Pressure transient testing

Three Distinct Production Periods

Definitions
Transient Region. Flow regimes that occur at different flow times for a well
flowing at a constant rate. The flowing bottomhole pressure is shown as a
function of time on both linear and semilog plots. In the transient region, the
reservoir is infinite-acting, and the flowing bottomhole pressure is a linear
function of log t. This region is amenable to analysis by transient methods. and
occurs for radial flow at flow times up to approximately:
where field units are used: t is time in hours, is porosity as a fraction, is
viscosity in cp, C is compressibility in psi-1, re is the external radius in ft, and k is
permeability in md.

Late-Transient Region. At the end of the transient region and prior to the
semisteady-state period, there is a transitional period called the late-transient
region. There are no simple equations that define this region, but the latetransient period may be very small or practically nonexistent.
Semisteady-State Region. If there is no flow across the drainage boundary and
compressibility is small and constant, a semisteady- or pseudosteadystate
region is observed in which the pressure declines linearly with time. Pressures in
the drainage area decrease by the same amount in a given time, and the
difference between reservoir pressure and wellbore pressure remains constant
during this period. For radial flow, semisteady-state flow conditions

Curve Shape During a Draw Down Test

Semi-logarithmic Plot of Pressure Drawdown

Test Data

Curve Shape During a Pressure-Buildup Test

Horner Plot, Wellbore Pressure Data Plotted for

MBH - Analysis

MDH (Miller-Dyes-Hutchinson) Plot

Downtrending
Horner Plots

Uptrending
Horner Plots

Extrapolation of MTR Straight Line

Extrapolation of MTR Straight Line

Radius of Investigation as a Function of Flow

Time During a Pressure-drawdown Test

Radius of Investigation as a Function of Flow

Time During a Pressure-buildup Test

Skin Region

Two Region Reservoir Model of Altered Zone

Near the Wellbore

The rule of thumb is to use

Range of applicability of pressure

methods at 100 oF

Figure 5-10 variation of and z

Empirical Deliverability equations

(rawlins & schellhardt)

In terms of pressure squared (applicable only at

low pressures).
In terms of psudopressure (applicable over all
pressure ranges):

Fundamental of Pressure Transient Testing in

Gas Wells

Pressure Transient Test Analysis In Gas Wells

Pressure Transient Test Analysis In Gas Wells

Pressure Transient Test Analysis In Gas Wells

Flow Efficiency (FE), Pressure Drop due to

Skin (P)s, Radius of Investigation (ri)

The Unit of Calculations

Skin Calculation Procedure

In the equation for skin factor during the
pressure buildup, Pws is measured just before
shutting in the well, and P1hr is obtained from
the straight-line portion (extrapolated if
necessary) of the buildup curve one hour after
shut-in.
Similarly, the straight-line portion of the
drawdown data must be extrapolated to one
hour if the data do not fall on the semilog
straight-line.

Constant-Rate Gas Flow Test

Discrete-Rate Changes Gas Flow Test (Four Point

Deliverability or Backpressure Test)

Discrete-Rate Changes Gas Flow Test (Four Point

Deliverability or Backpressure Test)

Non-Darcy Effects in a Gas Well Test (Four Point

Deliverability or Backpressure Test)

Plot:
Where:

Example-6.1

Example-6.1

Solution 6.1

Solution 6.1

Solution 6.1

Cartesian Plot of Multi-Rate Test Data

Solution 6.1

Variable-Rate Gas Flow Test with Smoothly

Changing Rates
A strictly constant producing rate is impractical
or impossible to maintain.
A more probable mode of operation is
production at a constant surface pressure, and
if tubing friction effects are negligible, the BHP
also is constant.
At early times, however, both BHP & bottom
hole rate may be changing rapidly.
Data obtained under these nonideal test
conditions can be analyzed accurately with a
simple modification of the transient flow
equation for constant-rate production.

Surface Production Rate Schedule During

Wellbore Storage Period

Bottom Hole Flow Rate or Afterflow Following

Well Shut-in at the Surface

Variable-Rate Gas Flow Test with Smoothly

Changing Rates

Example-6.2

Example-6.2

Solution 6.2

Solution 6.2

Solution 6.2

Solution 6.2

Solution 6.2

Gas Flow Test in Bounded Reservoir

Comparison of Dimensionless Pressure Responses

for Liquid & Gas Solutions (after Hussainy)

Analysis of Gas-Well Buildup Test

Buildup Tests with Constant-Rate Production

before Shut-In

Horners Approximation
Used to avoid the use of superposition in
modeling the production history of a variablerate well.

Horners Approximation

Buildup Tests with Constant-Pressure Production

Before Shut-In

Buildup Tests with Constant-Pressure Production

Before Shut-In

Determining Average Drainage Area Pressure for

Gas Wells

Determining Average Drainage Area Pressure for

Gas Wells

MBH Dimensionless Pressure for Various Well Locations in a

Square Drainage Area Locations

MBH Dimensionless Pressure for Various Well Locations in a 2:1

Rectangular Drainage Area

Example-6.4

Solution-6.4
(Analysis Using Pressure Variables)

Solution-6.4
(Analysis Using Pressure Variables)

Horner Plot Using Pressure

Solution-6.4
(Analysis Using Pressure Squared Variables)

Solution-6.4
(Analysis Using Pressure Squared Variables)

Horner Plot Using Pressure Squared

Solution-6.4
(Analysis Using Adjusted Pressure Variables)

Solution-6.4
(Analysis Using Adjusted Pressure Variables)

Horner Plot Using Adjusted & Adjusted

Horner Time Ratio

Thank You