2012 Bored of Studies Trial Examinations

Mathematics Extension 1
SOLUTIONS

Disclaimer: These solutions may contain small errors. If any are found, please feel free to
contact either Carrotsticks or Trebla on www.boredofstudies.org, regarding them.

Thanks: To Trebla, for his many hours spent verifying solutions and suggesting alternate
methods.

Multiple Choice
1. D
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. C
6. B
7. D
8. D
9. B
10. D

Brief Explanations
Question 1

Re-arrange into standard form v 2 n2 A2 x 2 .

Question 2

Let the exponent of x in the general term be zero to acquire 2n 3k , k

Question 3

Split numerator into two terms and draw a diagram.

Question 4

Observe limit as x , and that x cannot lie in 1 x 1 .

Question 5

Angle between two lines formula, and let the expression be 1 .

Question 6

Standard permutations problem. Note that they are in a circle, so its n 1! .

Question 7

Standard Newtons method of approximation question.

Question 8

Find the coordinates of C, then substitute into the line.

Question 9

Negative quartic, with a triple root at the origin and a single root at x 4 .

Question 10 Binomial probability question. Use guess/check to acquire closest solution.

Written Response
Question 11 (a)
We will use the t formula substitutions.

Let t tan
2
So our expression is:
2t
1 t2

t
1 t2 1 t2

Re-arrange:

2t 1 t 2 t 1 t 2
t3 t
Form a cubic polynomial in t , then solve:
t3 t2 t 1 0
t t 2 1 t 2 1 0

t 1 t 2 1 0
t 1 t 1 0
2

t 1, 1

tan 1, 1
2

Solve for 0

3
,
4 4

So therefore we have

,
.
2 2

Question 11 (b) (i)

There are a total of 11 letters, and we have 2 Hs and 3 Os.
So the number of permutations is

11!
.
2!3!

Question 11 (b) (ii)

There are 4 vowels and 7 consonants, and the vowels are to be grouped together.
Example: HCL(OIOO)PMHR
Arrange all the consonants and the group (OIOO) to get

8!
. Note we have 2! in the
2!

denominator because we have 2 Hs.

Arrange the vowels in the group, noting that we have three O, to get

So therefore the answer is

4!
.
3!

8! 4!
.
2! 3!

Question 11 (b) (iii)

We will count the number of gaps between consonants, and then insert the vowels into these
gaps.

We have 7 consonants, so therefore 8 gaps. We insert 4 vowels into these 8 gaps, and thus we
8
have .
4
We must now permute the vowels to acquire

Permute the consonants to acquire

4!
.
3!

7!
.
2!

8 4! 7!
So therefore the answer is .
4 3! 2!

Question 11 (c)
Let u tan 1 x such that du

u 1 x

dx
.
1 x2

u 0 x 0
2
1
cos tan x
4
2
dx

cos u du

2
1

x
0
0
1

14
cos 2u 1 du
2 0

1 1
4
sin 2u u
2 2
0
11

22 4
1
2
8

Question 11 (d)
We know that P p p and P q q .

P x x p x p Q x Ax B
Using the above conditions:

P p Ap B p
P q Aq B q

1
2

1 2 :
A p q p q A 1
Substitute into 1 :

pB p B 0
Hence the remainder is exactly x.
4

Question 11 (e)
From AOC , OA

h
h
and similarly in BOC , we have OB
.
tan
tan

Using Pythagoras Theorem, OA2 OB2 d 2 .

2

h h
2

d
tan tan
h2
h2

d2
2
2
tan tan
2

1
1
h2

2
2
tan tan
tan 2 tan 2
h2
2
2
tan tan

2
d

2
d

And therefore:

h2

d 2 tan 2 tan 2
tan 2 tan 2

Since 90 , 90 , we have tan 0, tan 0 . Also, we must have h 0 and hence:

h

d tan tan
tan 2 tan 2

Question 12 (a)
When x 0, x 3 , so we have 3

k
and thus 3b k .
b

When x 10, x 2 , so we have 2

k
and thus 20 2b k .
10 b

Solving simultaneously yields b 20 and thus k 60 .

