Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PRACTICAL TASK
CRITERIA
NEED
SATISFACTORY
GOOD
EXCELLENCE
SCORE
IMPROVEMENT
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
SAFETY
Safety procedures
Lab is generally
Lab is carried out
were ignored.
with some
attention to
attention to
attention to
___X 2. 5 =
relevant safety
relevant safety
relevant safety
procedures.
procedures.
procedures.
EXPERIMENT
Experiment are not
Experiment need
Experiment need
Experiment work
SETUP &
working
for major
for minor
properly
___ X 2. 5 =
COMPLETENESS
adjustment to
adjustment to
work
work
SCORE
CRITERIA
NEED
SATISFACTORY
GOOD
EXCELLENCE
SCORE
IMPROVEMENT
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
TEAMWORK SKILLS
Inactive participate
Few members
Most members
members. Task
participate
contribute. Task
an active role.
assigned
actively.
are assigned to
___ X 2. 5 =
individually.
some members.
to few members.
assigned to all
members.
PARTICIPATION
Never willing to
Rarely willing to
Often willing to
Always willing to
participate or
participate or
participate
participate and
volunteer
volunteer
occasionally
consistently
information or
information or
volunteer
volunteer
opinion. Rarely
information or
information or
to respond to
responds to
opinion.
opinion.
questions or issues
questions or issues
Occasionally
Frequently give
___X 2. 5 =
raised.
responds to
quick responds to
create issues.
questions and
questions or
contribute
issues raised.
opinion to issues
raised.
CONTRIBUTIONS
Rarely provides
Sometimes
Usually provides
Routinely
useful
provides
useful
provides
ideas when
participating in the
participating in the
participating in
participating in
group and in
group and in
the
the
classroom
classroom
group and in
group and in
___X 2. 5 =
discussion.
discussion.
classroom
classroom
May refuse to
A satisfactory
discussion.
discussion.
participate.
group
A strong group
A leader who
contributes a lot
what is required.
tries
of
hard!
effort.
DEMONSTRATE
Often arrive late
Occasionally arrive
Rarely arrive late
Always arrive on
__ X 2. 5 =
GOOD MANNERS
and rarely
late or
or unprepared.
time and
prepared.
unprepared.
prepared.
SCORE
CRITERIA
NEED
SATISFACTORY
GOOD
EXCELLENCE
SCORE
IMPROVEMENT
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
DATA
Presentation of the
Accurate
Accurate
data in tables or
presentation of
presentation of
shown OR are
graphs is done
data in tables or
data in written
inaccurate.
correctly and
form, but no
____X 2.0=
accordingly. Graphs
graphs or tables is
and titled.
presented.
CALCULATIONS
Some calculations
Some calculations
No calculations
___X 2. 0 =
are shown.
result labeled
and labeled
and labeled
appropriately.
appropriately.
appropriately.
Analyze the
Explain very
Needs to explain
___X 2. 0 =
DISCUSSION (i)
findings. Explain
trends and
data.
oddities in the
oddities in the
data.
data.
data.
Analyze the
Explain very
Needs to explain
___ X 2. 0 =
DISCUSSION(ii)
findings. Explain
trends and
data.
oddities in the
oddities in the
data.
data.
data.
CONCLUSION
Conclusion includes
Conclusion
Conclusions
No conclusion
____X 2.0 =
whether the
includes whether
was included in
findings supported
the findings
the report.
the hypothesis,
supported the
experiment.
possible sources of
hypothesis and
from the
the experiment.
experiment.
SCORE
TOTAL SCORE
POLITEKNIKSULTANABDULHALIMMUADZAM
SHAH
06000JITRA,KEDAH
MECHANICALENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT
LABSHEET
JJ508
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
MECHANICOFMACHINE
THERMODYNAMICS2
METALLURGY2
MECHANIC OF
MACHINE
EXPERIMENT1:BELTFRICTION
EXPERIMENT2:COMPOUNDPENDULUM1
EXPERIMENT2:COMPOUNDPENDULUM2
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.
