AUTOMATIC STRAIGHT LINE TAPING MACHINE

NAME

REGISTRATION
NO.

MOHAMMAD NAZRIN BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN

MUHAMMAD ZULHAFIZ BIN MOHD BADLI

16DET12F1066
16DET12F1053

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH

SESSION DISEMBER 2014

AUTOMATIC STRAIGHT LINE TAPING MACHINE

1

NAME

REGISTRATION NO.

MOHAMMAD NAZRIN BIN ZAINAL

ABIDIN
MUHAMMAD ZULHAFIZ BIN MOHD
BADLI

16DET12F1066
16DET12F1053

This report is presented to Electrical Engineering Department to fulfill half of term and
condition for be awarding Diploma in Electrical Engineering.

AUTHENTICATION OF REPORT PROJECT

2

I admit that I had read this report and from our opinion this report is complete and
fulfill from aspect scope and quality to be awarding Diploma in Electrical Engineering.

Checked By:
Supervisor Name

: ENCIK AZIZUL AMRI BIN AHMAD SALLEH

Signature

Date

Confirm by:
Coordinator Name

Signature

Date

We admit that this project is made by us except information and summary that
we already explain the source

Signature
Writer name

:
1

: MOHAMMAD NAZRIN BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN

Registration No.

Signature

Writer name

16DET12F1066

: MUHAMMAD ZULHAFIZ BIN MOHD BADLI

Registration No.

Date

16DET12F1053

ABSTRACT

AUTOMATIC STRAIGHT LINE TAPING MACHINE

is a project that we

proceed for purpose to make improvement that combination of the traditional way with
modern way. These ideas occur after we make a survey to help our elders and youngters.
The problem that we found is they use many energy and get tired after getting the
product. Besides that, the product was have more demand in the market but is not enough
supplies.
This project is deal with the generating a new idea to produce a straight line
taping machine which can make us more easier to control make a straight line for court.
The objective of this project is to make and help us more easier in daily.It also can control
the machine with just press the start switch.
Some review has been through the internet and domestic area about the using and
what they need in a court appliance. Based on the research, most of the previous product
is in a manual control. Then, there is no product in the world which can control the
straight line taping machine automatically.
Nowadays, users like to search a simple ways products and just buying a product,
but it can be used for many functions. In other words, the multifunction or multipurpose
product is more selected compared to the product in single function only. In order to
improve the function of the existing product, a automatic straight line taping machine is
designed. This product offered the function to control and make a straight line from
manual to automatic.

APPRECIATION

First of all, I wish to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to Allah SWT
because of His permission and arrangement, we can still be here to complete our project
and be with our fellow friends. I would also like to thank to our parents that always gave
us the support and inspiration. Thanks also to my friends, lecturers PTSB and not
forgetting our supervisors Encik Azizul Amri Bin Ahmad Salleh , who continuing
guidance, assistance, advice and suggestion throughout our project from beginning until
we complete our project. My sincerely thanks also go to the entire instructor engineer
who helped me in many ways and made my problem in this project solved. Many special
thanks go to all classmates that also become my reference and helping me generating the
best idea. I acknowledge my sincere indebtedness and gratitude to my parents for their
love, motivation and sacrifice throughout my life. I acknowledge the sincerity of my
siblings and classmate, who consistently encouraged me to carry on Diploma and higher
level. I cannot find the appropriate words that could properly describe my appreciation
for their devotion, support and faith in my ability to attain my goals. I would like to
acknowledge their comments and suggestions, which was crucial for the successful
completion of this study.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

9-11

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Problem
1.3 Objective
1.4 Scope

9-10
10
11
11

LITERATURE REVIEW

12-33

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Studies of Previous Project
2.2.1 Disadvantage Using Manual Taping Machine
2.2.2 Example Of Project Related To Our Machine

12
13
13
13

2.3 Function And Detail Component

2.3.1 PIC Controller Circuit
2.3.2 Resistor
2.3.3 Diode
2.3.4 IR Module
2.3.5 LED
2.3.6 Voltage Regulator
2.3.7 Push Button Switch
2.3.8 Relay
2.3.9 Transistor
2.3.10 Jumper Wire
2.3.11 Crystal Ossilator
2.3.12 Capacitor
2.3.13 DC Motor 60rpm
2.3.14 Rechargeable Battery

