Miss nasreen ki bachode

Assignment should have 6-7 pages

Q:1 any three electomechanical instruments

1-Electromechanical transducers
any type of device that either converts an electrical signal into sound waves (as in a
loudspeaker) or converts a sound wave into an electrical signal (as in the microphone).
Many of the transducers used in everyday life operate in both directions, such as the
speakerphone on certain intercoms.

Microphones
In order to evaluate the adequacy of various types of microphones for specific uses,
one must consider the linearity of their frequency response, their directional
characteristics, their durability, and their cost.

Types of transducers
Most microphones use either an electromagnetic or an electrostatic technique to
convert sound waves into electrical signals. The dynamic microphone is constructed
with a small magnet that oscillates inside a coil attached to the diaphragm. When a
sound wave causes the diaphragm of the microphone to vibrate, the relative motion
of the magnet and coil creates an electrical signal by magnetic induction.
The crystal microphone uses a piezoelectric crystal as its transducer. Piezoelectric crystals
are durable and cheap, and they have relatively large electrical output; for this reason, they
are often used in telephones and portable sound systems. They do not have very good
linearity and so are inadequate for quality sound recording.
The ribbon microphone is unique in that it responds to the air velocity of the sound wave, not
to the pressure variation. Because ribbon microphones are very sensitive, they cannot be
used where they will suffer mechanical shocks. Ribbon microphones are bidirectional and
can be used to pick up sounds coming from both sides of the microphone equally well.

Loudspeakers
Electromagnetic speakers

Most loudspeakers are of the electromagnetic, or dynamic, variety, in which a voice

coil moves in the gap of a permanent magnet when a time-varying current flows through the
coil. The magnet is generally in the shape of a W or a ring. The diaphragm, or cone, of such
a loudspeaker moves with the coil, converting the electric current in the coil into a pressure
wave. A lit candle placed in front of a loudspeaker cone that is oscillating at about 10 hertz
can render the sound wave visible, as the flame vibrates back and forth longitudinally with
the air.

Electrostatic speakers
Electrostatic loudspeakers make use of a large, thin metal plate between two parallel
screens. An amplified audio signal is impressed onto the screens, polarizing the
metal sheet, and the resulting electrostatic force creates a motion of the sheet,
producing a sound wave. Electrostatic speakers function well at high frequencies,
but they are unable to move enough air to perform well at low frequencies and often
require somewhat greater power than electromagnetic speakers. Because of these
limitations and other technical problems, they have seen only limited use and are not
popular in consumer audio systems.

2-Galvanometer

Note : copy this galvanometer stuff make diagrams and dont give
refernces like see figure 3-7 .

3- full wave rectifier voltmeter

Note : copy this galvanometer stuff make diagrams and dont give
refernces like see figure 3-7 .