NAME
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORT
TOTAL
RUBRIC
(40%)
PROCEDURES
x 1.0
DIAGRAMS
x 1.0
DATA
x 1.0
CALCULATIONS
x 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
x 2.0
ERROR ANALYSIS
x 1.0
QUESTIONS
x 1.0
CONCLUSION
x 1.0
MUADZAM SHAH
Laboratory Practise
:
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
06000 JITRA,
Semester
:
5
Programme
:
DKM5A/5B/5C/5D/5E
(MECHANIC OF MACHINE)
1.0 TITLE
2.0 OBJECTIVE:
Analyze critically the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects. (C4)
Organize appropriately electrical and engineering mechanics experiments in groups according to the
standard of procedures. (P4)
Write critically the appropriate report in group based on the experiment results. (A2)
4.0 INTRODUCTION
Belt is a flexible band which is in power transmission. It is able to transfer the power from one point to
the other points with minimum power loss. The belt is able to work smoothly and quietly even without
the requirement of lubrication.
Belt friction is a term describing the friction forces between a belt and a surface, such as a belt
wrapped around a bollard. When one end of the belt is being pulled only part of this force is
transmitted to the other end. The friction force makes that the tension in the belt can be different at
both ends of the belt. Belt friction can be modeled by the Belt friction
equation. The equation used to model belt friction is, assuming the belt has no mass and its material is
a fixed composition.
V-Belt
where
: T2 = T1e.kosek.
is the tension of the pulling side, which is typically the greater force,
resisting side,
is
last spots the belt touches the pulley, with the vertex at the center of the pulley.
Formula:
V-Belt
: T2 = T1e.kosek.
2
: convert to radian unit.
6.0 APPARATUS:
V-belt.
Flat Belt
Spring scales.
PROCEDURES
Fix the belt brackets to both end of the V-belt. Tighten it by screws.
Fix both ends of the belt brackets to spring scales. One end is normal spring scale (A) while the
other end is spring scale with screw strut (E). Tighten it with screws and nuts.
Open the safety acrylic door using the door handle. (Do not open the door using the bottom right
end as it may break the acrylic)
Insert the spring scale screw strut into the inner side hole of the screw strut holder (F). Tighten it
with wing nut (G). (Do not fully tighten the wing nut)
Place the spring scale to the spring scale holder (D) at desirable angle (i.e. 30 0, 600).
Close the safety acrylic door.
Apply the load to V-belt by turning the wing nut. Use a hand to hold the screw strut while the other
hands to turn the wing nut.
Keep an eye on the spring scale reading. Turn the wing nuts until the load apply reached desirable
value.
Take the reading at the other spring scale and record it into the table.
Loosen the wing nut and repeat the experiment with other angles. (Do not repeat with the angle
close to previous angle as this would not give significant difference).
8.0 RESULTS:
Angle (
45
90
180
TABLE 1: V-BELT
Angle (
45
90
180
TABLE 2: FLAT-BELT
9.0
CALCULATION
S:
DISCUSSION:
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Briefly describe your observation on belts friction with respect to the position angle.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.
NAME
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORT
TOTAL
RUBRIC
(40%)
PROCEDURES
x 1.0
DIAGRAMS
x 1.0
DATA
x 1.0
CALCULATIONS
x 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
x 2.0
ERROR ANALYSIS
x 1.0
QUESTIONS
x 1.0
CONCLUSION
x 1.0
MUADZAM SHAH
Laboratory Practise
:
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
06000 JITRA,
Semester
:
5
Programme
:
DKM5A/5B/5C/5D/5E
(MECHANIC OF MACHINE)
1.0 TITLE
2.0 OBJECTIVE:
Analyze critically the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects. (C4)
Organize appropriately electrical and engineering mechanics experiments in groups according to the
standard of procedures. (P4)
Write critically the appropriate report in group based on the experiment results. (A2)
4.0 INTRODUCTION
A compound pendulum, in its simplest form, consists of a rigid body suspended vertically at a point
which allows it to oscillates in small amplitude under the action of gravity.
Centre of Suspension
Rod
Bob weight
A compound Pendulum
When the body is given a small displacement , the restoring moment about O to bring the
body back to its equilibrium position is given by:
2 * ( / )
2 * [I0 / (m*g*h)]
APPARATUS:
A stop watch
7.0 PROCEDURES
II. Measure and record the diameter of the rod at least at 5 locations.
III. Measure and record the length of the rod to obtain the position of centre of gravity.
IV. Measure and record the distance the point of suspension from the end of the rod (close to the
point of suspension). V. Weigh and record the weight of the rod.