So therefore x

60
d 1 2
60
and thus
. Integrating both sides with respect to x
V
x 20
dx 2 x 20

yields:

1 2
V 60ln x 20 C
2
We are given that when x 10, v 10 , so:

50 60 ln 30 C
C 50 60 ln 30
So our expression is now:
1 2
V 60 ln x 20 50 60 ln 30
2
V 2 120 ln x 20 120 ln 30 100
x 20
120 ln
100
30

Let V 17 :
x 20
2
120 ln
100 17
30
x 20
120 ln
189
30
x 20
ln
1.575
30
x 20
4.83
30
x 124.92m

So Jin JUST makes it out.

Alternatively
From
V 2 120 ln x 20 120 ln 30 100
x 20
120 ln
100
30

Substitute x 125 :

V 2 289.064
V 17.001
And hence, Jin JUST makes it out.

Question 12 (b) (i)

Base Case: n 2 .
2

LHS
p 2

1
1
1
2

p 1 2 1 3
2

RHS

62 8 1

8 3 24 3

Therefore true for n 2 .

Inductive Hypothesis: n k .
k

p
p 2

k 1 3k 2
1

1
4k k 1

Inductive Step: k k 1 .
Required to prove:
k 1

p
p 2

k 3k 5
1

1 4 k 1 k 2

k 1

LHS
p 2
k

p 2

1
p 1
2

1
1

p 1 k 12 1
2

k 1 3k 2
1
2
4k k 1
k 1 1
k 1 3k 2 1

4k k 1
k k 2
k 1 3k 2 k 2 4 k 1

4k k 1 k 2

3k 3 5k 2 4k 4 4k 4
4k k 1 k 2

3k 3 5k 2

4k k 1 k 2

k 3k 5
4 k 1 k 2

RHS
Hence true by induction for all n 2 .

Question 12 (b) (ii)

n

lim S n lim
n

p2

1
p 1
2

n 1 3n 2
n
4n n 1

lim

2
1
1 3
n
n
lim
n
1
4 1
n
3

Question 12 (c) (i)

There are a couple of ways to do this question.

Method #1:
The equation of the normal is given to be x py ap p 2 2 . But we know that the point T
lies on it, so we will substitute in the point T 2at , at 2 .

2at apt 2 ap p 2 2
2at apt 2 ap3 2ap
Re-arrange:

ap 3 apt 2 2ap 2at 0

ap p 2 t 2 2a p t 0
ap p t p t 2a p t 0

... Noting that p t

ap p t 2a 0
p p t 2 0
p 2 pt 2 0

Method #2:
The equation of the normal intersects the parabola twice, but we know one of the roots is
x 2ap . We could easily do it the other way around, by substituting x into x 2 4ay , but that
would be quite tedious.
Substitute the equation of the normal into the parabola:
x py ap p 2 2
y a p2 2

x
p

Hence we have:

x
x 2 4a a p 2 2
p

4a
4a 2 p 2 2
x
p
Re-arranging:
x2

4a
x 4a 2 p 2 2 0
p

Sum of roots is x1 x2

4a
. But we already know that one of the roots is x 2ap and the
p

other is x 2at , so therefore we have:

4a
p
2
pt
p

2ap 2at

And hence the result p 2 pt 2 0 .

10

Method #3:
The chord PT must be perpendicular to the tangent at P.

ap 2 at 2
PT
2ap 2at

a p t p t
2a p t

pt
2

The gradient of the tangent at P is

dy dy dp

dx dx dp
2ap

2a
p
Hence

pt
1
2
p 2 pt 2

p 2 pt 2 0

Question 12 (c) (ii)

Similarly to (i), we can deduce the same expression, except with q.
So we have:
p 2 pt 2 0
q 2 qt 2 0

Subtract the two equations:

p2 q2 t p q 0

p q p q t p q 0

... note that p q

pqt 0

11

Question 12 (c) (iii)

So we now have p q t 0 and p 2 pt 2 0 .
Make t the subject to acquire t p q , then substitute into p 2 pt 2 0 :

p2 p p q 2 0
p 2 p 2 pq 2 0
pq 2

Question 12 (d) (i)

First, we construct PT and TQ.

