Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Pervious
Concrete
lar Paving
by Richard C. Meininger
Results of a laboratory study of nofines pervious concrete for paving are
presented. Conclusions are drawn
regarding the percent air voids needed
for adequate permeability, the optimum
water-cement ratio range, and the
amounts of compaction and curing
required. Recommendations are made
regarding appropriate uses for this type
of concrete.
Data and references are available from NRMCANAA, 900 Spring St., Silver Spring, MD 20910.
20
Laboratory research
Several research series were conducted in the National Aggregates
Association (NAA) - National
Ready Mixed Concrete Association
(NRMCA) Joint Research Laboratory to develop information concerning proportioning methods as
well as methods of measuring the
strength and permeability of nofines pervious concrete. Batch sizes
ranging from 1 to 3 ft3 (0.028 to
0.085 m') were mixed in rotating
drum laboratory mixers. Laboratory stock Type I cement was used
with two sizes of stock coarse aggregate: moderately rounded gravel
aggregates of % in. (9.5 mm) maximum size (ASTM C 33, No 8 size),
and % in. (19 mm) maximum size
(ASTM C 33, No. 67 size). Fig. 2
shows the end of a broken 6 x 12 in.
(152 x 305 mm) strength cylinder
and a 4 x 14 in. (102 x 356 mm) cylinder used in freezing and thawing
tests (both cylinders were made
from laboratory concrete containing No. 8 size aggregate).
The properties of no-fines concrete depend not only on its proportions but also on its compaction. To better understand the effect of compaction on concrete air
void content, unit weight, and comKeywords: coarse aggregates; laboratories; no-fines
concretes; research; voids.
Concrete International
125
.~.>
120
.....
.'~
f'
e:
:I:
~
;::
BATCH A, w/c
z 110
::>
Il:
w
e
~ t. ~'
...
~><~
100
105
)
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
//
/
= 0.34
~v
./.ATCH
1
B, W/C
0.31
7
8
METHODS OF COMPACTION (AND 28-DAY COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
OF CYLINDER FROM BATCH A, BATCH B)
NO COMPACTION, CONCRETE SCOOPED INTO MOLO
2 LAYERS, TILT ANO OROP MOLO
2 LAYERS, 5 TAMPS EACH OF THE TAMPER (1355, 975 psi)
2 LAYERS, 5 OROPS EACH OF THE TAMPER (1340 psi, 1050 psi)
2 LAYERS, 5 DROPS EACH, PROCTOR HAW1ER (1360 psi, 1100 psi)
2 LAYERS, 15 TAMPS EACH OF THE TAMPER (1550 psi, 1395 psi)
3 LAYERS, 25 DROPS EACH, PROCTOR HAMMER (1945 psi, 1540 psi)
ASTM C 31 ROOOING PROCEOURE, 3 LAYERS (2475 psi, 2095 psi)
C 31 rodding compaction; 25
strokes on each of 3 layers.
The resulting
cylinder unit
weights and strengths are shown in
Fig. 3. Unit weight ranged from a
low of about 105 lh/ft ' (1682 kg/
m') with no compaction up to about
120 lb /ft" (1922 kg z'rn') with the
ASTM C 31 rodding procedure.
The cylinders with no compaction
were unsatisfactory because they
contained large voids and discontinuities, so three levels representing different amounts of cornpaction that might be obtained in paving were chosen for future work:
Light (5 tamp compaction of each
of two layers)
Unit weight range:
107 to 111 Ib/ft3
(1714 to 1778 kg/rn ')
b .t~
Fig. 4 - Bottom surface of percolation specimens with
open channels (flow).
August 1988
/)
115
8,
.)
-:
4'~~"~"~;"~~~~__JL~ZL:~~...
LUL~:':.
3000
Pervious
Concrete
continued
.~
2500
Ul
o.
:2
E-<
t!)