14
14-16
17-18
19
20-21
22-23
24
25-26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

METHODOLOGY

34-50

3.0 Introduction

34-35
7

3.1 Planning
3.2 Drawing circuit
3.3 Trace the circuit from schematic diagram
3.4 Littering
3.5 Etching
3.6 Drilling
3.7 Insert the component
3.8 Soldering
3.9 Safety Step
3.10 Block diagram
3.11 Circuit operation
3.11.1 Power Supply Circuit
3.11.2 Driver Circuit
3.11.3 PIC Circuit
3.11.4 IR Circuit
3.12 Project cost

35-36
38-36
39-40
41
41-42
42-43
43
44-45
46
47
47
47
48
48
48
49-50

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.0 Introduction
4.1 Summary of project

50-53
50-51
52-53

DISCUSSION

54

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

55

REFERENCE

56

INTRODUCTION

The Final year Project (FYP) is a major component of the undergraduate diploma course
in Electrical Engineering. The main objective of the FYP is to develop problem solving,
analysis, synthesis and evaluation skills in the field of Electrical Engineering. While
working on the project, the student would also be able to develop personal and social
skills such as time management, self-confidence and interaction. The evaluation of the
FYP indirectly provides the students with training in technical and communication skills.
The FYP is implemented in two semester, semester 5 and semester 6 of the study period.
Student should prepare their work schedule and adhere to it so that the project would be
completed within two semesters. Students should keep a logbook to record their progress
and the supervisor should initial the logbook. Student and supervisor should meet
regularly so that the progress of the project could be monitored. Supervisor are advised to
ascertain the standard and quality of projects carried out. For the diploma level, a good
project should include a fair amount of design and synthesis, followed by hardware or
software implementation.
The work progress for semester 5 and semester 6 will be assessed by the project
supervisor. At the end of semester 5, students are required to submit a preliminary report
to the supervisor for evaluation. Upon completion of the project at the end of semester 6,
students will demonstrate their projects to the supervisor and there will be a question and
answer session during the demonstration. Presentation will be evaluated by a panel from
of the department. Students are also required to produce a complete report on the project
conducted.

1.1

PROJECT INTRODUCTION

This project is mainly focuses on facilitating straight line in given locality.At the
same time this machine will automatically make a straight line and stops at specific
destination and cut the tape off automatically. This system will determine where the
line to stop as per assigned. This machine can be used to draw tape for line markers
for court outline mark or floor marking. This can be used in most flat surfaces.
Futhermore ,this machine can save peoples time.
In addition ,we also have studied about the various line tapping machine. This has
helped to know well about the tapping machine .In the coming future the world is
going to be face a great shortage in availability in labors. Taking these problems into
considerations engineers all around the world are trying to develop alternative ways
for the line tapping machine process. But till now no good design has been brought
up. Experiments carried out with this machine have revealed that will be best
possible alternative to line tapping machine. We also expect that it could make great
changes in the field of line tapping.
Lining spots courts parameters had been done manually since early years.
Normally all the outdoor sports and some indoor sports uses this parameters as a
boundary to score points or to identify a fault of the players. Usually the lines are on
different type of surface according to the sports. For an example grass for the game
of soccer, sand for the game of cricket and indoor cement court for the game of
badminton. In this project mainly focused to the indoor cement court. As some
problems encountered are uses a lot of manpower for this stall task. Besides, the line
that is not accurate enough when masking.

1.2

PROBLEM

Hare is the statement of the problem that caused the outbreak of this idea. So this project
that we make will can use and help user in dialy life.
10

 Person who using the manual line tapping machine will face waist pain and
muscle pain.
Normally manual line tapping machine need at least 2-stage of task and need
more worker to complete the line.
The straight line might bend and not proper manner if there pressure applied is not
sufficient.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

Provide a taping machine which is can measure and tape off the line.
Providing a taping machine that can give a sufficient pressure to ensure make a
straight line and a proper manner.
People using this line tapping machine will no longer get any pain.