T
O

Q
C
Let PBT

APT 90 (Angle subtended from diameter)

Therefore a circle can be constructed through points B, P and T such that BT is a diameter
(converse of Thales Theorem). This implies that AT is tangential to the circle (also since

ATB 90 ).
Hence, PBT PTA (Alternate Segment Theorem)
But PTA PQA (Angle subtended by common chord)
12

Therefore PBT PQA .

Hence PBCQ is a cyclic quadrilateral (converse of exterior angle from cyclic quadrilateral
theorem).

Alternatively
Let PTA

PQA

(Angle subtended by a common chord)

APT 90 (Angle subtended from diameter)

PAT 90

(Angle sum of PAT )

But BTA is also right-angled, so

PBT 90 90

(Angle sum of BTA)

Hence, by the converse of Exterior Angle = Opposite Interior Angle Theorem:

PBCQ is a cyclic quadrilateral

Question 12 (d) (ii)

A basic angle chase yields the result immediately.

BCQ APQ (Exterior angle opposite interior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral)

APQ ATQ (Angle subtended by common chord)
Hence by the converse of the Alternate Segment Theorem, we have the result.

Alternatively
We can simply observe that AQT 90 , since it is an angle subtended from a diameter. It
follows, by supplementary angles, that TQC 90 and hence the result by the converse of
Thales Theorem (Angle subtended from diameter is 90 ).

13

Question 13 (a)
We begin with the differential equation

dT
k E T .
dt

Separating the terms and grouping them appropriately, we have:

dT
k dt
T E

Note that we make the arrangement from E T to T E since E T .

Integrate both sides with respect to the appropriate variable:
Tn

tn
dT

k dt
T0 T E t0

ln T E

Tn

tn

kt
T0

t0

Substituting and re-arranging, we have:

ln Tn E ln T0 E k tn t0
T E
ln 0
k t n t0
Tn E

And hence:
T E
ln 0

Tn E

k
t n t0

But recall that t0 0 , hence:

k

1 T0 E
ln

tn Tn E

14

Question 13 (b) (i)

We are given the domain 0 x 1 , from which we observe that x 2 1 .
Multiply both sides by a 2 b2 :

b2 x 2 a 2 b2

This is allowed since a b 0 .

Expand and re-arrange:

a 2 x 2 b2 x 2 a 2 b2
b2 a 2 x 2 a 2 b2 x 2
We carefully square root both sides, knowing that the inequality is still preserved.

b2 a 2 x 2 a 2 b2 x 2
Flip both sides, and thus the inequality:

1
a b x
2

1
b a2 x2
2

Hence f x g x .
And so the other inequality follows.

Alternatively
Let f x g x :

1
a b x
2

1
b a2 x2
2

a 2 b2 x2 b2 a 2 x2
Square both sides carefully, noting that the inequality is preserved.

a 2 b2 x 2 b2 a 2 x 2
x 2 a 2 b2 a 2 b2
Hence x 2 1 and thus 0 x 1 , since x 0 . The other direction of the inequality follows.
15

Question 13 (b) (ii)

This is a normal volumes problem now.
Since for 0 x 1 , we have f x g x , we can compute V.
1

1
1

V 2
2
dx
2 2
2 2
0 b a x a b x

ax
bx

tan tan 1

ab
b
a 0
1

a
b
tan 1 tan 1

ab
b
a
a b

tan 1 b a
a b
ab
1
b a

a 2 b2
tan 1

ab
2 ab

Question 13 (b) (iii)

This is essentially the same thing, with different limits and f x g x .
k
1
1
Vk
dx
2 2 2 2
1 a b x b a 2 x 2

bx
ax
tan 1 tan 1

ab
a
b 1

bk
ak
b
a
tan 1 tan 1 tan 1 tan 1

ab
a
b
a
b

bk
ak
Note that as k , tan 1 and tan 1 .
2
2
a
b
Hence:

b
a
tan 1 tan 1

ab
a
b
1 a
b

tan tan 1

ab
b
a

Vk

And this is the same expression as (i).

