International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 2 Issue: 10

ISSN: 2321-8169
3167 3170

______________________________________________________________________________________________

Bifurcation in Coupled Predator-Prey Model with Time Delay

Tapas Kumar Sinha

Sachinandan Chanda

Computer Centre,
North Eastern Hill University,
Shillong 793 022

Mathematics Department,
Shillong Polytechnic,
Shillong 793 022

Abstract--Hopf Bifurcation occurs when a periodic solution or limit cycle, surrounding an equilibrium point, arises or goes away as the
bifurcation parameter is varied. Predator- prey systems are known to have periodic solutions. We find the conditions under which these periodic
solutions will disappear as the bifurcation parameter (time delay) is varied.

__________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION

A2e t t 1 t 2 t 0 (8)
For solutions of 1 t and 2 t to exists, we must have
2

Predator and prey systems with time delay were first studied
by Wangersky and Cunninghham[1], Martin and Ruan [2].
They find that time delay could cause not only instability
and oscillations but also switching of stabilities. The
combined effects of predator harvesting and time delay were
examined by Das and Kar [4]. Further Kar [8], Kar and
Matsuda [9], Kar and Pahari [10], Kar and Ghorai [5], and
Kuang [6] have discussed delayed predator-prey systems. In
this paper we have studied a predator systems with time
delay and developed the oscillator analogy

from equation (7) and (8), that

A1e

A2e t t
2

t t1

which gives

2 a b e 2t t t 0
1

(9)

where

II. PREDATO-PREY EQUATIONS WITH TIME

DELAY

a ; b ; A1 A2 )
(10)

The Predator-Prey model with time delays are given by

d 1 t
1 t 1 1 2 t t2
dt
d 2 t
2 t 1 1 1 t t1
dt

Equation (9) gives

(1)

2 a b e 0
Where

Where t1 and t 2 are time delays for the predator-prey

respectively. Let

2 t t1 2 t et

1 t t2 1 t e
Let

(3)

1 t A1et ,

Let 1 t A1et ,

2t t1 t2
i in (11) ,we get
b cos i a b sin 0

Putting

t2

where A1 1 (0)

(11)

(2)

(4)
(5)
(6)

(12)
Separating the real parts and imaginary parts, we get

2 b cos 0

a b sin( ) 0

(14)

From equation (13) and (14), we get

4 a 2 2b 2 b2 2 0

2 t A2et , where A2 2 (0)

(13)

(15)

Solving (15), we get

A1 , A2 represent the predator prey population at t = 0.

Using (3) to (6) in (1) and (2), we get

1 t A1e t t 2 t 0
1

(7)
3167

IJRITCC | October 2014, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

______________________________________________________________________________________

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 2 Issue: 10

ISSN: 2321-8169
3167 3170

______________________________________________________________________________________________

d 4 t
4 t 2 2 3 t t3
dt

(a 2 2b) (a 2 2b) 2 4(b2 '2 )

2

(a 2 2b) (a 2 2b) 2 4(b2 '2 )

2
2

(16)

Using the substitutions

t
i (t ti ) i (t )et , i (t ) Ae
i
i

Also from equation (13) and (14), we get

tan
If

a
2 b

one obtains
(17)

b2 2 0, then equation (15) have unique

positive root

02

( 1 ) 1 (t ) 1 A1e ( t t2 ) 2 (t ) 0

1 A2e ( t t )1 (t ) ( 1 ) 2 (t ) 0
2

( 2 ) 3 (t ) 2 A3e ( t t4 ) 4 (t ) 0

02 .

Substituting

2 A4e ( t t ) 3 (t ) ( 2 ) 4 (t ) 0
4

into (16), we get

tan 0

a0
02 b

( 1 ) 1 A1e ( t t2 ) 0

1 A2e

(18)
Where

n 0,1, 2,3,............

Oscillatory behavior is inherent in predator prey systems.

Here n represents the time period of the nth predator prey
cycle.

a 2 2b 0 , b2 2 0 and
2
a2 2b 4 b2 2 ,
If

and

2 These

where

0
2 A3e ( t t4 )

( 2 )

2 A4e ( t t ) ( 2 )
4

conditions imply
The condition for Hopf bifurcation is given by the
transversality condition. In simple physical terms this means
that

I. (1) and (2 ) must have imaginary roots (i.e. oscillatory

solutions)

Substituting 2 into (17), we get

( 1 )

IV. CONDITION FOR BIFURCATION

2 2

A1 A2

( t t2 )

(24)
The above determinant is essentially a sparse matrix. In the
limit of weak coupling between the predator prey systems
the above determinant breaks up into two determinants of
the type given in (8). In the weak coupling limit each
predator prey system will have its own frequency of
oscillation and time period.

then equation (15) has two

positive roots

(23)

For the solution to exist one must have

a
1
n arctan 2 0 2n
0
0 b

which gives

(22)

a
1
arctan 2

2 k

(21)

k 0,1, 2,3,............

