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AE340 Architectural Illumination and Electrical

System Notes
Week 2 lecture 3 - Electricity Generation and Distribution
(7/4/15)
HW1 been posted due 14/04/15
Electricity generation turning turbines
Solar directly converting solar energy to electricity
Geothermal pump and steam
Faradays Change in electromagnetic field. Change electric field
around it
Lenzs Law Mechanical > electrical energy. As magnet gets
closer, the coil generates a way to go against the motion of the
magnet. Polarity of magnetic field changes and so does the direction
of the current flow (alternating current)
DC Generator Commutator, changes DC to AC current
AC Generator
Generator converts mechanical to electrical energy.
Estimate Generator Power Head = pressure of water.
Coal heating value burning something and seeing how much
water it can heat. 1J = 1Ws. 1 hour = 3600 seconds
Transformer Ratio of voltage equal to ratio of turns.
Electrical Grid At lower voltages, there is a higher percentage loss
per 100 miles. We lose power to heat over time. Corona charged
particle, forms when we have high voltage i.e. around 1mil volts.
Build up around transmission line equipment, limits how much we
can step up the voltage. This is why the step up voltage is kept
around 765kV.
Sub-transmission in a downtown area
Distribution may be bucket we see outside of houses
U.S. Electrical Grid 3 grids in the US, 1 in Quebec.
The new HVDC
DC is more efficient however; equipment cost is a lot higher when
we try to transform DC
Grid/Power Failure Brown out only in developing countries at the
supply is lower than demand, fluctuations in supply. If something
does fail, we will see blackout e.g. substation blows up.
Grid management difficulties We cannot store electricity very
efficiently. We must generate electricity on demand, whilst it is
being consumed.
Week 2 Lecture 4 - Electrical power in Residential Buildings
(9/4/15)
Load balance calculate how much energy is needed on a certain
day based on historical data, i.e. how much energy was used on this
day with this population.

Load monitor and forecasting collecting a lot more data, how much
energy Is being used with the next 5 minutes instead of looking in
books.
If something happens to a transformer e.g. it blows ups, the system
will automatically reroute to another transformer
Renewables are not constant sources.
Smart appliances means we can pay for energy on demand. Can
meter exactly as it happens e.g. higher costs when demand is high
Nest keeps tracks of how we use our thermostat, smart algorithms
to adjust to learn how to adapt to our comfort levels.
Wires/Conductors
Wire sizes If we have a smaller wire, theres a bigger resistance
which generates heat and may cause the wire to burn out
Need a thicker wire to carry high current
When buying wire how much current and what am I connecting
wire to?
14-3; 14 = gauge, 3=number of conductors within wire
Expansion and contraction of wires that loosen the screw its
connected to over many years. Especially aluminum wiring, greater
expansion coefficient however it is about 3-4 times cheaper than
copper. Not used very often in residential buildings.
Breakers and fuses
Breakers are a safety feature that breaks the circuit when current is
too high to prevent fire
Fuses are designed to burn out with there is too much current and
break the circuit
Black hot, bare/green ground, white neutral
2 prongs are silver for neutral, 2 copper-ish connecter to hot, 1
green to ground
Outlets, GFCI, AFCI
Safety feature against shock., especially in bathroom and kitchen
when your hands are wet and you may act as a conductor.
AFCI stops fire when there are sparks as you plug/unplug
appliances.
240v (220, 250V) connections
Connects circuit at higher voltage
Transforming down stepping from high to low voltage.
When we only connect half, we only get 120V, if we connect both,
we get 240V
Light and switches
Not enough breakers for every switch, is a waste of space and wire.
Have outlets in parallel connected to the same breaker.
To find I, P/V. Outlet =120 volts. About 26 amps. Circuit breaker may
be around 15amps. All appliances may switch off if too many outlets
plugged in.
Week 3 Lecture 5 - Electrical Loads and Equipment in Buildings
For commercial services, same amount of loads.