1.4 SCOPE OF PROJECT

The machine can tape the line according to the distance inputed
Machine cut the line when the machine stops
LCD Display shows the distance inputed
Machine can tape on the flat surface only
Machine can only make a straight line.

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1

INTRODUCTION
11

Nowadays we only have manual tapping machine.Manual tapping machine cannot

use without man power.Its normally use at badminton court,tenniscour and etc.At the
same time,this machine cannot make the perfect straight line. It will tape follow by which
direction the person pulls the machine.If they tape incorrectly they have to tape back on
the old line.Normally people can use the machine for a short time because they will tired
by pulling the machine,so people take long time to complete the line.The machine parts
which is roller,holder,tape and etc.Normally before they start to tape they measure the
line use measuring tape first.

2.2 STUDIES OF PREVIOUS PROJECT

ADVANTAGE

DISADVANTAGE

12

Manual line tapping

machine
flying
gymnastics and create
more than line manual
taping automatic.

The line might be bent because the

pressure is unbalance

Vulnerabilities found
taping machine from
to blame for creating
of the line automatic
automatic movement

Energy used more use

than
line
manual
taping machine.

2.2.1 Disadvantage using manual taping machine

Line not accurate

Take time to tape on the flat surfaces

2.2.2 Example of project related to our machine

Line following robot
Disadvantage:

It always need a path to run.

Slow speed because it have to track the line before move

2.3 FUNCTION AND DETAIL OF COMPONENTS

13

on line manual
spinal pain due
the line instead
taping machine

2.3.1 PIC Controller Circuit

PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip

Technology, derived from the PIC1650 originally developed by General Instrument's
Microelectronics Division [4].PICs are popular with developers due to their low cost,
wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of
low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with
flash memory).

Microcontroller are used in automatically controlled products and devices,

remote control, office machine, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded
system. By reducing the size and cost compared to design that user a separate
microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical
to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are
common, integrating analog component needed to control non-digital electronic system.

Figure 1.1

Device Feature
Operating Frequency
Resets (and Delays)

DC 20 MHz
POR, BOR (PWRT, OST)
14

Flash Program Memory (14-bit words)

Data Memory (bytes)

8K
368

EEPROM Data Memory (bytes)

Interrupts
I/O Ports
Timers
Capture/Compare/PWM modules
Serial Communications
Parallel Communications
10-bit Analog-to-Digital Module
Analog Comparators
Instruction Set
Packages

256
14
Ports A, B, C
3
2
MSSP, USART
5 input channels
2
35 Instructions
28-pin PDIP
28-pin SOIC
28-pin SSOP
28-pin QFN

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PIC16F876

15

Figure 1.2

2.3.2

Resistor
16

Resistors limit current. In a typical application, a resistor is connected in series

with an LED:

Figure 2.1
Enough current flows to make the LED light up, but not so much that the LED is
damaged. The 'box' symbol for a fixed resistor is popular in the UK and Europe. A
'zig-zag' symbol is used in America and Japan.

Figure 2.2

17

Resistors are used with transducers to make sensor subsystems. Transducers are
electronic components which convert energy from one form into another, where
one of the forms of energy is electrical. A light dependent resistor, or LDR, is an
example of an input transducer. Changes in the brightness of the light shining
onto the surface of the LDR result in changes in its resistance. As will be
explained later, an input transducer is most often connected along with a resistor
to to make a circuit called a potential divider. In this case, the output of the
potential divider will be a voltage signal which reflects changes in illumination.
Microphones and switches are input transducers.
Output transducers include loudspeakers, filament lamps and LEDs. In other
circuits, resistors are used to direct current flow to particular parts of the circuit,
or may be used to determine the voltage gain of an amplifier. Resistors are used
with capacitors to introduce time delays. Most electronic circuits require resistors
to make them work properly and it is obviously important to find out something
about the different types of resistor available, and to be able to choose the correct
resistor value, in ,

, or M , for a particular application.

18

2.3.3 Diode

Figure 2.3
In most diodes, a white or black painted band identifies the cathode terminal, that is, the
terminal that positive charge (conventional current) would flow out of when the diode is
conducting.

