Materials and Structures

CVEN2302
Lecturer-1: General Principles

Dr Hamid Valipour

Unit conversion
Length

1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm

Load (Action)
- Concentrated force
- Concentrated Moment & Torque
- Force per unit length
- Force per unit area
1 Pa = 1 N/m 2
Internal force (Action effect)
- Axial & Shear force
- Bending Moment & Torque

1 kN

= 1000 N

1 kN.m = 1000 N.m = 10 6 N.mm

1 kN/m = 1000 N/m = 1

N/mm

1 kN/m 2 = 1000 N/m 2 = 10 -3 N/mm 2

1 kN/m 2 = 1 kPa
1 kN

= 1000 N

1 kN.m = 1000 N.m = 10 6 N.mm

Stress and Material Strength

1 MPa = 1 N/mm 2 = 10 6 N/m 2
1 GPa = 1000 MPa = 10 9 Pa

Material properties
Young modulus: E= 200000 MPa= 200 GPa
Shear modulus: G= 80000 MPa= 80 GPa
Yield stress: fy= (MPa)
Shall not exceed that given in
Table 2.1 (AS4100- 1998)

Ultimate tensile strength: fu= (MPa)

Yield strain:

fy
E

(Stress)

f y (MPa )

fu

2 105

f y

rupture

Long plastic
plateau

(Strain)

Table 2.1 (AS4100- 1998)

See previous
slide for Notes.

See previous
slide for Notes.

See previous
slide for Notes.

Table 2.1 (continue) (AS4100- 1998)

Steel members (Sections)

Classification of sections:
Hot rolled (plates, taper flange beam, equal leg angle, unequal
leg angle, universal beam, universal column, parallel flange
channel)
Standard welded sections (welded beam, welded column)
Cold-formed and welded hollow sections (circular, rectangular
and square hollow sections)
Fabricated sections (Top hat-UB+PFC)

Outline of steel sections

y
y

Hot Rolled

y
x

EA
Equal Angle

UA

Unequal Angle

x
98

SQ

RND

weld

y
WC

Welded Beam

Welded Column

x
y

TFB

UB

UC

PFC

Taper Flange Beam

Universal Beam

Universal Column

Paralell Flange Channel

x x

CHS
Circular Hollow
Section

Fabricated
y

y
WB

x
y

y
x

Hollow section

y
x

weld

Welded section
y

PLT

Square (Square bar) Round (Round bar) Plate

x
y

RHS
Rectangular Hollow
Section

SHS
Square Hollow
Section

y
Tophat-UB+PFC

Structure performance
Structures must have reliable performance

under all expected actions such as permanent actions and

imposed actions.

withstand extreme or frequent actions such as wind action and

earthquake action.

Clients have an expectation of satisfactory performance to fulfill

design function

under short-term actions such as vibration and foot-fall.

under long-term actions such as element deflections due to creep

in RC structures.

Design philosophy
Allowable stress design
Strength:
Design stress < Allowable stress = (reduction factor) x ( fy or fu )
Serviceability:
Limiting the deflection or element size for serviceability

Limit state design (LRFD)

What is limit state?
A condition beyond which a structural component or the entire
structure ceases to fulfil the function for which it is designed. Two
major limits are, ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state.

Design at different levels

Structure
Member
Section
Element

Member

Element

Structure
Element

Element
Element

Element

Section and Elements

Element

Applicability of AS4100- 1998 (clause 1.1)

This standard sets out minimum requirements for the design, fabrication,
erection & modification of steelwork in structures in accordance with the
limit states design concept.
This Standard applies to steel buildings, structures & cranes.

This standard does not apply to:

- Steel elements less than 3 mm thick, with the exception of sections
complying with AS/NZS 1163 and packers.
-

Steel members for which the value of the yield stress ( fy ) used in
design exceeds 690 MPa.

Cold-formed members, other than those complying with AS/NZS 1163,

shall be designed in accordance with AS/NZS 4600.

Composite steel-concrete members, which shall be designed in

accordance with AS2327.

Road, railway and pedestrian bridges (AS 5100.1, 2 & 6 apply).

Definitions

Action (load): the cause of stress or deformations in a structure

which could be
dead load or permanent action (G), live load or imposed action (Q),
wind action (Wu), earthquake action (Eu), snow (Fsn), liquid pressure
(Flp), rainwater ponding (Fpnd) and ground water (Fgw) in accordance
with (Section 1 AS/NZS 1170[1].0)

Action effect (load effect): the internal force (i.e. axial force and
shear) or bending moment due to actions or loads.

Design action (design load): the combination of the nominal actions

or loads and the load factors as specified in AS1170.