Every time we have transformers, we have separate circuits


Twice as many rows of current therefore 240V
Shift the sin wave so it is out of phase
Typical 3 phase supply
How do you get the 208v?
Difference between different lines at 120 phase difference.
294/1.41(sqrt 2)
Timing of phase
1 cycle happens 60 times a second therefore 1/60 to complete one
cycle
1/60th second also equals 360 degrees.
Therefore 120 is a third so 1/180seconds off
Why 3 phase power?
Multiple phases can be used.
Electric motor
Reverse of a generator
Electric to mechanical energy
Power factor
Real power - How much power is used to do work
Parent power how much power is supplied
Discrepancies between these who is the power factor.
If PF = 1, the real power = parent power.
In real life, there is a phase lag every time we do an induction
Resistive load when something heats up
High voltage, zero current, no power therefore there is a flux.
Calculate power in terms of phase shift
75% of supply electricity is used to conduct work
Discussion next class
Week 3, Lecture 6 Design the electrical system for a
building
Vmax = Vrms x1.41
V3 = V1x1.73
Homework 1 review
We can detect individual charged electrons
Problem 4 current flows from BA as the magnet is moving
towards the coil
Problem 6 - 15amp breaker
UF underground feeder wire
1st step to designing how much power is required for the building
by finding out how much is in it. Make estimation from knowledge
and understanding of what each room/floor will be used for.
Spec wire what are wires connected to? Wires or transformers, we
need to tell people
Must supply electrical plan and lighting plan
Every time we have neutral + 120V, we get 120V
Floor plan numbers to tell us which outlet it is connected to.
Electrical Riser Diagram

Each box is an electric breaker panel


Electric riser vertical, connect between floors
Metal tubes rated by outside diameter and thickness
May used flexible tubes if there are space constraints
Control systems how the control systems connect to computers
To determine the proper design
Current, voltage, what type of wire.. Complexity is which how many
components there are
National Electric Code
It is rated for 80% of maximum current
If we have 80% continuous load ready for 30 amp, the breaker can
continuously run as 24amps 24/7
Exercise
3 bedroom house what loads? Assuming 1 light each
1 bathroom
1 kitchen
1 living room
3 bedroom
1 light in each room, 100W each therefore 600W total
Kitchen
Stove
Microwave
Fridge
Toaster
Washer 2000W
Dryer 2000W
1000W each
18 outlets, each have 2 appliances at 200W each = 3600
HVAC 5000W
Total 22000W
11000W each side (2hot, 1 neutral), 120 V. 11000/120 = 101A
In the kitchen 4000W/120 = 33A
33A/0.8 = 40A breaker.
Week 4 Lecture 7
Outlets zoned by location
Most logical and convenient place to put panels
Floor plan 8 outlets. 1.5A = 12 amps. 15 amp breaker may just be
enough
In residential, the wires we usually use size 14, 12, and 10 wires
Sizing the breakers and panel
Sizing busses.
3 phase power coming in
On the same wire (same wire size) but 1, 7, 13 etc on same line.
Exercise*