16

Question 13 (c) (i)

We will use the identity sin 2 cos2 1 .
Since A B , we have:

nt
nt
nt
x A cos 2 sin 2 B A sin 2
2
2
2

nt
A B A sin 2
2
B A
A
1 cos nt
2
A B B A

cos nt
2
2

Differentiate once with respect to t :

B A
x n
sin nt
2
Differentate again with respect to t :

B A
x n2
cos nt
2
A B

n 2 x
2

Hence, the particle moves in Simple Harmonic Motion, with centre of motion being
A B
x
.
2

17

Alternatively
Using the results cos 2

1 cos 2
1 cos 2
and sin 2
, we have:
2
2

nt
nt
x A cos 2 B sin 2
2
2
A
B
1 cos nt 1 cos nt
2
2
1
1
A B A B cos nt
2
2
Differentiate once with respect to t :

n
A B sin nt
2

Differentiate again with respect to t :

n2
x A B cos nt
2
A B

n 2 x
2

18

Question 13 (c) (ii)

Observe that the centre of motion is x

One endpoint is x1

A B
B A
and amplitude is
.
2
2

A B B A

B.
2
2

The other endpoint is x2

A B B A

A.
2
2

Hence A x B .

Question 13 (d) (i)

Using the Sine Rule in AOP , we have:

l
1

sin sin APO

But we also have:
APO 180 AOP
180 90
180 90
90

So:
l
1

sin sin 90

cos
si n
cos

19

Question 13 (d) (ii) (1)

Using the Chain Rule, we have

d d dl d

S .
dt
dl dt dl

dl cos cos sin sin

d
cos 2

cos
cos 2

2
d cos

dl
cos

d
dt
d dl

dl dt
cos 2

S
cos

Let 2 :

cos 2 2

S
cos
cos 2

S
cos
S cos

20

Question 13 (d) (ii) (2)

We will use the formula

d
.
d

It may seem unrecognisable now, but it is actually more commonly known as a v

which is much more well-known (as it is taught that way).

d
d
2

d cos
S

d
cos

2 cos sin
S
cos
2 cos sin
S
cos

Let 2 :
2 cos sin
cos
2 cos sin
S
cos
S 2sin

But l

sin
and when 2 ,
cos

sin 2
cos
2sin cos

cos
2sin

Hence:
2 cos sin
cos
2 cos sin
S
cos
S l

21

dv
,
dx

Alternatively

d
dt
d d

d dt
d

S cos
d

cos 2
But recall that
S
cos

2 cos sin
d
S
d
cos
S

sin 2 2
cos
Hence :

S 2 sin 2 2
Substitute 2 :

S 2 sin 2
2S 2 sin cos
But recall that S cos . Also, similarly to the alternative solution above, l 2sin .
Hence S l

22

Question 14 (a) (i)

Consider the expansion 1 x 1 x
m

n m

1 x .
n

n
Coefficient of x k from RHS:
k
Coefficient of x k from LHS:

m n m
x 0 x k

0 k
m n m
x1 x k 1

1 k 1
m n m
x 2 x k 2

2 k 2
...
m n m
x k x 0

k 0
Hence coefficient of x k from LHS is:

n m n n m n n m n
n m n

...

0 k 1 k 1 2 k 2
k 0
And hence the result.

23

Question 14 (a) (ii)

We make the following substitutions, n 2n , m n , k n .
Then the identity from (i) now becomes:

2n n n 2n n n 2n n n
2n n n 2n

...

0 n 1 n 1 2 n 2
n 0 n
Simplifying this:

n n n n n n
n n 2n


...
0 n 1 n 1 2 n 2
n 0 n
n n
But recall the identity
:
k nk
n n n n
n n
Hence ,
, , .
0 n 1 n 1
n 0
Therefore:
2

n n n
n 2n
...
0 1 2
n n

24

Question 14 (a) (iii)

We now make the substitution r n r in the summation on the right.
This will mean that in a similar fashion to Integration by Substitution, r 0 n r and
r n n 0 . But also note that if we sum from 0 to n, or from n to 0, it makes no difference
so we can just write the bottom limit as 0 and the top limit as n, to follow general convention.
Hence, our new expression is:
2

n
n
n
r

r 0 r
r 1
nr
n

Expanding the RHS, we get:

2

n
n
n
n
n
r

r 0 r
r 1 n r
r 1 n r
n

n n
But recall that
. Applying it, we have:
k nk
2

n
n
n
n

n
r

n n r rn n r

r 1

r 0 r
r 1
2

n
n
n
n r
r 1 r
r 1 r
n

Re-arranging the terms, we have:

2

n
n
n
2 r n
r 0 r
r 1 r
n

n
n
n
And this is possible, since r r .
r 1 r
r 0 r
n

Substitute the result in (ii):

2

n
n
n
2 r n
r 0 r
r 1 r
2n
n
n
n

Dividing both sides by 2 yields the required result.

