is some kind of a time varying
signal coming out of it.
And so I just used the AC, voltage source
to, represent that.
Now let's say you, pick up a loud speaker
with an 8 ohm impedence.
Now a real loud speaker is not, does not
just look like a simple 8 ohm resistor at
all frequencies, it's a much more
complex, circuit element than that.
And we'll talk a little bit about that in
the future.
But, for now, let's just say it's 8 ohms.
And so, we just decided from the previous
analysis, that to get the maximum power
transfer from the amplifier to the loud
speaker, we ought to build an amplifier
that has an internal output impedance of
8 ohms.
And then if the loud speaker is 8 ohms,
I'll get maximum power transfer from the
amp to the loud speaker, and I'll be
making most efficient use of the power
that the amplifier is drawing from the
the wall socket.
Now, just as of a little aside.
Let's say your trying to build a speaker
cabinet, like say a base cabinet with
four speakers in it.
And how would you connect those?
And let's say then that you have an
amplifier with an internal impedance of 8
ohms, well how would I connect these 4 8
ohm speakers to get maximum power
transfer?
Okay, so the question is, how do we
connect 4 8 ohm speakers, so I can get
maximum efficiency out of this amplifier.
So, I've got lots of choices on how I can
do that.
I could take and connect all of them in
series, so I could connect this one to
that one and then like this.
If I did that, though, this would be a
total of 32 ohms.
And so if this, is a 32-ohm impedance
this is going to not be the most
efficient power transfer, so that's not a

good solution.
the solution to this is going to be to
take two of these speakers, connect them
in series, like this, and that gives you
16 ohms.
And then take the other pair, connect
them in series.
That's another 16-ohm impedance.
And then if I connect these two pairs of
speakers in parallel, I have 16 in
parallel with 16, that's going to give me
8 ohms.
So that's the, the way to connect these
speakers together, so I get maximum power
transfer from my 8 ohm output impedance
amplifier, to my array of 4 8 ohm
loudspeakers.
Okay, now before we go on and talk about
[UNKNOWN] amps, just to complete the set
of sources we're going to be dealing
with, I need to talk a little bit about
current sources.
Now, let's start by talking about the
ideal current source.
Now, it's just what it says.
a cur, a source of current is, is just
something that if I connect the load
resister to it, it's going to force its
current through that resister regardless
of the value of the load resister.
And so, that means that the ideal current
source can generate any voltage that you
want.
So, if I take, let's say I had a 1 amp
current source here, and I connected a
100 ohm load resistor to it.
That means that this current source would
have to generate 100 volts to force, to
continue forcing its 1 amp through this
100 ohm resistor.
Now just like voltage sources current
sources, real current sources are non
ideal, that means they could produce only
so much voltage.
There's a limit to how much voltage they
can produce.
So, the way to represent a real current
source is we add an internal resistance
in parallel with the ideal source.
And so, this pair of terminals is looking
into the real current source.
There's this internal resistance that we
can't separate from the current source.
It's internal to it, it's part of it,
it's, it's there you're stuck with it.
So now, if I take a look at at this and I
ask what is the maximum voltage I can
generate across a load.
Don't forget now I've got this parallel
internal resistance with the load, and so

the voltage is limited to I times R

internal.
Now to look at the limiting case, let's
say that RL you make it bigger and
bigger.
So, it goes tends off to infinity.
So, it's a mega ohm, 10 mega ohms, 100
mega ohms, you can make it bigger and
bigger.
the parallel combination of RL with R
internal is going to just approach R
internal.
remember the expression for parallel
combination of two resistors is going to
be R internal times RL times RL over R
internal plus RL.
So when RL gets really large, you can
ignore the R internal downstairs, and I
have RL over RL, that's a 1.
So, this whole thing in limit of RL going
to infinity, this whole thing goes to R
internal.
So, if I put a really large load
resistor, the parallel combination is
just R internal, and then the voltage all
of the current is going to go through R
internal, and our voltage is limited to i
times R internal.
So, an ideal voltage source cannot
supply.
I'm sorry.
An ideal voltage source can supply any
amount of current.
An ideal current source can generate any
voltage.
A real voltage source has a limited
current generating capacity, can only
supply so much current.
A real current source can only provide so
much voltage, a limited voltage.
So, there's a nice symmetry there, and so
keep that in mind.