Components in the house


1) Lights lights in every room
2) Outlets
Appliances have to use dedicated circuits
GFCI so separate circuits in places like kitchen and bathrooms
Single phase panel schedule
HVAC = 240 voltage wise
2 pole act as 1 unit
Week 4, Lecture 8 Electricity Pricing and Energy
Calculation
Electricity pricing, 20F change increases the bill by almost 100%
Balancing authorities that act as backup in a sense. Can ask
particular powerplants to shut down.
People want power for lighting, if there is a company that controls
the whole process, this monopolizes the industry therefore,
regulations are in place.
California Energy Crisis rapid increase in the price with rolling
blackouts where there was frequent blackouts.
Third party companies that buy and sell electricity immediately to
make the electricity seem like the electricity was from out of state.
The Fallout
ENRON did this because their other practices were losing money.
The government said that everyone has to produce 100% electricity
to stabilize the demand which resolved the problem in 2003. The
state spent $40bn to recoup the problem
Commercial Electric Bill
Of you go over capacity, you are charged extra for peak hour
End use Electricity being used by a specific device or equipment
Week 5, Lecture 9 Simple Energy Calculation, Backups and
Storage
Auditorium 4kW lights. We want to simulate as realistically as
possible.
How often are lights on and often? How are those lights in
combination on and off. Partial loading, maybe running 2kW at a
time
How much heat energy moving from hotter space to cooler space
through a section
Degree kelvin, m^2, Degree C
HVAC energy used
COP usually greater than 1, in the range of 3 or 4
Whatever energy spent on doing work, all units are converted to
work. Converting energy heat.
Of is the COP is 3, use 1/3 of energy, convert to Watt tells us how
much watt hour we need.
Why do we need electrical backups?
Electrical backup is some of way to supply electricity whilst your
power supply is cut (blackout/equipment failure)

Usually backup power only run for a few hours


How do backups work
Invertor to convert DC to AC in a battery.
Connect to grid to charge battery
Electricity Demand
We have peak and off-peak, creating sine waves
Most people pay a fixed price
Every time demand increases, most polluted power plants turn on,
flat line is ideal.
If people are charging their batteries as demand increases and uses
this energy at peak times, the demand becomes a flatter line and
mitigates peak curves.
Compressed Air
compress air into story. When we have excess energy, it is released
to turn a generator
Thermoelectric Storage
If we apply temperature difference between conductors, energy is
generated.
Week 5 Lecture 10 Renewable Energy
Green is usually associated with emissions.
Biofuel is renewable however, it may not be green, still costs
emission.
Hydroelectricity gravity and water flow, good for generation but
never for buildings
Fuel cell, Hydrogen Doesnt really generate any on site energy
Photovoltaics
Easier to flow one direction. Once electron is dislodged, moves to ptype material as it has energy, there is now electric potential.
When we have panels, we have many cells. Cells depend on
material type, how thick they are etc. we can generate different
voltage.
Usually comes in 12V and how they are wired in series
Connect in series first to get the voltage needed then in parallel to
get the increased current. The cell configuration and panel
configuration can be changed
*DC generated by photovoltaic
Photovoltaic Efficiency
Efficiency how much light energy is converted to electricity in a
cell
Usually about 15% efficiency for commercially viable products
We need to find a way of absorbing 100% of the light if we want
100% efficiency
Different material absorbs different wavelengths
Under band gap, not enough energy to dislodge electron, the light
just passes through.
Different band gaps can absorb different types of energy

We want electricity generation density by layering 4 different


types of material absorbs different type of light to generate 4 times
more energy per unit area
Photovoltaics in buildings
Invertor to convert DC to AC current so it can be used within the
house
Energy = power x time
Mains breaker panel. Go back to meter or grid of electrical system
in house
Panels sized by amps, usually about 100amps
Everything runs at 120V. 100*120 = 12000Watts (or VA) = 12kW
Need windows for a building, limits usable surface area. Local
limitations neighbourhoods may not want solar panels
Wind turbines onsite generation
Vertical axis - we dont need to turn it, universal axis.
Can generate AC on its own se we dont need a convertor
Geothermal
A big enterprise for residential buildings
Smart Meters
Record all energy used as current flows by but also stores how much
energy you create is we have onsite generation. Can predict how
much energy for future and real-time pricings.
Time series, at any given second, minute or hour how much energy
we are using. A powerful tool for power generation companies
enabling them to predict future energy usage habits.
Equipment maintenance can detect where there is a problem on
the grid, reduce maintenance time.
Week 6, Lecture 11 Low Voltage Systems in buildings
Low voltage systems consume lower voltage and current as well.
Usually route for power distribution is relatively short
We can filter out frequencies, only need two wires for digital.
Building automation system only exchanged information. Has no
value, does not have a physical function
How do we get data and power from point A to point B? Wires can
be run and upgrades in the future.
Midterm
4 problems are more practical
Given scenario
Solar wording. Solar integrated with question
1 question to calculate HVAC energy calculation and use
Electricity storage and price
*all four questions have 3 equations
2 different ways to wire panels, parallel and series
Series voltage increase
Parallel current increase
Theoretical question

