STRAIN

TENSILE STRENGTH

YIELD PT
ELASTIC LIMIT
M. OF ELASTICITY
M. OF ELASTICITY
M. OF ELASTICITY
STIFFNESS
SECTION MODULUS

TORSIONAL SHEAR
TORQUE
POLAR SECTION MODULUS

Deformation per unit length

Refers also to the ultimate stress of the material.

The pt at which there is an appreciable elongation of the material without

corresponding increase of load.
The stress beyond which the material will not return to its original shape when
unloaded but will retain a permanent deformation called permanent set.
The ratio of stress to strain.
Refers to Youngs modulus.
From stress is proportional to strain, the proportionality constant in tension is
The ability to resist deformation. It is measured by the modulus of elasticity in the
elastic range.
The ratio I/c is called
The name of stress if the member is under torsion.
Also called twisting moment
The ratio J/c is called

MODULUS OF RIGIDITY

From stress is proportional to strain, the proportionality constant in shear is

TRANSVERSE MODULUS

It is the modulus of elasticity in shear or modulus of rigidity

33 000
BEARING STRESS

1 HP is equal to _____ ft- lb/ min

A stress due to contact pressure between two bodies

F ACTOR OF SAFETY

Ultimate strength divided by allowable stress.

FACTOR OF SAFETY

Loading that cause failure divided by actual loading on the member.

SIMPLE STRESS
TRANSV. STRESS
LONGIT. STRESS
JOINT EFFY

A condition under which the stress is constant or uniform

In a thin-walled pressure vessel, it is the stress in the longitudinal section
In a thin-walled pressure vessel, it is the stress in the transverse section.
Minimum strength of the joint divided by strength of solid plate

AGING/AGE HARDENING
PRECIPITATION HARDENING

ALLOY

Change in a metal by which its structure recovers from an unstable or meta stable condition that has been
produced by quenching or cold working.

A substance with metallic properties, composed of two or more elements of which

at least one is a metal.

ALLOYING ELEMENTS

In steel, those are usually considered to be metallic elements added for the purpose of modifying
the properties

ANISOTROPY

The characteristic of exhibiting different properties when tested in different

directions.
The tendency to fracture without appreciable deformation.
Test in which specimen is supported at both ends as a simple beam & broken by
the impact of a falling pendulum.
The brittleness of metals at ordinary or low temp.
The process of deforming a metal plastically at a temp below the recrystalization
temp & a rate to produce strain hardening.

BRITTLENESS
CHARPY TEST
COLD SHORTNESS
COLD WORKING

DAMPING CAP
DECARBURIZATI
DUCTILITY
ELASTICITY
EMBRITTLEMENT
FREE CARBON
HARD DRAWN
HOMOGEN MATL
ISOTROPIC MATL
IZOD TEST
KILLED STEEL
MACHINABILITY
MALLEABILITY
% ELONGATION
% REDUCTION OF
AREA
PLASTICITY
POISSONS RATIO
PROOF STRESS
RED SHORTNESS
RELAXATION
RESIDUAL STRESES
RIMMED STEEL
STRAIN HARDENIN
WORK HARDE
TOUGHNESS
TRANSVERSE STRE
WROUGHT STEEL

The ability of a material to absorb vibrations.

Loss of carbon from the surface of steel, occurring during hot rolling & heat
treatment.
Property that permits permanent deformation before fracture in tension.
The ability of a material to be deformed & return to its original shape.
The loss of ductility because of a physical or chemical change of the material.
Part of the carbon content of steel or iron that is in the form of graphite or temper
carbon.
Temper produced in a wire, rod, or tube by cold drawing.
Materials having the same structure at all points.
Materials having the same properties in all directions.
Test in which a specimen is supported at one end as a cantilever beam & broken by
the impact of a falling pendulum.
Steel that has been deoxidized with a strong deoxidizing agent such as silicon in
order to eliminate a reaction between the carbon & oxygen during solidification.
Refers to the relative ease with which a material can be cut.
Materials susceptibility to extreme deformation in rolling or hammering.
The extension in the vicinity of the fracture of a tensile specimen expressed as a
percentage of the original gage length.
The smallest area at the pt of rupture of a tensile specimen divided by the original
length.
The ability of a metal to be deformed considerably without rupture.
The ratio of the lateral strain (contraction) to the longitudinal strain (extension).
Stress that causes a specified permanent deformation of a material, usually 0.01%
or less.
The brittleness in steel when it is red hot.
Associated with creep, the decreasing stress at a constant strain; important for
metals in high-temp service.
Those stresses not due to applied loads or temp gradients; they exist for various
reasons, as unequal cooling rates, cold working, etc.
Incompletely deoxidized steel. Ingots of this steel have a surface layer quite free of
slag inclusions & gas pockets which results in optimum surface on rolled steel.
Increasing the hardness and strength by plastic deformation at temp lower than the
re-crystallization range.
The capacity of material to withstand a shock load without breaking.
Also called rupture modulus.
Steel that has been hammered, rolled, or drawn in the process of manufacture; it
may be plain carbon or alloy steel.

