Ms 76 1972pre

MS ISO/IEC TR 10037 : 1995
MALAYSIAN
STANDARD
MS 76 : 1972
ICS : 91.100.15
SPECIFICATION FOR BRICKS AND BLOCKS OF FIRED

BRICKEARTH, CLAY OR SHALE
PART 2 : METRIC UNITS
STANDARDS & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA

Copyright
SIRIM. No part of this publication may be photocopied or otherwise reproduced

without the prior permission in writing of SIRIM
SPECIFICATION FOR
BRICKS AND BLOCKS OF FIRED

BRICKEARTH, CLAY OR SHALE
PART 2. METRIC UNITS
MS 76:1972
Copyright
MS 76: 1972
This Malaysian Standard, which had been approved by the Civil
Engineering and Building Construction Industry Standards Committee and
endorsed by the Standards Council, was published under the authority
of the Standards Council in June, 1972.
SIM wishes to draw attention to the fact that this Malaysian
Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of
a contract.
Malaysian Standards are subject to periodical review to keep
abreast of progress in the industries concerned. Suggestions for improvements will be recorded and in due course brought to the notice
of the Committee charged with the revision of the Standards to which
they refer,
The following SIM references relate to the work on this standard:

Committee Reference:
Draft for Comment:
SIM/I/7/018
D21(ISC 7)
MS 76: 1972
CONTENTS
Page
Committee Representation
Foreword
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SPECIFICATIQN
1.
Scope
14
Chapter 1. Bricks and Blocks for Walling
Section One: General
2.
General
3.
Definitions
4.
Formats
5.
6.
Patterns
Compliance for Dimensions (Bricks)
7.
8.
Compliance for Dimensions (Blocks)

Compliance for Out of Squareness (Blocks)
20
20
9.
10.
Compliance for Bowing or Twisting (Blocks)

Strength and Absorption
20
21
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114
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16
18
18
Section Two: Specific Clauses

Sub-Section A: Facing and Common Bricks and Blocks of
Ordinary Quality
11.
12.
Finish
Strength
13.
14.
Soluble Salts Content

Liability to Efflorescence
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24
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MS 76: 1972
Sub-Section B: Facing and Common Bricks and. Blocks of
Special Quality
15.
Finish
16.
Strength
17.
18.
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Sub-Section C:
24
25
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Bricks and Blocks for Internal Walls
19.
Finish
20.
Strength
211.
22.
Liability to Elrlorescence
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25
26
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Chapter 2. Hollow Blocks for Structural Floors and Roofs.

23.
General
24.
Formats
25.
Compliance for Dimensions
26.
Compliance for Out of Squareness
28
27.
Compliance for Bowing or Twisting
28
28.
Finish
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29.
Strength
30.
31.
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MS 76: 1972
Chapter 3. Sampling Procedure and Test Methods
32.
General
33.
Samples
34.
Method of Sampling
35.
Determination of Dimension (Bricks)
36.
Determination of Dimension (Blocks)
37.
Deterinination of Out of Squareness (Blocks)
38.
Determination of Bowing or Twisting (Blocks)
39.
Determination of Compressive Strength
40.
Water Absorption Tests
41.
Soluble Salts Analysis
42.
Elllorcsccnce
43.
Compliance
44.
Procedure in the Event of Dispute
45.
Cost of Testing
Appendix A.
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Test
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31
34
34
34
35
35
45
48
53
55
55
56
Application of Works Quality Control Scheme

for Dimensions
57
Choice of Limits and Acceptance Clauses for

Dimensions of Bricks
64
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Appendix B.
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Table 1.
Standard Formats (Bricks)
Table 2.
Standard Formats (Blocks)
Table 3.
Dimensional Tolerances (Bricks)
Table 4.
Dimensional Tolerances (B!ocks)
Table 5.
Maximum Deviations on Dimensions
21
Table 6.
Strength and Absorption
22
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17
17
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19
MS 76: 1972
Table 7.
Standard Formats (Floor Blocks)
Table 8.
Limits for Use With Gauge Board
Table 9.
Limits for Use With Alternative Scale for

Gauge Board
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Figure 1.
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63
63
Arrangements for Measuring Clay Building Bricks

(a) for Length, (b) for Width, (c) for Depth
66
Determination of Out of Squareness and

Bowing or Twisting of Hollow Blocks
67
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Figure 2.
27
Figure 3.
Apparatus for Vacuum Absorption Test
Figure 4.
Apparatus for Efliorescence Test
Figure 5.
Gauge Board for Measuring Bricks
Figure 6.
Double Bricks Referred to in Note 3,