If I want to get to a suitable voltage or current how would it be


wired?
Capacity - how long we can use battery for a given amount of time
Q = heat transfer between indoor an outdoor through a wall. Same
thing as power.
If we make assumption, must state assumption
How much cooling to cancel out the heat and how much energy that
needs to be put in.
COP
Coefficiency of performance (efficiency)
1 question dealing with motor 1) induction of motor, there is lag
between phases
Electrical efficiency and mechanical efficiency.
2HP motor measured mechanical power. Output of 2HP
Electrical power driving motor due to mechanical efficiency
240V and 1 volt = 240 Watt going in
How to distribute electric power
Service transformer around 12,000 volts
Every time we split voltage we need a power panel
Several transformers in a building, 10kV coming in, each panel will
distribute to transformer. 120/240V lines are going to individual
panels for use and outlet
Core of a building, maybe 2 panels, 1 serving each side.
To size panel, must sum up all required loads. Lights, outlets
Dedicated circuit and Ground Fault Circuit Interruptor for kitchen,
bathroom
List loads and divide into zone.
Into each circuited zone, group together maybe all lights or only
half
Each circuit needs a circuit breaker, 1 pole 120v or 2 pole 240V
240V with 2 hot wires need breaker to take up 2 spots.
Total electic load in terms of VA
4 outlets, each 1.5 Amps. Service outlet = 120V. 6 total Amp*120V
=700VA
Breaker size, name of load, circuit group and what kind of voltage.
240V is double
Week 7, Lecture 13 Illumination and Lighting Terminologies
CRI This particular light source is rendering this colour. CRI 100
better than CRI 50.
CRI has greater contrast.
Black body does not reflect light
Raising colour temperature, the light looks more blue due to the
wavelength
We want diffused light in a building hence shades on a lightbulb
Illuminance the amount of light that reaches an area.
Luminous intensity,
Always in terms of 1m^2

Any candela coming out of any given direction is luminous intensity


Light Sensors
Week 8, Lecture 14 Guest lecturer on lighting simulation
Luminous depends on material itself. Light can be absorbed, emitted
or pass through.
Reduce fatigue improve efficiency
Daylight factor=sky component + external component + internal
component
Task lighting some sort of luminance on a table
100watts, 30lux around 3:1 ratio. Outside of peripheral vision can
drop to 10 lux (10:1)
What is an energy efficient way to provide lighting to meet the
requirements?
Every year, the LPD drops, energy requirements are becoming
tighter
Diffuse light if we cant see the sun. Anything but the sun going
directly to the Surface
Idea of clerestory and light shelves is not to see out
Assuming entire sky as sunlight
Sky component, assumption of a typical clear sky. If we have a lot of
cloud, it does not apply.
Week 8, Lecture 15 Electric Lights and lighting Technology
Tungsten filament gives out a good spectrum
Lightbulb breaks when the filament heats up
Flourescent jumps from one state to another. Shoot light at the
atom, energy goes up, photon jumps from one level to another
Higher frequency, lower wavelength. Towards the ultraviolet light,
has more energy on that side of the colour spectrum
HID lights used for places such as stadiums where very bright lights
are needed
LED When light heats transistor, force electron to go round circuit
completing the circuit.
Construction of LED is more complicated than an incandescent
Dimming on a cloudy day, still need an illuminance level. Need to
adjust light level based on how much outside light level, to blend
with daylight.
Lower voltage the dimmer the light
Flashing light flashing rapidly but a slower flash appears to be
dimmer. On 50% and off 50%, 50% light
LED Lights can change the number of lights turned on
Warmish light incandescent or LED.
Sodium LEDs have more yellow colour
Light tube fibre optics
Final June 10th 3:30-5:30, Curtis 231
Week 9, Lecture 16 Lighting design
Homework review If calculated in metres, use lux for illuminance

Main criteria: what is the main function of the space?


