Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Variable-Separable Equations
Homogeneous Equations
Exact Equations
Linear Differential Equations of the First
Order
M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0
where both M and N can be functions of x, y, or
both x and y.
Variable-Separable Equations
Given
M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0
If this equation can be expressed as
A ( x ) dx + B ( y ) dy = 0
Examples
Problems:
Examples
Answers:
1. sin y = C cos x
2. r = C (1 b cos )
3. x + tan y = C
2
Homogeneous Equations
Given
M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0
If each term of the equation has a total degree of
n (sum of exponents of all the variables in a
term), then the equation is a homogeneous
differential equation of degree n.
Homogeneous Equations
To solve a homogeneous equation, one may
choose to substitute
or
x = vy
dx = vdy + ydv
y = vx
dy = vdx + xdv
Homogeneous Equations
Theorem 1. If M(x,y) and N(x,y) are both
homogeneous and of the same degree, the
function M(x,y)/N(x,y) is homogeneous of
degree zero.
Theorem 2. If f(x,y) is homogeneous of degree
zero in x and y, f(x,y) is a unction of y/x alone.
f ( x, y ) = f ( x, vx ) = x f (1, v ) = f (1, v )
0
Examples
Problems:
1. 3 ( 3 x + y ) dx 2 xydy = 0
2
2. 3 xydx + ( x + y ) dy = 0
2
3. x csc (
y
x
) y dx + xdy = 0
Examples
Answers:
1. x = C ( 9 x + y
3
2. y ( 4 x + y
2
3. ln
2 3
=C
= cos ( y x )
Exact Equations
Given
M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0
If the following partial differentials are equal,
M
y
x=k
N
=
x
y =k
Exact Equations
To solve an exact differential equation, set
F
M=
x
or
F
N=
y
Exact Equations
If M was initially chosen, set T(y) with function
terms of N with y variables only. If N was
initially chosen, set T(x) with function terms
of M with x variables only. Solve T by
integrating the function obtained.
The solution is then
F ( x, y ) + T ( x ) = C
or
F ( x, y ) + T ( y ) = C
Exact Equations
Tips and tricks: the shortcuts
y =k
M ( x, y ) dx + N ( y ) dy = C
or
M
x
dx
+
(
)
x=k
N ( x, y ) dy = C
Examples
Problems:
1. 2 x + y cos ( xy ) dx + x cos ( xy ) dy = 0
2. ( w + wz z ) dw + ( z + w z w ) dz = 0
3
3. ( 2 xy tan y ) dx + ( x x sec y ) dy = 0
2
Examples
Answers:
1. x + sin ( xy ) = C
2
2. ( w + z
2
2 2
= 4 wz + C
3. x y x tan y = C
2
M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0
If this equation can be expressed as
dy + yP ( x ) dx = Q ( x ) dx
or
dx + xP ( y ) dy = Q ( y ) dy
v=e
or
P ( y ) dy
v=e
or
vx = vQ ( y ) dy + C
Examples
Problems:
1. y ' = csc x y cot x
2. 2 y ( y x ) dy = dx
2
3. dx (1 + 2 x tan y ) dy = 0
Examples
Answers:
1. y sin x = x + C
2. x = y 1 + Ce
2
y2