""
2000
P::
E-<
U)
""
~ 30~~--~~----+------+------4------4--4
:>
3::
H
U)
U)
~
~
e,
~ 25r------+------~~~~~----~----~~
u
::;
u
><
ril
Cl
1500
""
P::
~
8
Z
ril
~Z
1000
co
N
20
500
MIXER HOLDBACK
DRY
::;
15
.:;
.25
.30
.30
.50
.45
.40
.35
WATER-CEMENT RATIO
Test methods
w/c
Water
(lb/yd')
0.51
0.47
0.43
0.39
0.35
0.31
0.27
440
430
430
425
415
410
395
224
203
184
165
145
125
106
22
.40
.45
.50
.35
WATER-CEMENT RATIO
Coarse
aggregate
Air
(lb/yd')
(OJo)
Strength
(psi)
Percolation
(in./min)
2640
2575
2570
2550
2520
2430
2370
22
23
25
27
29
32
33
1350
1370
1500
1400
1250
1010
870
5
4
10
30
40
51
59
w/c
Cernent
(lb/ydJ)
4
6
10
0.25 to 0.49
0.25 to 0.49
0.27 to 0.51
600 to 680
400 to 450
250 to 270
100
80
e
'e
<,
60
..<
Ul
;;
8E-<
o<t:
Table 3 values
~1>:
1>:
Ul
40
2000
E-<
:iI
e,
..
20
5-Tarnp
O
10
20
b/bo
070
Sand
E-<
Effective b/bo
3000
o.
Ul
Ul
:.
IW.
1000
1>:
C 31
67 C. AGG
A/C = 6
p..
W/C = 0.38
(.)
NO.8
0.92
0.84
0.78
No. 67
0.92
0.85
0.78
No.8
0.99
0.93
0.85
No. 67
0.99
0.93
0.86
Water-cernent ratio
To investigate the effect of water-cernent ratio, a series of batches
were rnixed with ratios varying frorn
0.51 down to 0.27. In this series a
fixed aggregate-cernent ratio (a/c =
6) was used with the No. 8 coarse
aggregate. Here basically relatively
fixed cernent and aggregate contents were used, and as the water
content of the batches increased, the
water-cernent paste occupied more
of the voids in the coarse aggregate,
thus lowering the air void content.
Fig. 6 shows the gravirnetric air
content of the light and rnediurn
cornpaction batches calculated frorn
the unit weight data. As water-cernent ratio increased the air void
content decreased in a linear relationship, with the light cornpaction
having air voids about 2 percent
higher than the rnediurn cornpaction. Observation of the consistency of the water-cernent paste and
how the concrete handled in the
mixer indicated that water-cernent
ratios in the 0.35 to 0.45 range are
best for efficient coating of the aggregate. Low water-cernent ratios
August 1988
10
20
AIR CONTENT,
30
40
PERCENT
10
20
30
PERCENT SAND
23
Pervious
Concrete
continued
1.0
NO. 8 C. AGG.
40
0.9
30
0.8
E-<
Z
>il
U
tt:
>il
o..
E-<
Z
>il
E-<
Z
o
.c
.c
<,
0.7
o
u 20
5-TAMP
o:;
H
,c;
0.6
10
NO. 8 C. AGG.
0.5
O
O
10
20
30
40
50
Proportioning
relationships
Proportianing
20
30
40
50
PASTE CONTENT, %
procedure
24
10
Concrete International
6000
COMPACTION
-- 5 TAMP
50
5000
:>
~E-<
oex:
o.
40
::C
E-<
t!l
o
o
ti)
30
z
H
H
:>
3000
~
~
O
2000
H
ti)
ti)
::E
Z
4000
Z
cr;
E-<
oex:
oex:
cr;
PERCENT SAND
O, 10, 20
fJJ
~cr;
.....:
-- C 31
.-1
cr;
P<
20
ti)
Q
:>
E-<
10
1000
NO. 8 C. AGG.