What are we designing for, task or ambient lighting?
Example
Regular classroom with windows
Look up illumination levels for classroom (250 lux)
Typical drop ceiling grid 2x2 or 2x4
. make a grid
We want typical fluorescent light
Fixtures do not give out light in exactly 360 degrees
Illuminance is calculated as perpendicular to the surface
Lumen design method
Assumes we will have even lighting
Assume UF and MF = 1
580SF = 54m2, 250lux required
Light that were going to use from charts total lumen = 2950, 4
lamps ~ 12000 lumens
Zone areas with lights
If daylight comes in through windows
No code requirements for house
Week 10, Lecture 17 Lighting Design and Control
Estimating lumen in room
Example
4x18x fluorescent light bulbs
2x4m
Illuminance?
E=(NxFxUFxMF)/A F from table, 1350 (Nominal Luminous Flux)
E=(4x1350x0.5x0.8)/8 = 270lux
Switch to LED lights
N=(ExA)/(FxUFxMF)
N=(270*8)/(Fx0.5x0.8)
For F, we dont have values from a table so each LED~70lumens
N=77 bulbs, high number because there are many bulbs in a LED
lamp
Control circuit, low voltage circuit
Remote wireless keypad
Dimmer modules and remote ballasts
Week 10 Class Summary and Final Review
Homework overview
1) Lux is light density. Luminous flux, light given by a lumen.
Illuminance is perceived light level the only thing we can
quantify
2) OSHA is the only regulary body
3) Type of light fixtures: pick fluorescent light. Part c: Typical
lumen method
Class Summary
3-phase power is 480 W. Reduce voltage but increase current. If
residential panel, 3 wires come in. 2 hot, 1 neutral which is tied to
neutral bar. Any hot with neutral is 120V.

Size breaker maximum current (amp) required.


Larger wire can carry larger current, heats up less
Electricity and pricing
Paying for energy (kWh)
Finals Review
June 10th, 3:30 Curtis 231
5 qs, 2 hours, 8x11 sheet
Topic 1
How to size breaker panel. Given a building/room. Determine
electrical loads. Size a breaker. What type of electric service,
depends on building and use
How to wire outlet, what goes to outlet?
Example a house. Draw outlet and lights. Kitchen and backroom,
GSCI has its own circuit. Table Circuit no., load (VA/W if not
motorbased system), 3 outlets 1.5amps each x 120V.
4.5Ax120=540VA. Smallest commercially available breaker is 10A. 1
pole
Topic 2 Power and motors
What is 3 phase power (3 separate circuit to a single device &
combine the circuits, offset the cycles) and how does it work? Power
factor and efficiency of motors.
Efficiency = mechanical losses e.g. friction
Power factor when we have induction motor. Lag between
electrical power supply and when motor starts moving.
4hp = 3000W. Parent electrical power x power factor x efficiency
3000/0.7/0.8 = 5347 is parent electrical power i.e. electrical energy
we need to supply to the motor. For amps 5347/208V = 26amp if
we have this, we can size a wire
Topic 3 Lighting Design
Lumen method, like homework 4.
Check illuminance for specific point.
Example 5mx3m room, classroom therefore 250lux (lumens/m^2)
Fluorescent F~3000 lumens. pORBABLY 8W~1300lumens
UF=0.5 MF=0.7
Calculate illuminance as a point, assume all light generated. Figure
out illuminous intensity/distance^2.
If it is at an angle, multiple by costheta
Topic 4 Lighting Technology and integration with day lighting
Topic 5 Integration of electricity and lights
How much electricity I need to provide to light

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