VII. Take a stopwatch and set it to zero. Familiarized yourself with the operation of the stopwatch.
VIII. Displace the rod at a small angle.
X. Stop the watch after the rod has excuted 5 cycles of oscillations. XI. Record this time in the
Table provided.
XII. Repeat step 6 to 10 for a few more times to get the average readings of time over 5
oscillations.
XIII. Remove the rod and hang it at a new point of suspension. Measure and record the distance
the point of suspension from the end of the rod (close to the point of suspension).
8.0 RESULTS
Weight of rod
=
kg
Length of rod
=
m
Reading 1
Reading 2
Reading 3
Reading 4
Reading 5
Average
No. of Oscillations
Time 1
Time 2
Average Time
sec
sec
sec
10
15
20
Calculate the theoretical periodic time and hence the frequency of motion.
9.0
CALCULATION
S:
DISCUSSION:
What is the frequency of motion when the distance of the point of suspension from the centre of gravity of the rod
is decrease?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Briefly describe your observation on pendulum with respect to the position angle.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.
NAME
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORT
TOTAL
RUBRIC
(40%)
PROCEDURES
x 1.0
DIAGRAMS
x 1.0
DATA
x 1.0
CALCULATIONS
x 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
x 2.0
ERROR ANALYSIS
x 1.0
QUESTIONS
x 1.0
CONCLUSION
x 1.0
MUADZAM SHAH
Laboratory Practise
:
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
06000 JITRA,
Semester
:
5
Programme
:
DKM5A/5B/5C/5D/5E
(MECHANIC OF MACHINE)
1.0 TITLE
2.0 OBJECTIVE:
Analyze critically the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects. (C4)
Organize appropriately electrical and engineering mechanics experiments in groups according to the
standard of procedures. (P4)
Write critically the appropriate report in group based on the experiment results. (A2)
4.0 INTRODUCTION
A compound pendulum, in its simplest form, consists of a rigid body suspended vertically at a point
which allows it to oscillates in small amplitude under the action of gravity.
Centre of Suspension
Rod
Bob weight
A compound Pendulum
When the body is given a small displacem ent , the restoring moment about O to bring the bod
y back to its equilibrium position is given by:
2 * ( / )
2 * [I0 / (m *g*h)]
APPARATUS:
A stop watch
PROCEDURES
I. Take the bob weight and weight it. Record its weight
Measure and record the diameter of the bob weight to obtain the position of centre of gravity. III. Measure
and record the thickness of the bob weight.
IV.
Insert the rod through the hole in the bob weight until the decided location.
VI.
Tightened the screw on the bob weigth against the rod to hold the bob weight in position.
VII.
Measure the distance of the centre of gravity of the bob weight from the point of suspension
VIII.
Take a stopwatch and set it to zero. Familiarized yourself with the operation of the stopwatch.
IX.
Displace the rod at a small angle.
XI.
Stop the watch after the rod has excited 5 cycles of oscillations.
XII.
Repeat step 8 to 11 for a few more times to get the average readings of time over the measured
oscillations.
XIII.
Record the time in the Table provided.
XIV.
Repeat step 10 to 11 for 10, 15 and 20 oscillations.
XV.
Repeat with a few more positions of the bob weight.
8.0 RESULTS
Weight of rod
=
kg
Length of rod
=
m
Reading 1
Reading 2
Reading 3
Reading 4
Reading 5
Average
No. of Oscillations
Time 1
Time 2
Average Time
sec
sec
sec
10
15
20
Calculate the theoretical periodic time and hence the frequency of motion.
9.0
CALCULATION
S:
DISCUSSION:
What is the frequency of motion when the bob weight is added to the rod?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
What is the frequency of motion when the bob weight moves closer to the point of suspension?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
THERMODYNAMI
CS 2
EXPERIMENT1:VALVETIMING
EXPERIMENT2:HEATEXCHANGER1
EXPERIMENT3:HEATEXCHANGER2
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.
