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Kultur Dokumente
30-11-2012
CPU
Random-access memory:
Random access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage. Today, it
takes the form of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any
order with a worst case performance of constant time. Strictly speaking, modern
types of DRAM are therefore not random access, as data is read in bursts,
although the name DRAM / RAM has stuck. However, many types of SRAM,
ROM, OTP, and NOR flash are still random access even in a strict sense. RAM is
often associated with volatile types of memory (such as DRAM memory
modules), where its stored information is lost if the power is removed. Many
other types of non-volatile memory are RAM as well, including most types of
ROMand a type of flash memory called NOR-Flash. The first RAM modules to
come into the market were created in 1951 and were sold until the late 1960s
and early 1970s
Expansion card:
The expansion card (also expansion board, adapter card or accessory card) in
computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of
a computer motherboard or backplane to add functionality to acomputer system
via the expansion bus.
Power supply unit:
Power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power
for the internal components of the computer. Modern personal computers
universally use a switched-mode power supply. Some power supplies have a
manual selector for input voltage, while others automatically adapt to the supply
voltage.
Optical disc drive:
In computing, an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light or
electromagnetic waves near the light spectrum as part of the process of reading
or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but
recent drives are commonly both readers and recorders, also called burners or
writers. Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common type of
Keyboard
optical media which can be read and recorded by such drives. Optical drive is the
generic name; drives are usually described as "CD" "DVD", or "Blu-Ray", followed
by "drive", "writer", etc.
Hard disk drive:
A hard disk drive (HDD; also hard drive, hard disk, or disk drive) is a device for
storing and retrieving digital information, primarily computer data. It consists of
one or more rigid (hence "hard") rapidly rotating discs (often referred to as
platters), coated with magnetic material and with magnetic heads arranged to
write data to the surfaces and read it from them.
Hard drives are classified as non-volatile, random access, digital, magnetic, data
storage devices. Introduced by IBM in 1956, hard disk drives have decreased in
cost and physical size over the years while dramatically increasing in capacity and
speed.
Computer keyboard:
In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style keyboard, which uses an
arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic
switches. Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via
teleprinter-style keyboards became the main input device for computers.
Despite the development of alternative input devices, such as the mouse,
touchscreen, pen devices, character recognition and voice recognition, the
keyboard remains the most commonly used and most versatile device used for
direct (human) input into computers.
Mouse:
In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting twodimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Physically, a mouse
consists of an object held under one of the user's hands, with one or more
buttons. It sometimes features other elements, such as "wheels", which allow
the user to perform various system-dependent operations, or extra buttons or
features that can add more control or dimensional input. The mouse's motion
typically translates into the motion of a cursor on adisplay, which allows for fine
control of a graphical user interface.
Motherboard
Chassis:
A computer case is also known as computer chassis, cabinet, box, tower,
enclosure, housing, system unit or simply case. It is the enclosure that contains
most of the components of a computer. Computer cases are usually constructed
from steel or aluminum. Plastic is sometimes used and other materials such as
wood and even logo blocks have appeared in home built cases.
CMOS RAM:
Nonvolatile memory refers to a small memory on PC motherboards that is used
to store BIOS setting. It is called CMOS. The use is to keep the real time going and
to start BIOS.
Result:
Thus parts of computer are identified and studied.
Ex No 2
8-12-2011
Aim:To understand how to assemble and disassemble a PC.
Things to get in place:
Pliers
Brush
Wire markers
Lay out
Disassembly of a PC:
Removing the Cover
The standard way of removing tower cases used to be to undo 4-6 screws on the
back of the case, slide the cover back about an inch and lift it off.
Don't Force Anything. If it has to be forced, it will probably break. If there are no
screws on the back of the case for the cover, check the plastic faceplate on the
front. Some pry off to reveal screws or release levers (remember, careful
inspection). If everything on the front has its own bezel around it (including the
LEDs) then maybe the plastic front pops off (or maybe the case slides off the
front).
If you notice a separation between the sides and the top, then they must come
off separately. Make sure any screws removed are for the cover. You don't want
to unscrew the power supply by accident and have it fall inside your computer.
That's a bad thing.
After the case is removed, place it in a safe place, where it won't get knocked of a
table, kicked or stepped on and bent.
Assembling a PC:
Step 1: Installing the motherboard
Make sure you have all the components in place and a nice, clean and big enough
place to work with.
Put your antic-static wrist strap on to prevent your components from getting
affected. Make sure your hands are clean before starting. First we will be
installing the motherboard which is a piece of cake to install.
After this you will need to connect the cable of the heat sink on the
motherboard. Again look into the motherboard manual on where to connect it
and then connect it to the right port to get your heat sink in operational mode.
Step 4: Installing the RAM
Installing the RAM is also an easy job. The new RAM i.e. DDR RAMs are easy to
install as you dont have to worry about placing which side where into the slot.
The older ones, SDRAMs are plagued by this problem.
If you want to use dual channel configuration then consult your manual on which
slots to use to achieve that result.
Make sure the both the clips hold the RAM properly
Remove the back plate on the cabinet corresponding to the graphics card
High-end graphics cards need dedicated power supply and if your graphics card
needs one then connect the appropriate wire from PSU into the graphics card.
Step 7: Installing the hard disk
Hard disk is another fragile component of the computer and needs to handle
carefully.
If your hard drive is a SATA one then connect one end of SATA cable into the
motherboard and other into the SATA port on the hard disk. If your hard disk is
PATA type then use the IDE cable instead of the SATA cable.
Tip: When installing multiple optical drives take care of jumper settings. Make
sure you make one as primary and other slave by using the jumper. This is not
applicable if the drives are SATA drives.
Step 9: Connecting various cables
First we will finish setting up internal components and then get on to the
external ones. You will need to consult your motherboard manual for finding the
appropriate port for connecting various cables at the right places on the
motherboard.
Connect the large ATX power connector to the power supply port on your
motherboard
Next get hold of the smaller square power connector which supplies power
to the processor and connect it to the appropriate port by taking help from your
motherboard manual
Connect the cabinet cables for power,reset button in the appropriate port
of the motherboard
Reboot the PC
Install the OS
RESULT:
Thus Assembling and Disassembling of a PC is done and understood.