Design action effect (design load effect): the action or load effect
computed from the design actions (design loads).
Axial force (N* ), Shear force (V * ), Bending moment (M * ), torsion (T * )
or combination of them

Structural Actions (loads)

Origin: events apply actions to the structure during its lifetime (G, Q, Wu
,Eu , Fsn , Flp , Fpnd & Fgw ).

Confidence: reflects how accurately the actions applied to the structure

over its lifetime can be predicted.
known: self-weight of structure, machinery, permanent equipments and
cladding, permanent partitions .
estimated: environmental actions (wind, earthquake) or occupancy actions
such as imposed action ( live load ).

Duration: it can be of short-term or long-term nature and it is more

important for concrete and timber.

Distribution:
distributed: forces applied over large area
concentrated: forces applied over specific localised area

Return period: return period, intensity and duration is important

frequent event
rare event

Design process (General)

Project!

Definition of project
(Design brief)
Includes: specific use,
constraints, functional &
structural requirements

Preliminary designs
and selection

Information search
Includes: design data,
information from other
consultants, loads

Structural systems
(Conceptual design)
Includes:
type of structural system,
Connections and
construction techniques

Detailed design

Drawings and technical

specifications

Construction

Design process (Structure)

oad
L
d
se )
o
p
Im Load
&
G,Q
t
en & Live
n
a
m
Per (Dead
Load Combination or
Combination of Actions (AS 1170[1].0)

W
ad
wind Lo

Idealised model
Analysis
Design action effect
N*
V*

M*

(Design axial force, shear, bending moment)

Design action effect

(Capacity factor)

(Nominal capacity)

General modes of failure

Classification of failure modes
Local
Global
Combination of local and global

Steel yielding (ductile failure mode)

Steel fracture and fatigue (brittle failure mode)

Buckling related failure modes

Forms of Construction and Idealised model

Rigid (connection): the original angle between the members
remains unchanged.
Semi-rigid (connection)
Simple (connection): the connections at the ends of the member
shall be assumed not to develop bending moment.

w
90

Rigid

w
90

90

< 90 o

Semi-Rigid

Simple
(Hinge)
90

< 90 o

Common connections in steel frames

Flush end
Plate

T-stub
connection

Single web
angle

Double web
angle

Top & Seat

with Double
web angle

Extended
end plate

Header
plate

Top and seat

angle

Methods of determining action effects (clause 4.1,

AS4100- 1998)
Elastic analysis (In accordance with clause 4.4, AS4100-1998)
- First order
- Second order including P- and/or P- effects (Appendix E, A4100-1998).
Plastic analysis (In accordance with clause 4.5, AS4100-1998)
Advanced analysis (Appendix D, AS4100-1998)
P

Second order M P- = P
effect

Braced Frame
The transverse displacement of one end
relative to the other is effectively prevented.

Second order MP- = P

effect

Sway Frame
The transverse displacement of one end
relative to the other is not effectively prevented.

Limit state design

-

Stability limit state

The structure as a whole (and any part of it) shall be designed to

prevent instability due to overturning, uplift or sliding

Strength limit state

The structure and its component members and connections shall be

designed in such a way that

Design action effect < Design capacity= * Nominal capacity

or

S* < Ru

is capacity reduction factor given in Table 3.4 (AS4100- 1998).

-

Serviceability limit state

The structure and its components shall be designed for the
serviceability limit state by controlling or limiting deflection,
vibration, bolt slip and corrosion, as appropriate, in accordance

Fatigue, Fire, Earthquake and Brittle fracture limit state

Capacity (reduction) factor

depends on material
- steel
- concrete
- timber

and further on
- origin and reliability of strength data
- accuracy of behavioural model
- structural role of member (primary or secondary)
- Effect of failure of a single element on whole structure

Table 3.4 Capacity factor () for strength limit state

(AS4100- 1998)
Design capacity for

Clauses

Capacity
factor,

Member subject to bending

-

full lateral support

segment without full lateral support
web in shear
web in bearing
stiffener

5.1, 5.2 & 5.3

5.1 & 5.6
5.11 & 5.12
5.13
5.14, 5.15 & 5.16

0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90

6.1 & 6.2

6.1 & 6.3

0.90
0.90

7.1 & 7.2

0.90

8.3
8.4

0.90
0.90

9.1.9(a), (b), (c) & (d)

9.1.9(e)

0.90
0.75

Member subject to axial compression

- Section capacity
- Member capacity

Member subject to axial tension

Member subject to combined actions
- Section capacity
- Member capacity
Connection components other than a bolt, pin or
weld