NAME
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORT
TOTAL
RUBRIC
(40%)
PROCEDURES
x 1.0
DIAGRAMS
x 1.0
DATA
x 1.0
CALCULATIONS
x 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
x 2.0
ERROR ANALYSIS
x 1.0
QUESTIONS
x 1.0
CONCLUSION
x 1.0
Page
:4
06000 JITRA,
Semester
:5
Duration
: 2 Hours per week
OBJECTIVE
ii.students know how to determine the valve timing of a 4-stroke reciprocating engine iii.students able to construct the
valve timing diagram
Analyse critically data of the experimental data in ralaton to the theoretical aspects.
THEORY
Figure 1 show a typical valve timing diagram and the associated terminology for example.
Figure 1
Page
:4
06000 JITRA,
Semester
:5
Duration
: 2 Hours per week
The sequence of opening and closing the inlet and exhaust valve is designed to increase the breathing or volumetric
efficiency, of the engine, and achieved by arrangement of the valve train components, in particular the cam drive and
shape of the cam lobes.
However, since the timing does not vary with the speed engine, the maximum charging and scavenging of the cylinder
during a cycle are obtained only around a certain engine speed. Consequently, a racing engine with large valve leads and
lags which will permit good volumetric efficiency at high speed must have a relatively high idling speed and economical
fuel consumption at the lower engine speed.
5. APPARATUS:
dial indicator
magnetic base
masking tape
pen knivel
sciencetific calculator
METHOD
Expose the flywheel and the valve by removing the flywheel cover and the cylinder head.
Using a suitable datum on the cylinder block, mark TDC and BDC on the masking tape by observing the position of piston
in the selected cylinder as flywheel is turned over.
Identify the inlet and exhaust valve and determine the direction of rotation of the engine.
Set up the dial indicator with the magnetic base on the top of the block. the shaft of the indicator should rest on the
appropriate valve whose opening and closing to be observed.
Turn the flywheel clocewise slowly by hand and proceed to mark on the masking tape the point in the circle when inlet
valve opens, inlet valve closes , exhaust valve opens and exhaust valve closes respectively.
Remove the masking tape and measure the valve leads and lags.
Page
:4
06000 JITRA,
Semester
:5
Programme
: DKM
Duration
: 2 Hours per week
5.
OBSERVATION
Calculate
(l)
:
mm.
length from inlet valve open (IVO) to inlet valve close (IVC)
(a)
:
mm.
(b)
:
mm.
:
mm.
length from exhaust valve open (EVO) to exhaust valve close (EVC) (e):
mm.
length from inlet valve open (IVO) to exhaust valve close (EVO) (d)
:
mm
a)
induction stroke
b)
compression stroke
c)
power stroke
d)
exhaust stroke
e)
overlap
6. DISCUSSION
a.
Draw the valve-timing diagram
Page
:4
06000 JITRA,
Semester
:5
Duration
: 2 Hours per week
b) Conclusion
REFERENCES:
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.
NAME
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORT
TOTAL
RUBRIC
(40%)
PROCEDURES
x 1.0
DIAGRAMS
x 1.0
DATA
x 1.0
CALCULATIONS
x 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
x 2.0
ERROR ANALYSIS
x 1.0
QUESTIONS
x 1.0
CONCLUSION
x 1.0
Page
:5
MUADZAM SHAH
06000 JITRA,
Semester
:5
Programme
: DKM / DMK / DJL / DTP / DEM
Duration
: 2 Hours per week
OBJECTIVES:
Examine the effect of fluid exchanger rate to the coefficient value, U and heat transfer rate, Q.
Describe the differences of heat transfer rate between one way flow ( co-current ) and opposite flow ( counter-current ).
Analyse critically the data of the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects.
4.0 INTRODUCTION:
Heat exchangers are used for heat transfer between two media. The media do not come into direct contact and there is no
mixing. Heat is transported from the hot medium to the cold medium by way of a heat-conducting partition. Some examples of
heat exchangers are car radiators ( media : water / air ), oil coolers (media : oil / air or water ) and cooling coils in refrigerators
( media : air / refrigerant ). The Heat Exchangers Service Unit uses water for both media.