HOOKES LAW
M. OF INERTIA

Stress is proportional to strain law.

Refers to the second moment of area.

FREE CUTTING

In AISI number system, 11xx means:

BORON
NICKEL- CrHOMIUM

MOLYBDENUM
MOLYBDENUM-Cr
MOLY-Cr-Ni
CHROMIUM
Cr-V
SILICON-Mg
LEAD
NICKEL
ANNEALING
ACID BESSEMER ST
CRITICAL RANGE
HARDENING
A OPEN-HEARTH C
Pb
MALLEABLIZING
Ti
NORMALIZING
STRESS RELIEVING
TEMPERING
TRANSFORMATION
RANGE
W
SPHEROIDIZING
HARDNESS
30 pts of CARBON
CAST IRON
ZYTEL
PLAIN CARBON
COPPER
MALLEABLE IRON
CHROMIUM

In AISI number system, 14xx means

In AISI number system, 3xxx means

In AISI number system, 4xxx means

In AISI number system, 41xx means
In AISI number system, 43xx means
In AISI number system, 5xxx means
In AISI number system, 6xxx means
In AISI number system, 92xx means
In 11L41 AISI number system, L means:
In AISI numbers system, 2xxx means:
Heating & slow cooling of a solid metal, usually done to soften it.
In AISI B1113 as rolled steel, B means:
Also known as transformation range.
Heating of certain steels above the transformation range & then quenching.
In AISI C1020 as rolled steel, C means:
The chemical formula of lead.
Annealing process whereby combined carbon in white cast iron is transformed
wholly or in part to temper carbon.
The chemical formula of titanium.
Heating of an iron-base alloy to some 1000F above the transformation range with
subsequent cooling to below that range in still air at room temp.
Heating of a metal body to a suitable temp & holding it at that temp for suitable
time for the purpose of reducing internal stresses.
Reheating of normalized & hardened steels to a temp below the transformation
range, followed by any desired rate of cooling.
Temp interval during which austenite is formed during heating; it is also the temp
interval during which austenite disappears during cooling.
Chemical formula of tungsten.
Any heating & cooling of steel that produces a rounded or globular form of
carbide.
Measure of a material of its resistance to indentation.
In AISI number system, 30 in C 1030 means:
In general, it includes white cast iron, malleable iron & nodular cast iron.
A trade name for nylon resins for molding.
In AISI number system, 10xx means:
Improves steels resistance to atmospheric corrosion.
A heat treated white cast iron.
Improves hardenability economically, resistance to corrosion, strength at high
temp & wearing properties.

CARBURIZING
WROUGHT IRON
MANGANESE
NODULAR C IRON
BORON
WHITE CAST IRON
POLYETHYLENE
NYLON
BRONZE
BRASS
HI- CARBON STEEL
HARD-DRAWN
OIL- TEMPERED
STAINLESS STEEL
CHROMIUM- Si
Cr- V STEEL
MUSIC WIRE
V- THREADS
WHITWORTH
PITCH
LEAD
PITCH
BASE CIRCLE
VELOCITY RATIO
CONTACT RATIO
DIAMETRAL
PITCH/PITCH
ANGLE OF APPROACH
BOTTOM LAND

Process of adding carbon to the surface of steel by exposing it to hot carbonaceous

solids, liquids, or gases- above the transformation range.
Iron made by burning the carbon from molten iron & then putting the product
through hammering & rolling operations.
In AISI number system, 13xx means:
Also called ductile iron.
In 94 B 40 AISI number system, B means:
Also known as chilled iron.
Inexpensive thermoplastic used widely for bottles & other containers.
Expensive thermoplastic with load carrying capacity up to 2500F; has low
coefficient of friction & good wear resistance; used for bearings & machined or
molded.
An alloy of copper and tin
An alloy of copper and zinc
In general, steel springs are made of relatively ________ steel heat-treated or cold
work to a high elastic limit.
A low cost material for spring wire.
A cold drawn spring wire to size and then hardened and tempered.
Also type 302, corrosion resistant spring wire and readily available.
Good quality spring wire for impact loads and moderately high temp.
Oil- tempered steel wire; 0.45 to 0.55 %C and valve spring quality also.
A hard drawn steel wire but made of high-grade steel.
Thread with sharp crest and root.
Threads with rounded crests and roots.
Axial distance from one pt on a screw thread to a corresponding pt on the adjacent
thread
Distance a screw thread advances axially in one turn.
1/ no. of threads per inch
Circle from which the involute is generated (gear).
The angular velocity of the driver divided by the angular velocity of the driven
gear.
The average number of teeth in contact for mating gears.
The ratio of the number of teeth to the pitch diameter.
Angle through which the gear turns from the time a particular pair of teeth come
into contact until they are in contact at the pitch point.
The surface of the bottom of the tooth space.