Clause 39 (d)(iv)
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68
68
69
70
MS 76: 1972
Committee Representation
The Civil Engineering and Building Construction Industry Standards Committee under whose supervision this Malaysian Standard was
prepared, comprises representatives from the following Government
Ministries, trade commerce and manufacturer Association and scientific
and professional bodies.
Association of Consulting Engineers (Malaysia)
Cement & Concrete Association, Malaysia
Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers
Institution of Engineers (Malaysia)
Institution of Surveyors, Malaysia
Malaysian Institute of Architects
Malaysian Scientific Association
Master Builders Association
Ministry of Agriculture and Lands
Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Ministry of Education
Ministry of Technology Research, & Local Government
Ministry of Works, Posts and Telecommunications
(Public Works Department)
United Chambers of Commerce
University of Malaysia
MS 76: 1972
FOREWORD
This Malaysian Standard has been prepared under the authority
of the Civil Engineering and Building Construction Industry Standards
Committee. It is based on BS 3921: Part 2: 1969 which has been
published in metric units, in view of the fact that the country is
contemplating changing over to metric. In the interim, however, values
given in imperial units within brackets may be used. But one system
of units should be adhered to throughout for consistency, and the
values within brackets have been extracted from the corresponding
BS 3921 : 1965 which has become Part 1 of the corresponding British
Standard.
The technical difficulties in the way of a standard which shall
give useful guidance on the quality of all the many varieties of fired
clay bricks and blocks are so great that it is still not possible to
specify completely every point of importance. Nevertheless, the committee considered that the standard should provide as much guidance
as possible, even though some of the quality clauses will require revision in the light of further knowledge. The main issues raised by
this standard are discussed in the following paragraphs.
Attempts to ascertain the quality of clay bricks and blocks by
infrequent sampling and testing to a specification of isolated batches
are subject to uncertainty because the properties of clay products, like
those of other manufactured products, are liable to variations over a
long period, as a result of changes in the naturally variable raw materials,
as well as process variations of products made at any one time, it is
therefore good manufacturing technique to sample and test products
regularly and to record the results in the form of control charts on
the principles discussed in BS 2564, Control chart technique when
manufacturing to a specification and in Appendices A and B. Such
8
MS 76: 1972
charts display the variation of properties with time and thus give more
information about a product than can be obtained by tests made on
a single occasion. It is recommended that manufacturers should make
their control charts available for inspection by users and that users
should recognize their value. This recommendation shall not preclude
users from taking samples in accordance with Clauses 33 and 34 for
testing in accordance with the remaining Clauses of Chapter 3. Any
such samples that users may require shall be taken before the bricks
or blocks are built into work, especially where tests for soluble salts
content or liability to efflorescence are in question.
The treatment of strength in the specific clauses reflects the fact,
still not as widely appreciated as it should be, that strength is not
necessarily an index of durability and may be very misleading if used
as such. The main use of the strength test is as a guide to permissible
pressure in brickwork.
In the past, the permissible pressures on brickwork have been
calculated, in accordance with British Standard CPI 11: 1948, Structural recommendations for loadbearing walls, in terms of the mean
strength of samples of twelve bricks taken at random and of the mortar
composition. Variation in the strength of bricks and mortar and in
workmanship have been allowed for by using high load factors. Recently, calculated loadbearing brickwork has begun to be treated like
other structural engineering materials and designed to finer limits. Where
this is to be done, it is desirable that the bricks used should be
manufactured under a system of quality control on a sound statistical
basis which enables the manufacturer to satisfy the user that he can
supply consignments such that, when a sample is tested in accordance
with Clause 39, there is a specified probability, normally of not more
than I in 40, that the arithmetic mean of the sample will be below
a specified limit of compressive strength.
9
MS 76: 1972
The water absorption test also is given less prominence than has
often been accorded to it. A low water absorption figure can be used
in defining engineering bricks and bricks for damp-proof courses but
water absorption, like strength, is not a general index of durability.
With many, but not all, clays, the more durable bricks absorb less
water than those that are not so durable, so long as a single variety
of bricks is considered. No limit can be set, however, that will discriminate generally between durable and non-durable bricks. Recent
work has shown that the saturation coefficient, or ratio or 24-how
cold absorption to a total absorption by the boiling or vacuum methods,
is less useful as an index of durability than was formerly thought. II
has not, therefore, been included. The vacuum method has been specified as an alternative to the boiling method, since some laboratories
regard it as more convenient and the results are approximately equivalent.
The method of measuring 24-hour cold absorption has also been
included in Clause 40, since this may occasionally he found useful for
works control, but no specific requirements based on this test are included in Section Two of Chapter 1.
The committee has given serious consideration to the problem
of framing a specification which is based on the knowledge that bricks
containing undue amounts of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium
suiphates are liable to produce complaints about walls built with them.
The complaints may be of two kinds: sulphate expansion of Portland
cement mortar and efflorescence on brickwork.
Although cause and effect have been established broadly, conS
siderable difficulty has arisen when trying to decide what are suitable
maximum limits for the permissible contents or calcium, magnesium,
potassium, sodium and sulphate individually or in toto. In some circumstances it would appear that bricks with a total soluble sulphate
10
MS 76: 1972
content of well under 1% have given severe trouble in sulphate expansion: in others, bricks with soluble salt contents of as much as three
times this amount have been used without arousing comment. The
same sort of evidence has been forthcoming on particular salts, e g
potassium sulphate. For instance there has been complete absence of
complaints over extended periods when bricks containing 0.25% soluble
potassium have been used. Elsewhere trouble has arisen with bricks
containing less than 0.25%. In these circumstances it has been considered unreasonable to set a maximum of 0.25% of soluble potassium
for bricks in general.
The explanation of this conflicting evidence remains a matter
of conjecture. It is well known, for example, that for sulphate expansion to occur it is necessary to have soluble suiphates, tricalcium
aluminate, and water in juxtaposition. Thus, sulphate expansion does
not occur in brickwork where the bricks have negligible sulphate content,
or the mortar has a low triealcium aluminate content, as in mortar
made from sulphate-resisting cement, or when water is largely excluded
by sound methods of building construction. Thus it is easy to visualize
service and other conditions in which bricks of less salt content could
have performed badly. There are many other factors too, which obscure
this issue.
The incidence of efflorescence is subject to similar uncertainties.
it has, however, been observed that the sulphates of sodium or magnesium
are more troublesome than those of calcium or potassium.
Bearing all these factors in mind the committee felt that, for
bricks of ordiiiary quality (Clause 3.1 (c)(ii) ), although the etilorescence
test should be retained, it could not recommend the setting of limits
for the content of soluble salts.
11
MS 76: 1972
However, for bricks of special quality (Clause 3.! (c)(iii), for which
higher standards of manufacture can be reasonably expected, the committee felt that the maximum quantity of soluble salts permissible should
be stated, although the limits must necessarily be tentative.
The provision in Clause 3.1 (d)(i) that bricks containing up to
25% of holes are to be considered as solid requires explanation It
has been included because it is known that bricks with not more than
this modest degree of perforation can be treated in the same way as
bricks without holes when calculating permissible pressures on brickwork from the strengths of the bricks determined in accordance with
Clause 39, and this artifice should ensure that such bricks are automatically so treated. It need not be concluded that similar relations
between the strength of bricks and the strength of brickwork do not
subsist when the bricks contain more than 25% of holes, but where
a designer feels any doubt it is always open to him to require tests
on walls in accordance with MS
* Structural
Recomniendations
for Loadbearing Walls. Possibly on a future revision of the codes it
may be more appropriate to deal with this situation in the code rather
than in the standard, but on the present occasion the method adopted
has seemed expendient.
The method of overall measurement of 24 bricks, which wt~s
used in BS 657 in checking conformity with the dimensional clauses
of the standard, has been retained for standard bricks and is recommended for non-standard bricks.
The minimum strength for blocks for structural floors and roofs,
specified in Clause 29, differs from the minimum strength specified for
blocks for walling because the method of testing and the method of
expressing the results are different. The limit of 14 MNIm2 (2,000
*
In Preparation.
12
MS 76: 1972
lbf/in2) is one that can reasonably be attained by most manufacturers.
It is lower than the limit 17.0 MN/rn2 (2,500 lbf/in2) set in BS 1190,
but it is open to the structural engineer who wishes to take the strength
of the blocks into consideration in his design to specify a higher
strength where this is likely to be useful.
13