2.3.4 IR SENSOR MODULE

19

Figure 2.4.1
An infrared sensor circuit is one of the basic and popular sensor module in an electronic
device. This sensor is analogous to humans visionary senses, which can be used to
detect obstacles and it is one of the common applications in real time.This circuit
comprises of the following components

LM358 IC 2 IR transmitter and receiver pair

Resistors of the range of kilo ohms.
Variable resistors.
LED (Light Emitting Diode).

20

Figure 2.4.2

In this project, the transmitter section includes an IR sensor, which transmits continuous
IR rays to be received by an IR receiver module. An IR output terminal of the receiver
varies depending up on its receiving of IR rays. Since this variation cannot be analyzed
as such, therefore this output can be fed to a comparator circuit. Here an operational
amplifier (op-amp) of LM 339 is used as comparator circuit.

21

2.3.5 Light Emitting Diode

Figure 2.5
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a pnjunction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to
the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and
integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. Appearing as
practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared
light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-control
circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The
first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs are
available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high
brightness.

22

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small
incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form
of seven-segment displays, and were commonly seen in digital clocks. Recent
developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs
have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster
switching.
Light-emitting

diodes

are

now

used

in

applications

as

diverse

as aviation

lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, and camera
flashes. However, LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are still relatively expensive,
and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent
lamp sources of comparable output.

23

2.3.6 VOLTAGE REGULATOR (5V)

Figure 2.6
A voltage regulator is a device that maintains a relatively constant output voltage even
though its input voltage may be highly variable. There are a variety of specific types of
voltage regulators based on the particular method they use to control the voltage in a
circuit. In general, a voltage regulator functions by comparing its output voltage to a
fixed reference and minimizing this difference with a negative feedback loop.
Basic Operation
A basic voltage regulator relies on a simple electromechanical design. A wire connected
to the circuit is coiled so that it forms an electromagnet. As the voltage in the circuit
increases, so does the strength of the electromagnet. This causes an iron core to move
towards the electromagnet which is connected to a power switch. When the moving
magnet pulls the switch, it reduces the voltage in the circuit.

24

Specific Types
A mains regulator is a more specific term for a device that controls the voltage on an AC
power distribution line. An AC voltage stabilizer typically uses a continuously variable
auto transformer to regulate the main voltage in a home. A DC voltage stabilizer
frequently controls the raw voltage from a battery by using a shunt that only conducts
electricity at a specific voltage.

2.3.7 Push Button

Figure 2.7
A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simple switch mechanism
for controlling some aspect of a machine or aprocess. Buttons are typically made out of
hard material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to
accommodate the human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons
are most often biased switches, though even many un-biased buttons (due to their
physical nature) require a spring to return to their un-pushed state. Different people use
different terms for the "pushing" of the button, such as press, depress, mash, and punch.

25

The "push-button" has been utilized in calculators, push-button telephones, kitchen

appliances, and various other mechanical and electronic devices, home and commercial.
In industrial and commercial applications, push buttons can be connected together by a
mechanical linkage so that the act of pushing one button causes the other button to be
released. In this way, a stop button can "force" a start button to be released. This method
of linkage is used in simple manual operations in which the machine or process have
no electrical circuits for control.

Pushbuttons are often color-coded to associate them with their function so that the
operator will not push the wrong button in error. Commonly used colors are red for
stopping the machine or process and green for starting the machine or process.

26

2.3.8 Relay

27

Figure 2.8
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solidstate relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power
signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or
where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in
long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from
one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in
telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an
electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits
with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays
with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used
to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems
these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

2.3.9 Transistor

28

Figure 2.9

A transistor is

a semiconductor

device used

to amplify and switch electronic signals

and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three

terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of
the transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because
the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a
transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but
many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is
ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its development in 1947 by
American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor
revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and
cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor is on
the list of IEEE milestones in electronics, and the inventors were jointly awarded the
1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement.

29

2.3.10 Jumper Wire

Figure 2.10

A jump wire, is a short electrical wire with a solid tip at each end (or sometimes without
them, simply "tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the components in
a breadboard. Among others, they are used to transfer electrical signals from anywhere on
the breadboard to the input/output pins of a microcontroller.
Jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots provided in
the breadboard, that beneath its surface has a few sets of parallel plates that connect the
slots in groups of rows or columns depending on the area. The "end connectors" are
inserted into the breadboard, without welding, in the particular slots that need to be
connected in the specific prototype.