FLANK
BACKLASH
CIRCULAR THICKNESS
FACE WIDTH
DEDENDUM
PITCH POINT
ADDENDUM CIRCLE
ADDENDUM
DEDENDUM/ROOT
CIRCLE
WHOLE DEPTH
CLEARANCE
ANGLE OF ACTION
CIRCULAR PITCH
BASE PITCH
SPUR GEARS
MODULE
HELICAL GEARS
ANNULAR
HERRINGBONE
BEVEL GEARS
WORM GEARING
CONTACT RATIO
CR
ENGLISH MODULE
RACK
HELICAL
IDLER
BEVEL
NORMAL C PITCH
AXIAL PITCH
CR HELICAL G

The surface of the tooth between the pitch & the root cylinders.
Tooth space minus tooth thickness (gear).
Also called tooth thickness (gear).
The length of teeth in the axial direction (gear).
The radial distance from the pitch circle to the root circle (gear).
The point of tangency of the pitch circles (gear).
The circle that bounds the outer ends of the gear teeth.
The radial distance between the pitch circle & the addendum circle.
The circle that bounds the bottoms of the gear teeth.
Equal to the addendum plus the dedendum.
The radial distance between the working- depth circle & the root circle.
The angle through which the gear turns from the particular pair of teeth come into
contact until they go out of contact.
The distance measured along the pitch circle from a point on one tooth to the
corresponding point on the adjacent tooth.
The distance measured along the base circle from a point on one tooth to the
corresponding point on the adjacent tooth.
Gears whose tooth elements are straight & parallel to the shaft axis; they are used
to transmit motion & power between parallel shafts.
The ratio of the pitch diameter to the no.of teeth.
Also called twisted spur gears.
In internal spur gear, it is the bigger gear.
The other name of double helical gear.
Gears used to connect intersecting shafts, usually but not necessarily at 900.
Gears used to transmit power between nonintersecting shafts, nearly always at
right angles to each other.
The ratio of arc of action to circular pitch
The ratio of length of action to the base pitch
The ratio of the pitch diameter in inches to the number of teeth
It is used to change rotary motion to reciprocating motion
Type of gear used for high speed operation
The intermediate gear in a gear train arrangement
Vertex distance is a term used in ______ gearing
The distance between the teeth measured on the pitch surface along a normal to the
helix in helical gearing
The distance between corresponding points on adjacent teeth measured in an axial
direction in helical gearing
Helical gears mounted on non-parallel shafts

CONE DISTANCE
FACE CONE
ROOT CONE
PITCH ANGLE
MITER
SHAFT
AXLE
LINE SHAFT
SPINDLES
COUNTERSHAFTS
4000-4500 fpm
71
0.035
0.045
CREEP
0.3
0.5
CEMENTING
0.88