U
cr;
W
P<
o
o
10
20
30
40
50
August 1988
10
15
20
25
30
compensates
for the effect of different coarse aggregate
particle
shape, grading, and specific gravity. Therefore, these values should
be usable for trial batches with any
normal weight coarse aggregate.
They can be used to estimate the
amount of coarse aggregate per cubic yard, if the level of compaction
in the resulting construction can be
selected accurately.
The same data can be plotted in a
different
way (Fig. 12) to show
voids in the mineral
aggregate
(VMA) in the same way that asphalt technicians look at the voids
between the aggregate skeleton in
an asphaltic concrete mixture. In
that context VMA is the voids in the
mixture of coarse aggregate
and
fine aggregate
(i f any is used).
However, I feel the b/b; approach
is easier to use.
Comprehensive example
A series of batches were mixed at
two compaction levels (light [5 tamp
compaction] and heavy [e 31 cornpaction])
and with two sizes of
coarse aggregate (No. 8 and No.
67). All were mixed using a watercement ratio of 0.39. The principalpurpose of this series was to better
25
700
D
D
600
Ul
a.
UJ
:i
o.
i
E-<
o
E-<
:z:
,:
400
E-<
Ul
400
E-<
~p
><
,:
300
,_:
rx..
. ..
. .
D
l'
e
e
,_:
Ul
... .. . ..
o
300
X
W
H
tLo
-:
200
200
10
15
AIR CONTENT,
100 ~----~----~----~----~----~----~
2000
3000
4000
1000
20
PERCENT
25
5000
6000
30
COMPRESSIVE
26
..
:>:;
W
p:;
~::J
(l
..
500
/f..
.-1
500
...,
STRENGTH,
psi
Flexural strength:
320 psi (2.2 MPa)
Percolation rate:
7.3 in./min (185 mm/min)
The specimens were cured in a
standard moist room for 30 days, at
which time half of the specimens
were subjected to ASTM C 666
Procedure A (freezing and thawing
in water) and half to Procedure B
(freezing in air and thawing in water). AH of the specimens failed
fairly quickly in both freezing exposures, indicating that the voids in
the concrete became saturated and
the water was not able to drain out
quickly enough to prevent freezing
damage in the rapid (5 cyc1es per
day) freeze-thaw exposure.
The cylinders appeared to crack
and tend to split lengthwise, indicating a build up of pressure due to
freezing of water in larger internal
voids. It was not the type of failure
where material sloughs off the outside surface. The rapid freezing
from all directions may have driven
water to the interior of the specimens, and when the internal water
froze there was no avenue of pressure relief. For a situation where
freezing is slower, and from one direction, there may be more opportunity for water to drain out of the
no-fines paving material.
Caution needs to be exercised
when using a product such as this
Conclusions
It appears that at least 15 percent
air void content is required to obtain the needed percolation in nofines concrete. A water-cement ratio in the range of 0.35 to 0.45 does
a better job of coating the coarse
aggregate without causing too much
balling in the mixer or , at the opposite extreme, being so wet that
the paste tends to run off the aggregateo
Construction methods are critical
to proper performance. Sorne compaction is needed during placement
and the coarse aggregate on the top
surface needs to be properly seated
to reduce ravelling of the surface.
Curing is very important since the
August 1988
,.\~
bl'
,.
..
.1:....
11~~.:~
~~:ii~~
..'.....'
~ .~
'..
,t
'r...
1... L~,,\~u.
Fig. 18 - Proper compaction and
curing gives a tight surface.
ACI member Rich
ard C. Meininger
is Vice President of
Research of the
National
Ready
Mixed Concrete
Association
and
the National Aggregates Association, Silver Spring, Maryland. These
associations sponsor the NAA-NRMCA
Joint Research Laboratory in College
Park, Maryland, where this research
was conducted. He is a member of the
ACI Technical Activities Committee,
and Committees 211, Proportioning
Mixtures, 221, Aggregates, and 226,
Fly Ash, other Pozzolans, and Slag.
Mr. Meininger was a recipient of the
ACI Construction Practice Award in
1984.
27