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Airflow around an Ahmed Body Research Project

Now that you have understood how to setup a basic Ahmed Body for Analysis in Fluent, it is now
time you conducted some research of your own.
In the project, you will be asked to complete a few steps. After completing them, you will then be
asked a few questions which have to be answered. Marks will be allotted for successful answering of
these questions.

Project Description
The process of drag creation and the way to control it was first discovered experimentally. In
particular, it was found that the major amount of drag was due to the emergence of flow separation
at the rear surface of cars. Unfortunately, unlike in aeronautics where it can be largely excluded
from the body surface, this aerodynamic phenomenon is an inherent problem for ground vehicles
and cannot be avoided.

Figure 1: Ahmed Body Dimensions.

Section A
There are 5 mesh files that have been provided to you named phi10-50, import these files into fluent
and set them up using the steps outlined in the previous chapter. To understand what phi refers to,
study figure 1. After all the files have been set-up and solved, conduct post-processing on the results
and answer the following questions (in depth where required).
1. Draw a graph displaying changes in Cd value between the various phi angles.
2. At what value of phi does Cd peak? Explain your results with the help of contours and
vectors.
3. Which angle would you choose for optimum performance and why?
4. Explain the importance of Spoilers in sports vehicles.
5. Mention at least 5 design changes that would further reduce the Cd value?

Section B
Take the 10 degree model and adapt the mesh. The procedure to perform this operation will be
detailed in this section, after which a few questions need to be answered.
1. Initialize and then adapt the grid in the regions of high velocity gradient.
Adapt

Gradient...

(a) Make sure that Refine is enabled in the Options group box.
It is not necessary to deselect Coarsen in this instance, since FLUENT will not coarsen beyond the
original mesh for a 3D grid.
(b) Select Velocity... and Velocity Magnitude from the Gradients of drop-down lists.
(c) Click Compute.
FLUENT will update the Min and Max values to show the minimum and maximum temperature
gradient.
(d) Enter 0.45 for Refine Threshold.
It is a good rule of thumb to use 10% of the maximum gradient when setting the value for Refine
Threshold.
(e) Click Mark.
(f) Click the Manage... button to open the Manage Adaption Registers panel.

(g) Click Display.


FLUENT will display the cells marked for adaption in the graphics window.

ii. Click Adapt in the Manage Adaption Registers panel.


Note: There are two different ways to adapt. You can click Adapt in the Manage Adaption
Registers panel as was just done, or close this panel and perform the adaption using the Gradient
Adaption panel. If you use the Adapt button in the Gradient Adaption panel, FLUENT will recreate an
adaption register. Therefore, once you have the Manage Adaption Registers panel open, it saves time
to use the Adaptbutton there.
iii. Close the Manage Adaption Registers panel.
(h) Close the Gradient Adaption panel.
2. Display the adapted grid
Display
Grid...

(a) Make sure that All is selected from the Edge Type list.
(b) Click Display and close the Grid Display panel.
After the above steps are followed accurately, answer the following questions.
1. Compare the mesh before and after performing this operation? Explain the changes with
screenshots of the grids.
Now go ahead and solve the problem using the method detailed previously, then answer the
following questions.
a. What has happened to the result? What does this tell us?Explain your results with
the help of the velocity contour before and after adapting the mesh.
b. Explain the application of mesh adapt?

Section C
Take the 20 degree model. Perform the following operations, strictly in the order specified.
1. Initialize and solve the problem, following the procedure outlined in the previous chapter.
2. Then adapt the mesh for velocity, but also check for other values such as pressure, turbulent
intensity and turbulent viscosity. If the gradient is already too small for any of these values,
ignore it.
3. Shift Time from Steady to Transient.
4. Under Models shift Viscous from K-Epsilon to Large Eddy Simulation and Subgrid Scale
Model to WALE.
5. Press OK on the dialog box that opens and type the following command into the TUI in
fluent.
/define/models/unsteady-2nd-order-bounded? Press Enter
And type yes when prompted with
Enable bounded second-order unsteady formulation? [no] yes
6. Under Calculation Activities set up videos for velocity contour, velocity vectors, turbulent
viscosity. Do not forget to set different windows for each of these, keeping in mind the

windows already set for drag and lift. Do not forget to click on SET after choosing the
window number!!
7. Then you may run the simulation with the desired time step size and number of time steps. I
would suggest 0.01s and 700 time steps.
8. Now answer the following questions in detail.
a. Why did we use the results of the steady state analysis to adapt the mesh?
b. What is the importance of conducting transient analysis on a vehicle?
c. Why did we use the results of the steady state analysis to perform transient
analysis?
d. Why did we shift the viscous model from K-Epsilon to LES WALE model? What is the
difference?
e. After analysing the resulting videos do you still stand by the changes that you
suggested in Section-A. If needed, make new suggestions.

Section D
We will now focus on Turbulence Modelling, which is a critical area for any engineer involved with
industrial CFD. There are a number of different approaches so it is important that you have solid
grounding in this area to enable you to choose the appropriate model for your simulation
requirements. For the purpose of this section.
Answer the following Questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.

What is RANS Model? Explain with types and their specific applications.
What is LES and DES models? Explain with applications.
Explain the transition models with their applications.
What is a URANS Model. Explain with application.

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