Course Outline

Course Title: Introduction to Logic

Class: BS (A/F), BS (Commerce)
B.Com (Annual System)

Course No: BS (A/F): GEN209

Course No: BS (Commerce): GEN209
B.Com (Annual System): Part I, Paper IX

Course Objectives
Logic is a science of all thinkable states of affairs. However, it is a discipline without subject matter. It means that it studies
the relation among propositions to discover valid forms of argument. So it improves the capability of reasoning. With the
knowledge of logic students can demarcate valid and fallacious arguments as well as they become habitual of critical
thinking.
Following are the objectives of the course.
1.
2.
3.
4.

To improve the reasoning ability of the students.

To make students capable to demarcate fallacious and valid arguments.
To introduce to students application of logic in administrative sciences.
To develop decision making ability based on logical reasoning, which is crucial pre- requisite for successful managers.
There will be practical exercises with the theoretical introduction to the topics.
Section

Topic
Introduction to Philosophy & Logic
Historical Introduction to Logic
Aristotelian Logic
Modern Mathematical/ Symbolic Logical
Recent Developments in Logic
Modal Logic
Fuzzy Logic
Free Logic

Source
Ch 1, Book 2

Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking and Validity of Thought

Ch 1, Book 4

Basic Logical Concepts

Proposition & Sentence
Proposition & its Analysis
What is an argument?
Argument Forms.

Ch 1, Book 2
Ch 1, Book 3

Argument & Non Argument

Well Crafted Argument
Premises
Deduction & Validity
Induction & Probability
Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency & Reasoning.
Three Basic Functions of Language
Forms of Discourse

Ch 1, Book 2
Ch 1, Book 3

Introduction to Symbolic Logic

Translating Statement and Punctuation
Negation, Conjunction & Disjunction
Conditional Statement & Implication
Material Equivalence & Logical
Equivalence

Ch 1, Book 1

Ch 1, Book
2
Ch 2, Book
1
Ch 6, Book 2
Ch 6, Book 2
Ch 8, Book 3

Section

II

III

1.
2.
3.
4.

Topic
Argument Forms
Some Common Valid Argument Forms
Some Common Invalid Argument Forms
Categorical Proposition & Classes
Quality, Quantity and Distribution
Paradox, Dilemma & Fallacy
General Schema of Standard Form
Categorical Proposition
Standard Form Categorical Syllogisms
Major, Minor & Middle terms
Mood
Figure

Source
Ch 8, Book 3
Ch 5, Book 3

Method of Deduction
Formal Proof of Validity

Ch 7, Book 2

Proof of Invalidity
Introduction to Quantification Theory
Quantification
Traditional Subject Predicate Proposition

Ch 9, Book 3
Ch 10, Book 3

Nature of Inductive Argument

Science & Induction
Argument by Analogy
Refutation by Analogy

Ch 9, Book 2

Ch 5 & 6, Book 3

Ch 11, Book 3

Recommended Text:
Restall, G. (2006). Logic: An Introduction, Taylor & Francis Group, New York.
Herley, P.J. (2003). A Concise Introduction to Logic, Woods worth /Thomason Learning Incorporation, Belmont.
Copi, I.M. (2002) Introduction to Logic, (11th edition) Pearson Education Inc, Delhi.
Vaughn, L. (2005) The Power of Critical Thinking, Oxford University

MODEL PAPER FOR B.COM PART 1

ANNUAL EXAMINATION SYSTEM 2009 & ONWARDS
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC
SUBJECTIVE PART TIME ALLOWED = 90 MINUTES

MAX MARKS = 45

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:
This paper comprises of 3 Sections.
Attempt ONLY ONE question from each section
Each question carries 15 marks.
SECTION-I

Q. 1) Write an introductory note on logic and its branches: induction and deduction.
Q. 2) Use truth table to decide the truth value of following argument.

SECTION-II

Q. 3) Construct the formal proof of validity of following argument.

Q. 4) Construct the proof of invalidity of the following argument.

SECTION-III

Q. 5) Construct the formal proof of validity of following argument.

Q. 6) Construct the formal proof of validity of the following argument, in each case using the suggested notations:
No gamblers are happy. Some idealists are happy. Therefore some idealists are not gamblers. (Gx, Hx, Ix)

MODEL PAPER FOR B.COM PART 1

ANNUAL EXAMINATION SYSTEM 2009 & ONWARDS
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC
OBJECTIVE PART

TIME ALLOWED = 30 MINUTES

MAX MARKS = 30

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:
This paper comprises 30 MCQs.
Each MCQ carries 1 mark.
Encircle the correct option only.
Cutting, overwriting and use of ink remover is not allowed.
1) .. is group of statements that
have common conclusion.
a) Proposition
b) Argument
c) Fallacy
d) Thought
2) .. is founder of logic
a) Aristotle
b) Al Farabi
c) Allama Iqbal
d) Kant
3) .. argument has probable
conclusion
a) Inductive
b) Deductive
c) Syllogistic
d) Fallacious
4) .. is sentence that contains
information that can be accepted or denied
a) Question
b) Proposition
c) Counter-example
d) symbol
5) Founder of modern logic is ..
a) Plato
b) C A Qadir
c) Frege
d) Mill
6) In squire of opposition if proposition A is true
then proposition E is ..
a) True
b) False
c) Undermined
d) Determined
7) Categorical propositions are of ..
kinds
a) Two
b) Four
c) Five
d) Eight

e)
8) .. is collection of all objects that
have some specified characteristics in
common
a) Set
b) Class
c) Sentence
d) Proposition
9) A syllogism can be tested through
.. diagram technique
a) Modern
b) Traditional
c) Venn
d) Bool
10) A fallacy is .. argument
a) True
b) False
c) Valid
d) Invalid
11) Quantification is symbolization of inner
structure of ..
a) Diagram
b) Argument
c) Truth
d) Proposition
12) .. is a symbol used as a place
holder for an individual constant
a) Propositional function
b) Simple predicate
c) Individual constant
d) Individual variable
13) .. is the symbol of Universal
Quantifier
a)
b)
c)
d)
14) Science is based on .. argument
a) Deductive
b) Fallacious
c) Inductive
d) Certain
15) Science starts from ..
a) Problem
b) Hypothesis
c) Thinking
d) Theory

NOTE: Only 15 MCQs (5 MCQs from each section) are provided for specimen purposes. Actual paper will comprise 30
MCQs (10 MCQs from each section)