III. COUPLED PREDATOR=PREYSYSTEM

The equations for a coupled predator prey system

d 1 t
1 t 1 1 2 t t2
dt

d 2 t
2 t 1 1 1 t t1
dt
d 3 t
3 t 2 2 4 t t4
dt

II.

d
Re ( ) 0 0
d

(25)

The conditions for oscillatory solutions have been given in

(15) . The criteria for Hopf bifurcation as used by Das and
Kar [4] is derived below. We note from (15) that if
If
2
b2 '2 0 (a 2b) 0

(26)

then (15) will not have positive roots. Therefore the

characteristic equation (9) will not have purely imaginary

3168
IJRITCC | October 2014, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

______________________________________________________________________________________

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 2 Issue: 10

ISSN: 2321-8169
3167 3170

______________________________________________________________________________________________

d 2 1
1
a2 (22 b2 ) (36)

d
d

sign
sign

(27)
2
sign Re sign Re
2
2 2
d

2 b2 a2 2

i
2
2
i

roots. We first use the result from Das and Kar [4] (eqn. (24)

Differentiating equation (11) with respect to

, we get

1
a1 (12 b1 )
d 1

sign

sign

2
2 2
d 1 i1
1 b1 a1 1

2 a
d

(28)
Here

2i a
2

ia b i
d
i
Thus

d 1

a ( 2 b)

sign

sign

2

2
2 2
d
i

b a

d
sign 2
d

2 i2

2
a2 (2 b2 )
sign
2
2
2 2
2 b2 a2 2

(37)

ai i i , bi ii , i 1, 2

V.COMPARISON WITH OSCILLATORS

Consider a simple harmonic oscillator with damping and

driven by a sinusoidal force.

d2y
dy
eit
2

0
dt 2
dt
2

(29)

The Fourier transform of the above equation gives

y ( )

2
0

2
0

2 4 2 2
2

Since the denominator is always positive (23) is equivalent

to

(33)
Comparing (29) with (23) we see that the predator prey
system is equivalent to a driven oscillator with damping. For
the predator prey system the damping term is given by
a . The predator prey system oscillates at a natural

sign
sign a ( 2 b)

d
i

sign ( )( 2 )

(32)

(30)

frequency given by 0

b . From the above

results we see that when

We thus have two cases:

0 where
0

d
0 implying that the eigen-value

d i

Case I

d 1

sign
0 if 02 2

d

(34)

0 if 2 02
CaseII sign

d
i

(31)
These results indicate that the effective oscillator will
undergo bifurcation as long as it is away from resonance.

can

cross the imaginary axis resulting in a bifurcation.

From the oscillator analogy we see that this is the condition
for the non existence of resonance. The natural frequency of
an oscillator is (for unit mass)

02 k0
If the coupling constant is perturbed the frequency of the
oscillator changes. In this case we write

2 02 '2
Comparing this with (16) one obtains
3169
IJRITCC | October 2014, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

______________________________________________________________________________________

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 2 Issue: 10

ISSN: 2321-8169
3167 3170

______________________________________________________________________________________________

k0

2b

predator prey system exhibit bifurcation when the equivalent

harmonic oscillator system are away from resonance.

2
References

k
'

2b 4(b2 2 )
2

[1]

2
(35)

k ' represents the perturbation on the natural spring

'
constant k0 .Since A1 A2 , a high initial
Here

concentration of either predator or prey can completely

change the predator prey oscillation frequency. Further in
the limit

1 , k k0 i.e
'

[2]

[3]

[4]

the predator prey system

behaves as simple harmonic oscillator with a well defined

time period of oscillation. The expression corresponding to
(23) for a coupled predator prey system is given below (in
the limit of weak predator prey coupling):
The conditions for bifurcation for the coupled predator prey
is given by
1

d j

0 if j j 02 2j

d

i j

j j sign

[5]

[6]

[7]

j 1, 2

[8]

(38)

d
j j sign j
d

0 if 2j j j 02

i j

[9]

j 1, 2
[10]

(39)
Coupled predator prey systems can therefore be
approximated by coupled oscillators with a non linear
coupling. We note that bifurcation has been found in
coupled oscillators with non linear coupling []. However in
the case of the coupled oscillator one oscillator can drive the
other to bifurcation and vice versa.
V. CONCLUSION
We have shown that the dynamics of a predator prey system
may be understood by comparing with a forced simple
harmonic oscillator with damping. By exploiting this
analogy further we were able to simply write down the
equations which describe the motion of the eigenvalue in the
phase space. Both predator prey system and the coupled

[11]

[12]

[13]

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(1957).
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provision of alternative food to predator, BioSystems,
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Functional Response and Predator Harvesting Journal of
Nonlinear Dynamics,
T. K. Kar and A. Ghorai, Dynamic Behavior of a
delayed predator-prey model with harvesting Applied
Mathematics and Computation, vol. 217 no. 22 90859104 (2011).
Y. Kuang, Delay Differential Equations: Applications in
Population Dynamics Academic Press, Boston, Mass.
USA 1993.
Y. Kuang and H. I. Freedman, Uniqueness of limit
cycles in Gause-type models of predator-prey systems,
Mathematical Biosciences, vol. 88, no. 1 67-84 (1988).
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single species fishery with a marine reserve, Journal of
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(2008).
[10] T. K. Kar and U. K. Pahari, Non selective
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Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical
Simulation, Vol. 11, No. 4 499-509 (2006).
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harvesting, Non Linear Analysis: Real World
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