As it flow along the partition, the hot medium emits heat to the partition and cools down in doing so. In turn, the heated partition
passes heat to the cold medium flowing along the other side of the partition. This medium is thus heated. The heat transfer
process at the partition can therefore can be described in term of three separate stage :
partition conducts heat from the hot surface to the cold surface.
Figure 1.1 provides a schematic view of the temperature profile at the partition. Each of the three heat-transfer stage is
assigned a temperature difference T1 , TW and T2.
The efficiency of a heat exchangers is determined by the level of heat transport in the three heat-transfer stages.
Hot side
Cool side
partition
Medium 1
Medium 2
T1
W1
TW
W2
T2
T2
Distance
Fig. 1.1 Temperature profile with heat transfer and heat conduction at partition
Temperature
Density
Specific Heat Capacity, Cp
K
3
[kg/dm ]
[kJ/kg.K]
273
0.9998
4.220
20
293
0.9982
4.183
40
313
0.9921
4.178
60
333
0.9830
4.191
80
353
0.9720
4.199
100
373
0.9580
4.216
Related Formulas:
i.
Mass flowrate, [kg/s] = vc
ii.
Heat supplied, Qh [kJ/s] =
Cp Th
C (T
iii.
h-in
h-out
C (T
iv.
c-in
c-out
min
= (T
h-out
c-out
= U Am Tm
2
5.0
APPA
RATU
S:
max
T4
T3
min
Apparatus specification
Area, Amin [m ]
Shell and tube
0.0200
Tubular
0.0227
Plat
0.0400
6.0 PROCEDURES:
Switch on heater. Heating from an ambient temperature of 20 0 to 60 0 C requires approx. 20 min. While heating up start
with bleeding procedure.
Set uniflow or counter-current by connecting hose with base apparatus. Only change cold-water hoses! Otherwise there is a
danger of scalding!
Set a high cold-water flow rate with flow control valve ( 4 L/ min ). Allow water to run until no more bubbles are visible.
Switch on pump.
Use flow - control valve to set high hot-water flow rate. Allow water to run briefly.
Carefully open bleeder valve for hot water flow and allow water to run for a short while.
Experiment
Set desired hot flow rates, Vh at flow-control valve same as in the table 1.
Set the first rates for cold water , Vc . Wait until Thermal equilibrium is attained or stable. Take Flow rates value in the table 1.
Take the inlet and outlet temperature readings for hot and cold flow.
Repeat the step above with changes the cold flow rates at low value.
7.0 RESULTS:
Complete the result in the table 1 by using the data table given.
DISCUSSIONS:
Sketch the schematic diagram of heat exchanger which its shows the directions of liquid flow.
It is the outlet heat energy same with the inlet heat energy. Describes.
What is the effect of the heat exchanger flow rate to heat transfer rate and overall coefficient heat transition value, U.
Describe the effect of flow direction changes to heat transfer operation and its relationship with the design aspect.
9.0 CONCLUSION :
Conclude the short conclusion / result that you get with refers to the experiment objectives.
REFERENCES:
APPENDIX 1
TABLE 1
Unidirectional flow
Specific
Water
Heat
Heat
Average
Heat
Heat
Water
mass
transfer
supplied
received
heat
Tm
Note
Capacity
Density
flowrate
coefficient,
, Qh
, Qc
transferred
,C
,m
Cool
No
flowrate,
T
T
c-out
T
h-in
T
h-out
[kJ/kg.K]
[kg/m3]
[kg/s]
[kJ/s]
[kJ/s]
[kJ/s]
[C]
[kW/m2.K]
c-in
.
vc
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.
NAME
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORT
TOTAL
RUBRIC
(40%)
PROCEDURES
x 1.0
DIAGRAMS
x 1.0
DATA
x 1.0
CALCULATIONS
x 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
x 2.0
ERROR ANALYSIS
x 1.0
QUESTIONS
x 1.0
CONCLUSION
x 1.0
Page
:5
MUADZAM SHAH
06000 JITRA,
Semester
:5
Programme
: DKM / DMK / DJL / DTP / DEM
Duration
: 2 Hours per week
OBJECTIVES:
Examine the effect of fluid exchanger rate to the coefficient value, U and heat transfer rate, Q.