Table 3.4 Capacity factor () for strength limit state

(AS4100- 1998)
(continue)
Design capacity for

Clauses

Capacity factor,

Bolted connection
-

bolt in shear
bolt in tension
bolt subject to combined shear and tension
ply in bearing
bolt group

9.3.2.1
9.3.2.2
9.3.2.3
9.3.2.4
9.4

0.80
0.80
0.80
0.90
0.80

9.5.1
9.5.2
9.5.3
9.5.4

0.80
0.80
0.80
0.90

Pin connection
-

pin in shear
pin in bearing
pin in bending
ply in bearing

Welded connection
-

complete penetration butt weld

longitudinal fillet weld in RHS (t < 3mm)
other fillet weld & incomplete penetration butt weld
plug or slot weld
weld group capacity

9.7.2.7
9.7.3.10
9.7.3.10
9.7.4
9.8

SP category

GP category

0.90
0.70
0.80
0.80
0.80

0.60
--0.60
0.60
0.60

Combinations of actions (Section 4, AS/NZS1170[1]. 0)

- Stability limit state:

{0.9G}
(for combination that produce net stabilising)
{1.35G}
{1.2G,1.5Q}
o {G, Eu,c Q}, where c is the combination factor (Table 4.1, AS1170)
o {1.2G, Su, c Q}, where Su can be {Wu , Fsn , 1.2 or 1.5Flp, 1.2Fpnd, 1.2Fgw}
(clause 4.2.2 and 4.2.3, AS1170[1].0)
o
o
o

- Strength limit state:

{1.35G}
{1.2G,1.5Q}
{0.9G, Wu}
o {G, Eu,c Q}
o {1.2G, Su, c Q}
o
o
o

- Serviceability limit state: combinations may include one or a number

of the loads {G, s Q, l Q, Ws , Es} using the short-term (s ) and longterm (l ) factors given in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Short-term, long-term & combination factors

for distributed imposed action (AS1170 [1].0)
Character of imposed action

Short-term
factor, s

Long-term Combination
factor, l
factor, c

Earthquake
factor, E

Floors
-

Residential & domestic

Offices
Parking
Retail
Storage
Other

0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.0
1.0

0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.6

0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.6

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6

0.7

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.7

0.0

0.0

0.0

Roofs
- Roofs used for floor type
activities (see AS/NZS 1170.1)
- All other roofs

Table 4.1 Short-term, long-term & combination factors

for concentrated imposed action (AS1170 [1].0)
Short-term
factor, s

Long-term
factor, l

Combination
factor, c

Earthquake
factor, E

- Floors
- Floors of domestic housing
- Roofs used for floor type
activities
- All other roofs
- Balustrades

1.0
1.0
1.0

0.6
0.4
0.6

as for
distributed floor
actions

0.3
0.3
0.3

1.0
1.0

0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0

- Long-term installed
machinery, tare weight

1.0

1.0

1.2

1.0

Character of imposed action

Example -1:

kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m

mid-span

8.0 m

M = w l 2/8
o {1.35G}
o {1.2G,1.5Q}
o {0.9G, Wu}

Eu,c Q}
o {1.2G, Su, c Q}
o {G,

M *= 162.0
M *= 252.0
M *= 108.0
M *= 148.8
M *= 172.8

3.5 m

20.25
31.50
13.50
o {G, Eu,c Q}
18.60
o {1.2G, Su, c Q} 21.60
o {1.35G}
o {1.2G,1.5Q}
o {0.9G, Wu}

G =15 kN/m & Q =9 kN/m

Wu =3 kN/m

Design bending moment M * for

strength limit state at mid-span of
the beam for parking use:

kN.m
kN.m
kN.m
kN.m
kN.m

Distributing the gravity loads:

The gravity loads act in the direction of gravity, including Dead, Live, etc.
The gravity loads typically are load per unit area (in kPa), however, the load
on the beams should be load per unit length (in kN/m).
To distribute the gravity loads among the beams, the load carrying
mechanism in the floor diaphragm should be identified in the first step.
The load carrying mechanism of the floor can be
- One-way (mainly transfer the load in one direction)

The aspect ratio is greater than 2 < lx / ly .

- Two-way (transfer the load in two directions)

45

ly

beam

Beams only in one direction or

Edge

lx

45

Edge
beam

Distributed load per unit length of the edge beams

Plan view of a floor bay

Type of floor diaphragm:

Stud
connectors

Concrete slab
Concrete slab
Steel wire
mesh

Concrete
slab

Steel wire
mesh

Steel beam

Steel
sheet
Concrete slab
Steel
beam

Steel
sheet

Joist

One-way load transfer

Type of floor diaphragm (continue):

One-way load transfer