30

2.3.11 Crystal Ossilator 20.000 Hz

Figure 2.11

The discussion up to this point has been on basic oscillators using inductors and
capacitors for the tuned circuit. The main disadvantage of LC oscillators is that the
frequency can drift due to changes in temperature, power-supply voltage, or mechanical
vibrations. Placing a LC oscillator on frequency sometimes requires manual tuning. We
now look at how a quartz crystal operates internally and later we will see how they
operate in crystal oscillators. Understanding how the quartz crystal operates will give the
design engineer an understanding of how they behave in an oscillator circuit. Quartz
crystals have very desirable characteristics as oscillator tuned circuits. The natural
oscillation frequency is very stable. In addition, the resonance has a very high Q ranging
from 10,000 to several hundred thousand. In some cases values of 2 million are
achievable. The crystal merits of high Q and stability are also its principle limitations. It
is difficult to tune (pull) a crystal oscillator (more on the topic of crystal pulling later).
The practical frequency range for Fundamental mode AT-cut crystals is 600 kHz to 30
MHz. Crystals for fundamental frequencies higher than 30 to 40 MHz are very thin and
therefore fragile. Crystals are used at higher frequencies by operation at odd harmonics
(overtones) of the fundamental frequency. Ninth overtone crystals are used up to about
31

200 MHz, the practical upper limit of crystal oscillators . This Application Note will limit
our discussion to Fundamental mode crystal operation.
2.3.12 Capacitor

Figure 2.12
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. The forms of
practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates)
separated by a dielectric (i.e. insulator). The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered
beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The nonconducting dielectric acts to
increase the capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film,
air, vacuum, paper, mica, oxide layer etc. Capacitors are widely used as

parts

of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal

capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of
an electrostatic field between its plates.
When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is
attached across a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing
positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge Q to collect on the other
plate. If a battery has been attached to a capacitor for a sufficient amount of time, no

32

current can flow through the capacitor. However, if a time-varying voltage is applied
across the leads of the capacitor, a displacement current can flow

2.3.13 DC MOTOR 60rpm

Figure 2.13
A DC motor is a mechanically commutated electric motor powered from direct
current (DC). The stator is stationary in space by definition and therefore its current. The
current in the rotor is switched by the commutated to also be stationary in space. This is
how the relative angle between the stator and rotor magnetic flux is maintained near 90
degrees, which generates the maximum torque. DC motors have a rotating armature
winding (winding in which a voltage is induced) but non-rotating armature magnetic field
and a static field winding (winding that produce the main magnetic flux) or permanent
magnet. Different connections of the field and armature winding provide different
inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can be
controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature or by changing the field
current. The introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit
allowed speed control.
Modern DC motors are often controlled by power electronics systems called DC drives.
The introduction of DC motors to run machinery eliminated the need for local steam or
33

internal combustion engines, and line shaft drive systems. DC motors can operate directly
from rechargeable batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric vehicles.
Today DC motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in
large sizes to operate steel rolling mills and paper machines.

2.3.14 Rechargeable battery

Figure 2.14

The nickel-cadmium battery is a type of rechargeable battery using nickel oxide

hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes. The abbreviation NiCad is a registered
trademark of SAFT Corporation and should not be used to refer generically to
nickelcadmiumbatteries, although this brand-name is commonly used to describe all
nickelcadmiumbatteries. On the other hand, the abbreviation NiCdis derived from the
chemical symbols of nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd), though it is not to be confused with a
chemical formula. There are two types of NiCd batteries: sealed and vented.
Sealed NiCd cells may be used individually, or assembled into battery packs
containing two or more cells. Small NiCd dry cells are used for portable electronics and
toys, often using cells manufactured in the same sizes as primary cells. When NiCds are
substituted for primary cells, the lower terminal voltage and smaller amperehour capacity

34

may reduce performance as compared to primary cells. With a relatively low internal
resistance, a NiCd battery can supply high surge currents