Describe the differences of heat transfer rate between one way flow ( co-current ) and opposite flow ( counter-current ).
Analyse critically the data of the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects.
4.0 INTRODUCTION:
Heat exchangers are used for heat transfer between two media. The media do not come into direct contact and there is no
mixing. Heat is transported from the hot medium to the cold medium by way of a heat-conducting partition. Some examples of
heat exchangers are car radiators ( media : water / air ), oil coolers (media : oil / air or water ) and cooling coils in refrigerators
( media : air / refrigerant ). The Heat Exchangers Service Unit uses water for both media.
As it flow along the partition, the hot medium emits heat to the partition and cools down in doing so. In turn, the heated partition
passes heat to the cold medium flowing along the other side of the partition. This medium is thus heated. The heat transfer
process at the partition can therefore can be described in term of three separate stage :
partition conducts heat from the hot surface to the cold surface.
Figure 1.1 provides a schematic view of the temperature profile at the partition. Each of the three heat-transfer stage is
assigned a temperature difference T1 , TW and T2.
The efficiency of a heat exchangers is determined by the level of heat transport in the three heat-transfer stages.
Hot side
Cool side
partition
Medium 1
Medium 2
T1
W1
TW
W2
T2
T2
Distance
Fig. 1.1 Temperature profile with heat transfer and heat conduction at partition
Temperature
Density
Specific Heat Capacity, Cp
K
3
[kg/dm ]
[kJ/kg.K]
273
0.9998
4.220
20
293
0.9982
4.183
40
313
0.9921
4.178
60
333
0.9830
4.191
80
353
0.9720
4.199
100
373
0.9580
4.216
Related Formulas:
i.
Mass flowrate, [kg/s] = vc
ii.
Heat supplied, Qh [kJ/s] =
Cp Th
C (T
iii.
h-in
h-out
C (T
iv.
c-in
c-out
min
= (T
h-out
T )
c-in
= U Am Tm
2
T1
T2
max
min
T3
T4
APPARATUS:
Apparatus specification
Area, Amin [m ]
Shell and tube
0.0200
Tubular
0.0227
Plat
0.0400
6.0 PROCEDURES:
Switch on heater. Heating from an ambient temperature of 20 0 to 60 0 C requires approx. 20 min. While heating up start
with bleeding procedure.
Bleeding of heat exchanger
Set uniflow or counter-current by connecting hose with base apparatus. Only change cold-water hoses! Otherwise there is a
danger of scalding!
Set a high cold-water flow rate with flow control valve ( 4 L/ min ). Allow water to run until no more bubbles are visible.
Switch on pump.
Use flow - control valve to set high hot-water flow rate. Allow water to run briefly.
Carefully open bleeder valve for hot water flow and allow water to run for a short while.
Experiment
take down the flow rates and temperatures reading in the table 1.
7.0 RESULTS:
Complete the result in the table 1 by using the data table given.
DISCUSSIONS:
Sketch the schematic diagram of heat exchanger which its shows the directions of liquid flow.
It is the outlet heat energy same with the inlet heat energy. Describes.
What is the effect of the heat exchanger flow rate to heat transfer rate and overall coefficient heat transition value, U.
Describe the effect of flow direction changes to heat transfer operation and its relationship with the design aspect.
9.0 CONCLUSION :
Conclude the short conclusion / result that you get with refers to the experiment objectives.
REFERENCES:
APPENDIX 1
TABLE 1
Counter-directional flow
Specific
Water
Heat
Heat
Average
Heat
Heat
Water
mass
transfer
supplied
received
heat
Tm
Note
Capacity
Density
flowrate
coefficient,
, Qh
, Qc
transferred
,C
,m
Cool
No
flowrate,
T
T
c-out
T
h-in
T
h-out
[kJ/kg.K]
[kg/L]
[kg/s]
[kJ/s]
[kJ/s]
[kJ/s]
[C]
[kW/m2.K]
c-in
.
vc
METALLURGY
EXPERIMENT1:METALLOGRAPHYSTRUCTURE
EXPERIMENT2:HARDNESSTESTING:ROCKWELL
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.