Ms 76 1972pre

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MS ISO/IEC TR 10037 : 1995

SPECIFICATION FOR BRICKS AND BLOCKS OF FIRED

STANDARDS & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA

SIRIM. No part of this publication may be photocopied or otherwise reproduced

BRICKS AND BLOCKS OF FIRED

The following SIM references relate to the work on this standard:

Compliance for Dimensions (Blocks)

Compliance for Bowing or Twisting (Blocks)

Section Two: Specific Clauses

Soluble Salts Content

Soluble Salts Content

Bricks and Blocks for Internal Walls

Soluble Salts Content

Chapter 2. Hollow Blocks for Structural Floors and Roofs.

Compliance for Dimensions

Compliance for Out of Squareness

Compliance for Bowing or Twisting

Soluble Salts Content

Determination of Dimension (Bricks)

Determination of Dimension (Blocks)

Deterinination of Out of Squareness (Blocks)

Determination of Bowing or Twisting (Blocks)

Determination of Compressive Strength

Water Absorption Tests

Soluble Salts Analysis

Procedure in the Event of Dispute

Application of Works Quality Control Scheme

Choice of Limits and Acceptance Clauses for

Standard Formats (Bricks)

Standard Formats (Blocks)

Dimensional Tolerances (Bricks)

Dimensional Tolerances (B!ocks)

Maximum Deviations on Dimensions

Strength and Absorption

Standard Formats (Floor Blocks)

Limits for Use With Gauge Board

Limits for Use With Alternative Scale for

Arrangements for Measuring Clay Building Bricks

Determination of Out of Squareness and

Apparatus for Vacuum Absorption Test

Apparatus for Efliorescence Test

Gauge Board for Measuring Bricks

Double Bricks Referred to in Note 3,

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