METHODOLOGY
3.0

INTRODUCTION

Methodology is one of the things that are of concern and attention is given to ensure
the implementation of a project to run smoothly and according to the scheduled. In
addition, it is important to ensure that the required materials sufficient and meet
prescribed safety factor. The methodology describes the steps and operations or road
work in more detail and depth. In addition to operational or street work,
methodology describes the use of the procedure according to the stage of the project
includes the desired objectives in more detail. Several aspects play an important role
for the implementation of this project, which is working step, circuit studies,
engineering drawings, source materials, implement, test projects and improvements
to the project.
In addition, to produce a product that can work well, and the quality meets the
required criteria, the cooperation between members of the group are very important.
Therefore, each step is done in order to produce energy projects require individual
work within the group. Operations or the way work is done is described in detail
from the beginning until the project is completed and in use. In addition, the
discussions among the members of the group, the discussion with a more
experienced supervisor in giving criticism and new ideas to ensure the smooth
running of the project and to avoid any problems that may arise in the future.

35

During the process of completing the project, the factors to be addressed to ensure
safety and preventing unwanted problems. In addition, the safety factor to ensure the
implementation procedures are followed and adhered to.

To ensure the implementation of this project goes well, move - a move planned in
advance to systematically correct sequence. Among the measures - measures taken
are as follows:

3.1

Work Planning
Hardware
Sketch the overview of tools and machine

PLANNING
Before the project started, the initial planning has been undertaken to ensure this
project goes smoothly. In this plan, the steps that should be taken into account from
the beginning to the end have been outlined to ensure the project can be
implemented without any hassles.
Planning is important to ensure the project according to the specified time and to
avoid any failure to complete the project in accordance with the specified time. In
addition, plans are in place is to ensure the project according to the work flow chart
based on the implementation and construction of the project. Here are the steps do
work plan.

36

START

PRELIMINARY PROJECT

DISCUSSION AND PROJECT

SELECTION
STUDY CONDUCTED

DRAWING AND
DIMENSIONS
PRODUCTION PROJECT

OUTLINE

Automatic Straight Line

Taping Machine
PROJECT TESTER

FUNCTION CHECK SYSTEM PROJECT

FINISHING PROJECT OUTLINE

TEST EARLY STAGE

FINAL TEST STAGE

END

37

3.2 DRAWING CIRCUIT

The circuit was design by software MP LAB and PROTEUS

Schematic circuit was design by MP LAB and PROTEUS for design circuit for

etching.
Design for circuit power supply, ir sensor , pic circuit , driver circuit.
After,apply the circuit to tracing paper.Before that,must determine suitable
excessive size not balance size.

Figure 14

38

Figure 15

IR Sensor

Figure 16

3.3 TRACE OUT THE CIRCUIT FROM THE SCHEMATIC

CIRCUIT TO THE TRAIL CIRCUIT

39

We have a trace out the schematic circuit to the trail circuit with using by the head.This is
kind of the ways trace out circuit.

One the graph paper

Drawing component in graph paper
Point for base at the symbol which any component
Then, the line which contact to the component drawed with using something as a

guide schematic circuit

When, the component circuit, making the circle at around the base component
The point which contact the circle and must hardened with suitable hardened
The component position can changed by designer, but must same with original

connection
For to move the circuit to copper board, the complete circuit must turn up side

down for draw

.

Figure 18

3.4 LITTERING
Littering is one method for drawing circuit which already finish the trail at the PCB. We
already using the lettering for the drawing circuit at the copper board. This is because the
point which lettered with m lettering as look very good and can lettered,although have
wrong when process lettering.
40

Figure 19

3.5 ETCHING
Etching is one procedure for strip copper layer. This is method for etching procedure:

Polish the copper board with laundryman powder for makes lost dust and

many more. Then, must dry and evaded from touch the copper board.
By using the carbon paper. Design and drawing circuit on the carbon paper
After finish design the circuit, propped the carbon paper and design circuit.
Draw the line with etching pen or cat.
41

Soak and shake the dish during sinking process. It can be more effective, if we

can do more chemical to remove the copper.

After the copper which dont want dragging in the chemical. Polish copper

board until clean and can call by PCB.