NAME
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORT
TOTAL
RUBRIC
(40%)
PROCEDURES
x 1.0
DIAGRAMS
x 1.0
DATA
x 1.0
CALCULATIONS
x 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
x 2.0
ERROR ANALYSIS
x 1.0
QUESTIONS
x 1.0
CONCLUSION
x 1.0
Page
:4
MUADZAM SHAH
06000 JITRA,
Semester
:5
Programme
: DKM
Duration
: 2 Hours per week
2.0 OBJECTIVES:
Analyse critically data of the experimental data in ralaton to the theoretical aspects.
4.0 INTRODUCTION:
The science and technology of metals and alloys. Process metallurgy is concerned with the extraction of metals from their
ores and with refining of metals; physical metallurgy, with the physical and mechanical properties of metals as affected by
composition, processing, and environmental conditions; and mechanical metallurgy, with the response of metals to
applied forces
5.0 APPARATUS:
Equipment
Specimen
6.0 PROCEDURES:
Grind surface of the mounting specimen follower right method by grading machine
Polish the specimen by polishing machine, with polishing liquid on matron cloth.*
clean the specimen with detergent liquid and after that dry at the dryer machine
gilap dengan menggunakan larutan BRASSO di atas kain metron dan jika tidak berkesan bolehlah
menggilapkannya
punarkan dengan menggunakan larutan 2% Nital or alcoholic ferrit chloride ( larutan yang mengandungi 5 gm
FeCl, 2 ml
7.0 RESULTS:
Bil
Spesimen
Bahan , kandungan
Proses pemejalan atau
Bentuk struktur
struktur ).
X1A
Zink (Zn) yang
Proses pendinginan drp
kurang tulin
tuangan pasir.
( 1 fasa )
dilihat tanpa
mikroskop
4% Sn(struktur
tuangan pasir. Penerasan
X2
larutan pepejal 1
(coring) pada bijian berlaku
fasa)
semasa pemejalan
X4
Aloi kuprum (loyang)
Proses pendinginan drp
48% Zn(struktur
aloi Cu/Zn hanya fasa yang
larutan pepejal 1
diperolehi untuk aloi ini.
fasa)
8.0 DISCUSSIONS:
9.0 CONCLUSION :
REFERENCES:
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.
NAME
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORT
TOTAL
RUBRIC
(40%)
PROCEDURES
x 1.0
DIAGRAMS
x 1.0
DATA
x 1.0
CALCULATIONS
x 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
x 2.0
ERROR ANALYSIS
x 1.0
QUESTIONS
x 1.0
CONCLUSION
x 1.0
Page
:4
MUADZAM SHAH
06000 JITRA,
Semester
:5
Programme
: DKM
Duration
: 2 Hours per week
2.0 OBJECTIVES:
Analyze critically the data of the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects.
4.0 INTRODUCTION:
Rockwell & Rockwell superficial tests consists of forcing an indenter (Diamond or Ball) into the surface of a test piece in two
steps i.e. first with preliminary test force and thereafter with additional test force & the measuring depth of indentation after
removal of additional test force (Remaining preliminary test force active) for measurement or hardness value
LCD display
beban pertama
lampu
pelekuk
andas
beban utama
handle
suis
PROCEDURES:
Set the scale, type of scale, total test force values and indenters. (referred lecturer)
To check or change testing condition, press the MODE switch to select a desired menu. MENU1 5
Rotate the handle slowly to make the sample press against the indenter. While applying the preliminary test force, brake is
automatically.
Sure AUTO and LODING lamp light. Waiting tim e
Lording lamp goes out, various data are display or out put.
7.0 RESULTS:
materials
HR__
materials
HR__
materials
HR__
Test
reading
Test
reading
Test
reading
number
number
number
Average
Average
Average
DISCUSSIONS:
st
9.0 CONCLUSION :
REFERENCES:
G.L. Kehl, The Principles of Metallographic Laboratory Practice, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1949, p 229.
Smith, William F.; Hashemi, Javad (2001), Foundations of Material Science and Engineering (4th ed.), McGraw-Hill, p. 229,
ISBN 0-07-295358-6
www.gordonengland.co.uk/hardness/rockwell.htm