25

Alternatively
2

n
n
n n
n
n
2 ... n
2
... n

1
2
n n 1
n 2
n n
2

n
n
n
n
n n 1 n 2 ...

0
1
2
n 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
n n n n
n
n
n n n 2 ...

0 1 1 2
2
n 1
2
2
2
2
n 2 n 2
n n
n
n
n ...
2 ... n 1

0 1
n 1 1
2
n 1

Or in a more compact form

2
n n 2 n n 2
n
k n k

k 1 k
k 0 k k 1 k
n

2
n n 2
n
2 k n
k 1 k
k 0 k
n

n
n 2n
k

2 n
k 1 k
n

26

Question 14 (b) (i)

By symmetry of the parabola, we have 1 . Similarly for other trajectories, 1 2 ,

2 3 , . and inductively, we have 1 2 3 ... Hence n , for all n .

Question 14 (b) (ii)

We will first find the time for the first trajectory.
Let y 0 :
1
gt 2 Vn t sin 0
2
1
gt Vn sin 0 ... since t 0 is when it is at the origin
2
2V sin
t n
g

So therefore, we have t0

2V0 sin
.
g

Similarly:
t1

2V1 sin 2kV0 sin

, using the recurrence Vn kVn1 .

g
g

2V2 sin 2kV1 sin 2k 2V0 sin

t2

g
g
g

tn

2k nV0 sin
g

So summing up an infinite number of these, we have:

27

2k r V0 sin
TV0 lim
n
g
r 0
n

n
2V0 sin
lim k r
n
g
r 0
2V sin
1
0

... since k 1
g
1 k
2V sin
0
g 1 k

Question 14 (b) (iii)

We will first find the distance of the first trajectory.
x0 V0 t0 cos
V0

2V0 sin
cos
g

2V0 2 sin cos

g
V0 2 sin 2

Similarly,

x1

V12 sin 2 k 2V0 2 sin 2

g
g

V2 2 sin 2 k 2V12 sin 2 k 4V0 2 sin 2

x2

g
g
g

xn

k 2 n V0 2 sin 2
g

Hence, the total distance is:

28

k 2 r V0 2 sin 2
R lim
n
g
r 0
n

n
V0 2 sin 2
lim k 2 r
n
g
r 0

V0 2 sin 2
1

g
1 k 2

V0 2 sin 2
g 1 k 2

... since k 1

Question 14 (b) (iv)

We know that TR

2VR sin
.
g

So placing it as a ratio:
2VR sin
TR
g

TV0 2V0 sin

g 1 k

2VR sin g 1 k

g
2V0 sin

VR
1 k
V0

So we must now find

VR
.
V0

Equate R with the range of any normal trajectory:

29

VR 2 sin 2 V0 2 sin 2

g
g 1 k 2
VR

VR 2
V0 2

V0 2

1 k 2
1

1 k 2

VR

V0

1 k 1 k

Hence, substituting it in:

TR VR
1 k
TV0 V0

1 k

1 k 1 k

1 k
1 k

1 k
1 k

Question 14 (b) (v)

We know that 0 k 1.
Hence 1 k 1, and 1 k 1 and therefore 0

1 k
1.
1 k

Square rooting both sides yields the same bounds, so 0

But recall that

1 k
1.
1 k

TR
1 k
T

, so therefore 0 R 1 , and hence 0 TR TV0 .

TV0
1 k
TV0

Physically, this means that it will always take less time to get the ball to a location via
landing it there in a single larger trajectory, as opposed to bouncing it there with a smaller
one.

30

 31