Polish the line cat which by using chemical cat and dry the PCB.
Finally, PCB can make the small hole and insert to component.

Figure 20

3.6 DRILL THE HOLE

After that,this PCB will anger to make holes. A perforate of hole should doing by
carefully. This because a harsh work will causes PCB board broken and a hole had made
to large to small.

42

Figure 21

3.7 INSERT THE COMPONENT AT PCB

The component which brought must insert to PCB. Formation the component must also
neat and beautiful on the PCB.

43

3.8 Soldering Process

Step 1: Surface Preparation:

Figure 22.1
Step 2: Component Placement

Figure 22.2

Step 3: Apply Heat

44

Figure 22.3

Step 4: Apply Solder To The Joint

Figure 22.4

Step 5: Inspect The Joint and Cleanup

45

3.9 Safety Step

3.9.1 During the etching process

The circuit will undergo etching process is properly

established and meet the desired characteristics.

PCBs cannot be soaked for too long because it can cause

erosion conductor.
Acid side is no longer used should be disposed off in the
right place.

3.9.2 During drill process

Ensure sharp drill bit used.

Be sure to tighten the drill bit before drilling work done.
Before drilling, be sure to wear eye and hand protection.
Drilling done carefully.

Soldering iron used must be in good condition.

Before soldering work done, be sure to walk too close to

the PCB component.

Need to cut away the excess components to avoid short

3.9.3 During soldering

circuits.

3.10 BLOCK DIAGRAM

46

Figure 22

3.11 CIRCUIT OPERATION

This project consist four circuit. The circuit is:

Power supply circuit

PIC circuit
IR sensor circuit
Driver circuit

3.11.1 Power supply circuit

Power supply circuit gain 12v dc from battery and go to voltage regelator
and the voltage output is 5v dc. This circuit is to us to give supply to Light Sensor
Activate Relay and bluetooth module (HC-06).

3.11.2 Driver Circuit

47

The circuit are operate the movement of motor when the motor move as a
forward or as a reverse motion . That are the function of a driver motor .
3.11.3 PIC circuit
PIC is to use to store source code and recieve command from push button
and IR module to active the output.
3.11.4 IR circuit
This circuit operate to control the ir module and connected with PIC
circuit.

3.12 PROJECT COST

PIC CIRCUIT
48

COMPONENT
BREADBORD
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
ELECTRONIC CAPACITOR
470
CERAMIC CAPACITOR
0.01
IC 7805
PUSH BUTTON
RESISTANCE
DIODE

PRICE
RM 8.00
RM 0.40
RM 1.20

UNIT
1
1
1

RM 0.50

RM
RM
RM
RM

1
5
5
1

2.00
1.00
2.00
0.70

DRIVER CIRCUIT
COMPONENT
DIODE
BREADBORD
RELAY 5V
RESISTANCE
CONNECTOR
Component
CAPACITOR
Relay 5v
BUZZER
IR MODULE

PRICE
RM0.70
RM8.80
RM 12.00
RM 2.00
RM 3.00
Price(rm)
Rm 0.80
Rm 3.50
Rm 4.00
Rm 40.00

IR SENSOR CIRCUIT

Component and mechanical cost

= 300

Paper cost

=RM 50

Project cost

=RM 300 + RM 50
49

UNIT
4
1
2
1
2
Unit
2
2
1
1

= RM 350

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.0 INTRODUCTION

50

After done the project with success,a last step that followed was project analysis process.
First of all we gain that our project was not function very well although all the component
and connection was in good condition. After a few test we do for operating the circuit of
light sensor activated relay we gain that once relay is single pole double throw relay is
not function. After some analysis and test we know that the relay was not get enough
power supply. So we alter a little bit wiring that part to get enough current,we take a wire
and solder the connection to positive(+ve) supply.
After settle a part of problem,our next problem is our bluetooth module (hc-06) also not
functioning very well. After checking process we gain that bluetooth module not broke
down. It is because we just pair the device on the phone but not pair the bluetooth module
in the bluetooth application that we use. Finally,analysis product to this project enable all
of the problem that engender can be overcome in the result,this project operate fluence by
following an objective that we plan yearly.

