Partsofspeech

2.NOUNS

Theobjectpersonalpronounsare:
"me,""you,""her,""him,""it,""us,"
"you,"and"them."

Traditionalgrammarclassifieswords
basedonninepartsofspeech:

Anounisanywordwhichnamesa
person,place,thing,idea,animal,
quality,oractivity.

Verb

personNicholas

Theobjectcasepronounfunctions
asadirectorindirectobject,orasan
objectofapreposition.

Noun

placecountryside

Igaveheratest.

Pronoun

thingpen

Isoldittothem.

Articles

ideaequality

Thebookisbesidehim.

Adjective

animalkangaroo

Adverb

qualityweight

Possessivepersonalpronounsare
"mine,""yours,""hers,""his,""its,"
"ours,"and"theirs."

Preposition

activitysupervision

Conjunction
Interjection

1.VERBS
Averbperformseitherofthree
kindsoftasks:
itexpressesaction;
itexpressesastateofbeing;
itexpressestherelationship
betweentwothings.
Transitiveverbstakeobjects.They
tellsuswhatthesubject(agent)
doestosomethingelse(object).
Heboughtashirt.(agent)(did
something)(objectanswersthe
question"what?")
Shebrushesherhaireveryhour.
Marinawilllosetherace.
Intransitiveverbsdonottakean
object.Theyexpressactionsthatdo
notrequiretheagent'sdoing
somethingtosomethingelse.
Tomdanced.
Theyrandowntheroad.

Propernounsarethenamesof
specificthings,people,orplaces,
suchasChicoutimiandChristine.
Commonnounsaregeneralnames
suchaswoman,wallandlamp.They
canbeeitherconcreteorabstract.
Concretenounsrefertothings
whichyoucansensesuchas
calculatorandpantry.
Abstractnounsrefertoideasor
qualitiessuchasfreedomandtruth.

3.PRONOUNS

Thattennisracquetismine.
Thepleasurewasallhers.
Ademonstrativepronounpointsto
andidentifiesanounorapronoun:
"this"and"these","that"and
"those".
Aninterrogativepronounisusedto
askquestions:"who,""whom,"
"which,""what.
Youcanusearelativepronounto
linkonephraseorclausetoanother
phraseorclause:"who,""whom,"
"that,"and"which."
Indefinitepronounshavenospecific
antecedents.

Apronounisawordwhichtakesthe
placeofanounorstandsinforan
unknownnoun.Thenounwhichthe
pronounreplacesiscalledits
antecedent.

Singular:anotherbotheverything

nothing any
each

neither one
anybody

either nobody none

Marywonderedwhethersheshould
gototheparty."Mary"isthe
antecedentofthepronoun"she".

Plural: all

much

both

Nominativeorsubjectcase:("I,"
"you,""she,""he,""it,""we,""you,"
"they.)

Reflexivepronounsindicatethatthe
subjectperformsactionstoorfor
itself.:myself,yourself,
himself,herself,itself,
ourselves,yourselves,
themselves

Shecametothehouse.
Whohasseenthewind?
Thisisshe.

few
more
most several
some many

Anintensivepronounisapronoun
usedtoemphasiseitsantecedent.
Intensivepronounsareidenticalin
formtoreflexivepronouns.

4.ARTICLES

7.PREPOSITIONS

Definitearticle:the.
Indefinitearticles:aandan.

Aprepositionlinksanounora
pronounwithsomeotherwordor
expressioninthesentence.

Thecowjumpedoverthemoon.

5.ADJECTIVES

Demonstrativeadjectives:this,that,
these,those
Eg.Theseapplesarewonderful.
InterrogativeAdjectives:The
interrogativeadjectiveswhat,
which,andwhosemodifynounsand
pronounstoindicateaquestion
aboutthem.

about
about
into
near
against

adjective:Whichtrapezeartistfell?

Interjectionsareparticlesusedin
speechtoindicateemotionor
providetransition:

below in
over
inside pastup across
since upon after
through with between
by
ofthroughout

eh,okay,say,oh,no,ouch,yuck

6.ADVERBS

It'sgreatbeingaTasmanian,eh?
Yuck!Thattastesdisgusting.

Thechildrenclimbedthemountain
withoutfear.
Thespidercrawledslowlyalongthe
railing.

8.CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctionsjoinwords,phrasesor
clauses.

9.INTERJECTIONS

Thepreposition"over"links
itsobject,"themoon,"to
theverb"jump."

pronoun:Whichfell?

Adjectives

Possessiveadjectives:The
possessiveadjectivesmy,your,his,
her,its,our,andtheirmodifynouns
byshowingpossessionorownership.

after even if
that
while althougheventhough
though asif
unless inorder

and
but

adjectives

for
nor

or
so

yet

otheradverbs

Manyadverbsendinly.
awkwardly
happily
sharply tightlycheerfully
loudly swiftly viciously

both...and

neither...nor

either...or

notonly...butalso

Someadverbsdonotendinly.

everywhere
never
fastmuch

big

bigger

biggest

lousy

lousier

lousiest

quiet

quieter

quietest

morequiet

mostquiet

moremerciful

mostmerciful

badly

worse

worst

loudly

louder

loudest

gracefully

moregracefully mostgracefully 37

Correlativeconjunctionsjoinwords,
phrases,andclauses,aswellas
wholesentences.

wholesentences

Superlative

astounding moreastounding mostastounding

Adverbs

verbs

Coordinatingconjunctionsjoin
sentencepartsofequalgrammatical
status.Theyare:

Comparative

merciful

Iatethepizzaandthepasta.

Adverbsmodify,limitorqualify
otherwords.Theycanmodify:

Positive

here
so
rather

Subordinatingconjunctionsconnect
clausesofunequalstatus.A
subordinatingconjunction
introducesasubordinateor
dependentclause,whichisunableto
standaloneasacompletesentence.