Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
3
X
a i bi = a 1 b1 + a 2 b2 + a 3 b3 .
i=1
Determine , the angle between ~a and ~b. Express your answer in degrees.
Correct answer: 27.0766.
Explanation:
From the geometric interpretation of the
scalar product,
!
~b
~
a
= cos1
k~a kk~b k
~
~a b
q
= cos1 q
2
2
2
2
2
2
a 1 + a 2 + a 3 b1 + b2 + b3
141.326
1
= cos
16.25 9.76753
= 27.0766 .
k~a k= ~a ~a .
In words, the scalar product of two vectors can
be thought of as the product of the magnitude
of ~a with the magnitude of the projection of ~b
onto the direction of ~a. It is used to calculate
the product of vector quantities when only the
parallel components of each vector contribute
(e.g., Work = Force Displacement).
Let ~a = h13, 9.75, 0i
h4.29, 8.775, 0i.
Calculate ~a ~b.
and
~b
The relations between cartesian (x, y) coordinates and plane polar (r, ) are given by
x = r cos , y = r sin , x2 + y 2 = r 2 .
Question: A circle of radius R centered at
the origin is described in plane polar coordinates by r = R. What are the Cartesian (i.e.,
(x,y)) coordinates of a point on the circle at
some arbitrary angle , expressed in terms of
polar quantities? (Note: you will frequently
parametrize a point on a circle in this way.)
1. (x, y)
2. (x cos , y sin )
2
2
1 y
3. (x + y , tan
)
x
4. (R sin , R cos )
5. (R cos , R sin ) correct
6. (R, )
Explanation:
From the Cartesian/plane polar relations given above, the x-coordinate is
R cos and the y-coordinate is R sin , so
(R cos , R sin ) is the correct choice.
005 (part 2 of 3) 10.0 points
In 3d, we may extend this idea to cylindrical
coordinates (r, , z), which you may think of
as a plane polar coordinate system with the
z-dimension tacked on.
This coordinate system is useful when dealing with problems that have radial symmetry
about some central axis.
Question: You are given a hollow cylinder
of radius R whose central axis is the z-axis
and whose base rests on the xy-plane. What
are the Cartesian coordinates of an arbitrary
point on the surface of the cylinder in terms
of cylindrical quantities?
1. (x cos , y sin , z)
2
2
1 y
2. (x + y , tan
, z)
x
3. (R cos , R sin , z) correct
4. (R, , z)
5. (x, y, z)
6. (R sin , R cos , z)
Explanation:
Since the cylindrical coordinate system is
just a plane polar system with the z-axis appended to it, the correct answer is the same as
in 1 above, but with the z coordinate added:
(R cos , R sin , z)
006 (part 3 of 3) 10.0 points
In cases where we have radial symmetry about
the origin (usually called spherical symmetry), it is most useful to use spherical coordinates (r, , ). In the spherical coordinate
system, a point is defined by: its radial distance from the origin r; the azimuthal angle
, defined as the angle between the +x-axis
and the projection on the xy-plane of the line
R1 = 152 cm
R = 109 cm
r1
1 = 144
= 37 .
and
r2
R = R1 + R2
R2 = R R1 ,
at
at
so
|R2 | =
= 211.36 cm .
tan =
s2y
s2x
2.
s2y
= arctan
s
2x
23.7455 cm
= arctan
210.022 cm
= 6.45059 .
009 10.0 points
~
~
~ D,
~ and E
~ are shown in
Vectors A, B, C,
the figure. For convenience, the tails of each
vector are arbitrarily located at (0,0).
y
5
C
4
3
2
D
1
x
0
1
2
B
E
3
4 A
5
5 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Identify
~ = +A
~ B
~ +C
~ D
~ E
~,
R
1.
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
5
x
R
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
5
x
R
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y
5
4
3
2
1
3.
0
1
2
3
4
5
5
correct
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
4.
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3R
4
5
5
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Explanation:
Let :
(xa , ya ) = (4, 4) ,
(xb , yb ) = (3, 2) ,
(xc , yc ) = (3, 4) ,
(xd , yd ) = (1, 1) , and
(xe , ye ) = (1, 2) .
and