4.1 SUMMARY OF PROJECT JOURNEY

LEVEL 1

Produce a planning to gain group member that are equable to co-operate in going
to success the final semester project
51

Create a group which is limbed for three member, namely:

1) Mohammad Nazrin Bin Zainal Abidin
(16DET12F1066)
2) Muhammad Zulhafiz Bin Mohd Badli
(16DET12F1053)

Submit the project suggestion to project coordinator namely En. Khairul Shah, to
help project coordinator to assessing ability and efficacy of the project. Each of
the projects that in doing should make a proposal which in type for submission to
the project lecturer. There is include :
1)Introduction of the project
2)Operation introduce
3)Kindliness and badness of the project
4)A diagram of the block and circuit
5)Component list
6)Cost list

LEVEL 2

The entire component that needed is listed and we try to get it at an electric and

electronic shops.
With and effort we have, we get to gather all of the component needed followed

price rate
Apply an opinion from a supervisor about the project we made.
Make a prototype for entirety project

LEVEL 3

Take about four week to available in make a circuit, discussion, and

etching a pcb

LEVEL 4

After we get the component needed a testing process occurs. This reason

to test a system either operate or not.

This test also can access an ability of system done.
52

LEVEL 5

Prepare a report that equipped for this semester, about suggestion and project
execute. To success a report writing, we make a reference from a free report.
From that, we can gain and ensconce idea.

LEVEL 6

Preparation for presentation by doing a slide show using power point.

LEVEL 7

Proposal presentation

5.0 DISCUSSION

This project has been given the name " AUTOMATIC STRAIGHT LINE
TAPING MACHINE". On completion of this project, we believe that this project can get
money in commercialized after the completion of our project it has been tested and meets
the requirements of this project manual.
The main thing that should be done by the end of the semester students for the subject
project:
53

1. Develop a spirit of cooperation between team members during the project, all
members of the group should make assignments and be prepared to discuss
together. This can instill discipline and co-operation between the next members of
the group will produce something of quality.
2. To expand knowledge among all members of the group. During the project,
indirectly the student will learn the rules and the ability to control, experience,
and knowledge shared between students and lecturers.
3. To understand the knowledge and understanding of morality, knowledge will be
used. All students equip with various components and materials that are more
aware of the function or control.
4. To measure the willingness of students in creating or doing projects that has been
selected.

We achive our target to acomplish this project before the due date and gain some
knowledge about some electronic and electric part.

6.0 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

As a conclusion this module will be bad rock to all student involve deeply in
technology creaction,beside gain valuable knowledge to all student in final semester
before step on working industry. In this project we learn how to create own circuit using
investigation and knowledge. From finding circuit apply into PROTEUS and then test
using breadboard and then do etching process after the test process successfull. The
crucial part is to identify component correctly to avoid mulfunction in board and make
sure solder it properly between 30 degree and 45 degree soldering iron. To enhence this
module below are the suggestion we voice out :
54

Student should use software and hardware material to create the project
To present all the board must use PCB board
Emphasize the number of circuit must create by diploma and certificate student
Trace hobby keep project and ban it
All student must introduce to minor project before doing any major project
Budget must not be to high
The project must relate to student and people needed
Lab should provide enough tool for student connivance
Update report and log book monthly to avoid last minute work
The project should be multifunction not only focus into one

This module should carry on and become compulsary to all polytechnic student to
pass before can be bestowal with diploma or certificate. Moreover,higher people to create
project also should impliment stern action.

REFERENCES

1.http://www.academia.edu/4134058/project_report_final_sem
2. http://www.scribd.com/doc/52685120/Report-Projek#scribd
3. http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/appnotes/00826a.pdf
4. http://classroom.synonym.com/voltage-regulator-theory-operation-2451.html
5. http://laboline.fi/files/IR%20sensor%20system.pdf
6. http://www.datasheetarchive.com/dc+motor+60+rpm+geared-datasheet.html
55

7. https://www.jameco.com/Jameco/Products/ProdDS/253500.pdf
8. http://www.silabs.com/Support%20Documents/TechnicalDocs/si510-11.pdf
9. http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/sn74lvc1gx04-ep.pdf

56