Rhythm Model

Joyce Fitzpatrick

Major Assumptions
"The process of human development is characterized by rhythms that occur within
the context of continuous person-environment interaction."
Nursing activity focuses on enhancing the developmental process toward health.
A central concern of nursing science and the nursing profession is the meaning
attributed to life as the basic understanding of human existence.
The identification and labeling of concepts allows for recognition and
communication with others, and the rules for combining those concepts permits
thoughts to be shared through language.
Rhythm Model includes four content concepts and they are:

person
health
wellness-illness and
metaparadigm.

Person
Person includes both self and others.
Person is seen as an open system , a unified whole characterized by a basic human
rhythm.
The model recognizes individuals as having unique biological, psychological,
emotional, social, cultural, and spiritual attitudes.
Health
Health is a dynamic state of being that results from the interaction of person and
the environment. a human dimension under continuous development, a heightened
awareness of the meaningfullness of life.
Optimum health is the actualization of both innate and obtained human potential
gathered from rewarding relationships with others, goal directed behavior, and
expert personal care.

Wellness-llness
Professional nursing is rooted in the promotion of wellness practices.

Nursing
"A developing discipline whose central concern is the meaning attached to life
(health)
Primary purpose of nursing is the promotion and maintenance of an optimal level of
wellness.

Metaparadigm
It refers to the transitions through basic metaparadigm concepts of person,
environment, health and nursing.

Conclusion
Life Perspective Rhythm Model is a complex nursing model which contribute to
nursing knowledge by providing taxonomy for identifying and labeling nursing
concepts to allow for their universal recognition and communication with others.

Humanistic Model
Josephine Peterson and Loretta Zderad

Humanistic nursing theories have a foundation in the belief that patients can grow
in a healthy and creative way. The model was created by Josephine Paterson and
Loretta Zderad. Paterson and Zderad believed nursing education should be founded
in experience, and that a nurse's training should focus as much on the nurse's
ability to relate to and interact with patients as a scientific and medical background.
This approach to nursing places an emphasis on the nurse-patient relationship, in
which both people influence the outcome of the nursing interventions. The function
of the nursing approach shows that the relationship between the nurse and patient
has as much to do with the patient's healing as medical interventions. Humanistic
nursing focuses closely on how the relationship between the patient and nurse
develops in addition the patient's physical and mental health.

The humanistic model of nursing looks at the patient as an individual, and each
situation as unique. In this nursing approach, there is no formulaic method or

process in order to care for patients. Each patient is assessed and treated on a
case-by-case basis.

The Humanistic Model of Nursing is an approach to nursing that encompasses a

number of individual theories, including Patricia Benner's From Novice to Expert
Model of Nursing and Jean Watson's Theory of Caring.
Underlying principles of Paterson and Zderad's Humanistic Nursing Theory:

Paterson and Zderad's Humanistic Nursing Theory applies both Humanism and
Existentialism to nursing theory.

Humanism attempts to take a broader perspective of the individual's potential and

tries to understand each individual from the context of their own personal
experiences.

Existentialism is a philosophical approach to understanding life. It's the belief that

thinking begins with the human - the feeling, acting, living individual. Existentialism
emphasizes the individual's free-choice, self-determination and self-responsibility.

Nursing Dialogue is when a nurse and patient come together. The nurse presents
themselves as a a helper ready to assist the patient. The nurse is open to
understanding how the patient feels with the intention of improvement. Openness
is an essential quality for humanistic nursing dialogue.

Paterson and Zderad developed the five phases of the nursing process:
1) Preparation of the Nurse Knower For Coming to Know:
In this stage the nurse acts as investigator who willingly takes risks and has an
open-mind. The nurse must be a risk-taker and be willing to experience anything.
"Accepting the decision to approach the unknown openly".

2) Nurse Knowing of the Other Intuitively:

In this stage the nurse tries to understand the other, as in the "I-thou" relationship,
where the nurse as the "I" does not superimpose themselves on the "thou" of the
patient.

3) Nurse Knowing the Other Scientifically:

The nurse as the observer must observe and analyze from the outside. At this
stage, the nurse goes from intuition to analysis. Analysis is the sorting, comparing,
contrasting, relating, interpreting and categorizing.

4) Nurse Complementarily Synthesizing Known Others:

The ability of the nurse to develop or see themselves as a source of knowledge, to
continually develop the nursing community through education, and increased
understanding of their owned learned experiences.

5) Succession Within the Nurse From the Many to the Paradoxical One:
In this stage the nurse takes the information gleaned and applies it in the practical
clinical setting. Here the nurse takes brings the dilemma towards resolution.
.

Humanistic nursing embraces more than a benevolent technically competent

subject-object one-way relationship guided by a nurse in behalf of another. Rather it
dictates that nursing is a responsible searching,transactional relationship whose
meaningfulness demands conceptualization founded on a nurse's existential
awareness of self and of the other - P&Z

"Uniqueness is a universal capacity of the human species. So, "all-at-once," while

each man is unique; paradoxically, he is also like his fellows. His very uniqueness is
a characteristic of his commonality with all other men." - P&Z