LATHE
SHAPER
PLANER
DRILL PRESS
GRINDER
BORING MACH
MILLING MACH
BAND SAW
POWER HACKSAW
HYDRAULIC PRESS

The length of a pitch cone element

The cone formed by the elements of the top lands
The cone formed by the elements of the bottom lands
The angle formed between a pitch element and the axis in bevel gearing
Bevel gears of the same size mounted on a shaft at 90 deg
A rotating member transmitting power.
A stationary member carrying rotating wheels, pulleys, etc.
Shaft driven by a prime mover.
Short shafts on the machine are often called
Shafts intermediate between a line shaft and a driven machine.
The most economical designs are obtained for a belt speed of ___ to ____ fpm
In order to transmit power, belt have some initial tension which is ___ lb/ in of
width
The density of leather belt in lb/ cu. in
The density of flat rubber belt in lb/ cu. in
The coefficient of friction varies with the amount of slip. A part of the total slip is.
The coeff of friction between leather belt and iron or steel pulley
The coeff of friction between leather belt and paper pulleys
To make the belt endless, the ends must be joined by:
The joint factor if belts ends are joined by wire lacing with machine
A machine tool in which the work revolves on a horizontal axis & acted upon by a
cutting tool.
A machine tool in which the cutter moves in a reciprocating motion to produce flat
or partly curved surfaces on metal pieces which are held securely in a vise.
A machine tool which is used to produce flat surfaces on which are too large or too
heavy to be worked in a shaper.
A machine tool used mainly to produce holes in metal parts by the use off a
rotating drill bit that acts on a securely held piece.
A machine tool that uses rotating abrasive wheels to smoothen metal parts & to
sharpen or shape tools.
A machine tool purposely designed for finishing holes.
A machine tool used to produce a variety of surfaces by a circular type cutter with
multiple teeth.
A machine tool used to cut metal parts by the use of an endless band with saw
teeth moving around two pulleys.
A machine tool used to cut metal parts of light, medium & large sections using a
reciprocating blade.
A machine tool consists of a ram being actuated by the pressure of a hydraulic

MECHANICAL PRESS
TURRET LATHE
LATHE
SHAPER
PLANER
DRILL PRESS
GRINDER
BORING MACH
MILLING MACH
BAND SAW
POWER HACKSAW
HYDRAULIC PRESS
MECHANICAL PRESS
TURRET LATHE
STREET ELBOW
SCREWED FLANGE
BONNET
SADDLE FLANGE
RUN
EXPANSION JOINT
GALVANIZED PIPE
BULL H TEE
RELIEF VALVE
HEADER
MANIFOLD
CHECK VALVE

fluid used in various operations such as bending, drawing, forced fitting or

disassembling.
A machine tool driven by an electric motor or mechanical power source & used in
metal sheet work like punching, shearing & other metal forming operations.
A lathe machine consists of multiple station tool holders allowing the production
of multiple cuts.
A machine tool in which the work revolves on a horizontal axis & acted upon by a
cutting tool.
A machine tool in which the cutter moves in a reciprocating motion to produce flat
or partly curved surfaces on metal pieces which are held securely in a vise.
A machine tool which is used to produce flat surfaces on which are too large or too
heavy to be worked in a shaper.
A machine tool used mainly to produce holes in metal parts by the use off a
rotating drill bit that acts on a securely held piece.
A machine tool that uses rotating abrasive wheels to smoothen metal parts & to
sharpen or shape tools.
A machine tool purposely designed for finishing holes.
A machine tool used to produce a variety of surfaces by a circular type cutter with
multiple teeth.
A machine tool used to cut metal parts by the use of an endless band with saw
teeth moving around two pulleys.
A machine tool used to cut metal parts of light, medium & large sections using a
reciprocating blade.
A machine tool consists of a ram being actuated by the pressure of a hydraulic
fluid used in various operations such as bending, drawing, forced fitting or
disassembling.
A machine tool driven by an electric motor or mechanical power source & used in
metal sheet work like punching, shearing & other metal forming operations.
A lathe machine consists of multiple station tool holders allowing the production
of multiple cuts.
An elbow with male thread on one end and female thread on the other end.
A flange screwed on the pipe that is connected to adjoining pipe.
Part of a valve used to guide and support the valve stem.
A flange curved to fit a boiler or tank and to be attached to a threaded pipe. The
flange is riveted or welded to the boiler tank.
A length of pipe made more than one piece of pipe.
A joint whose primary purpose is not to join pipes but to absorb longitudinal
expansion in the pipeline due to heat.
A steel pipe coated with zinc to resist corrosion.
A tee the branch of which is larger than the run.
A valve designed to open automatically to relive excess pressure.
A large pipe or drum into which each group of boilers is connected.
A fitting with a number of branches in line connecting to smaller pipes.
A valve designed to allow a fluid to pass through one direction only.

WHITE
LIGHT ORANGE
GREEN
SILVER- GREY
SAFETY YELLOW
SAFETY RED
YELLOW OCHRE
BROWN
LIGHT BLUE
VIOLET
BLACK
TUBE
BLACK PIPE

COLORS FOR PIPINGS

Pipes used for communications.
For electricity.
For water.
For steam.
For hazardous services (generally with other identification of contents).
For fire fighting materials including detection & suppression systems.
For gases in either gaseous or liquid form, vapors & pneumatically conveyed
fumes.
For oil- mineral vegetables or animal flammable or combustible.
For air.
For acids & alkalis.
For other fluids including drainage pipes unless the drain is to a particular service.
A hollow product of round or any other cross section having a continuous
periphery.
Steel pipe that has been galvanized.