First step in development of new organism is fertilization.
Three events in fertilization process. Penetration=Acrosome( large lysome/ vacuole with lytic enzymes, which break down the egg coat). Sperm penetration and membrane fusion(not 3rd step fusion). Fusion means come together. Membrane of sperm and membrane of egg is fusing. Egg has a jelly like layer outside of it. Many sperm, but only one egg fertilized. The acrosome of sperm digests the outer part of the egg so that the sperm can get through the cell membrane and release its DNA. Activation=When membrane of sperm fuses with membrane of egg there is a release of calcium.=activation step. In most species this is where the final division of DNA occurs so that there is only 1 n # of chromosomes to work with. Calcium blocks polyspermy (when more than on sperm fertilizes) calcium prevents, once a sperm has fused with the membrane of the egg, it causes a release of calcium which blocks polyspermy by changing the eggs membrane potential. Changes the membrane of the egg so no other sperm can fuse with it. Multiple sperm come out, but only one binds to the plasma membrane, which starts the activation process so there is only one sperm bound and final division of DNA. Sperm penetration has three effects in addition. causes the egg to be much more metabolically active. Starts protein synthesis. Finish meiosis. Fusion=There is a change that occurs in the cell membrane that produces a pyramidal structure. Sperm comes in activates the cell membrane and produces acone over the head of the sperm so that it cannot be detached since no other sperm can now fertilize. Only the DNA goes into the cell. Fusion=taking from the n dna from egg and sperm and joining it into one complete nucleus. Fertilization results in a zygote. Cleavage occurs next and is the cell division that results in the same size egg but smaller cells, no differentiation. Cleaveg results in solid ball of cells that are identical except for their size=morula. Cleavage occurs until blastula is formed=hollow ball of cells as well as. cell migration=cells on blastulous structure move from one place to another and gastrulation leads to gastrula. Following this is neurulation which leads to neural=with neural tube. Then organogenesis and morphogenesis= going from ball to something that looks like the organism=embryo. Cell differentiation and cell determination. Determination=when the cell goes into 3 germ layers. Differentiation= when cells in 3 germ layers becomes a more specialized cell type. Cells from outside (usually the bottom) migrate in and take the space of the cavity, and the germ layers form. Up to determination cells= stem cells/todipotent=total potency= can take any cell from blastula/ morula and given the right
chemical signals it could become anything. Once you get to the
blastula the cells are considered to be pluripotent. Determination= endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. After this they start to differentiate off into their specific examples. Ectoderm and mesoderm forms and then endoderm forms within. Once gastrulation has occurred, multiple differentiations occur simultaneorusly and at different rates. First system to form is the nervous system=why women are cautioned about avoiding substances if they are planning to get pregnant/ thinking they are preggo Since some substances affect neural development, it happens before a woman has realized shes pregnant. Blastomere=one of the names of the cells in the blastula=todipotent genetics. Egg has animal and vegetal pole. Blastocoel= cavity of the blastula= difference between morula and blastula. Morula goes up to about 32 cells. Development of fluid filled cavity=blastula. Gastrulation=development of 3 germ layers. Where the vegetal pole migrates in and becomes the second layer. Ectoderm= nervous system bc neurulation occurs o fthe outside, epidermis, sense organs ( has to do with brain) posterior pituitary. Mesoderm=skeleton, circulatiry system, heart, blood vessels, blood, the kidneys gonads, and underlying dermis. Emdoderm= hollow space created by invagination of ectoderm and mesoderm goes clear through the cels with an open end on each side=mouth and anus. Digestive tract, Anterior pituitary, pancreas, thymus, and thyroid, liver.