OSTEOPOROSIS

Table of Contents:

I. Introduction
A. Background of the study ..
B. Objectives of the Osteoporosis ..
II. Literature Review
A. Causes
B. Sign and Symptoms .....
C. Effect ..
D. Treatment ..
E. Prevention
F. Update: New Informations (2010-2015) ..
G. Conclusion .
III. References
IV. Researchers Profile

Background
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease in which bones become brittle and prone to
fracture. In other words, the bone loses density. Bone density is the amount of bone
tissue (such as calcium and minerals) in a certain volume of bone. Osteoporosis is
diagnosed when bone density has decreased to the point where the risk of fractures
is high even without severe stress or injury to the bones and osteoporosis is
preventable condition.

The skeleton consists of groups of bones which protect and move the body.
Until a healthy adult is around age 40, the process of breaking down and
building up bone by cells called osteoclasts and osteoblasts is a nearly perfectly
coupled system, with one phase balancing the other. As a person ages, or in the
presence of certain conditions, this system breaks down and the two processes
become out of sync. The reasons why this occurs during aging are not clear, but
declining levels of sex hormone are one factor. Some individuals have a very high
turnover rate of bone, some have a very gradual turnover, but the breakdown of
bone eventually overtakes the build-up.
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Objectives:

To identify the causes, effects, and symptoms of the osteoporosis

To know the solution and treatment of osteoporosis
To be aware of what osteoporosis bring to our life
To discover the preventions that causes osteoporosis

Causes

Many risk factors can lead to bone loss and osteoporosis. Some of these
things you cannot change and others you can.

Risk factors you cannot change include:

Gender. Women get osteoporosis more often than men.

Age. The older you are, the greater your risk of osteoporosis.
Body size. Small, thin women are at greater risk.
Ethnicity. White and Asian women are at highest risk. Black and Hispanic

women have a lower risk.

Family history. Osteoporosis tends to run in families. If a family member has
osteoporosis or breaks a bone, there is a greater chance that you will too.

Other risk factors are:

Sex hormones. Low estrogen levels due to missing menstrual periods or to

menopause can cause osteoporosis in women. Low testosterone levels can

bring on osteoporosis in men.

Anorexia nervosa. This eating disorder can lead to osteoporosis.
Calcium and vitamin D intake. A diet low in calcium and vitamin D makes you

more prone to bone loss.

Medication use. Some medicines increase the risk of osteoporosis.
Activity level. Lack of exercise or long-term bed rest can cause weak bones.
Smoking. Cigarettes are bad for bones, and the heart, and lungs, too.
Drinking alcohol. Too much alcohol can cause bone loss and broken bones.

Sign and Symptoms

Osteoporosis can be influenced by the following risk factors:

Genetics - Women are more at risk, but anyone of thin build and of Northern
European or Asian descent is at higher risk. Studies of mothers and daughters

have shown that heredity plays a role in bone density.

Menopause - Particularly in those not taking hormone replacement therapy.
Poor intake of calcium - Calcium intake in the diet plays a vital role in bone
mineralization during the growth years and is essential to depositing an
abundant supply of calcium into the bones. Even after maximum bone mass
has been achieved, calcium intake continues to be important to help slow
down bone loss later in life. Dairy products are one of the best sources of
calcium, but many people choose not to eat them or cant tolerate them
because of lactose intolerance or allergy. Other food sources of calcium are
canned sardines, dark green vegetables like broccoli, as well as tofu and
calcium-fortified juices and soy milk. However, a supplement is recommended

to ensure you are getting enough.

Lack of Vitamin D - Vitamin D plays a pivotal role in allowing the body to
absorb calcium. Vitamin D is synthesized naturally in the skin when it is
exposed to sunlight. It is also available in fortified milk and cereals. However,
many people do not produce enough vitamin D or get enough from food.
Vitamin D deficiency can be a problem for older people and those who are

homebound or bed-ridden.
Inactivity - Weight-bearing activities such as walking, jogging and weight
training help to maintain bone density. A sedentary lifestyle promotes bone
loss as well as muscle loss. Conversely, muscle use promotes the building of
bone. Regular physical activity strengthens both muscles and bones, slows

down bone loss and decreases the risk of injury from falls.
Smoking - The relationship between bone loss and smoking has been
confirmed by numerous studies. However, once you quit smoking, even later
in life, the bone loss influenced by this habit can be minimized.
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Excessive alcohol intake - People who drink alcohol to excess are more

prone to fractures. This may be partially due to the diuretic effect of alcohol,
which induces calcium losses through the urine. Alcohol can also decrease
the absorption of calcium from the intestines and cause deficiencies in vitamin
D and magnesium - both of which are important to bone health.

High sodium intake - Several studies have demonstrated the harmful effects
of high dietary sodium on bone integrity. Reducing sodium intake can reduce

bone loss considerably.

Coffee - Coffee consumption of more than two cups a day may contribute to

accelerated bone loss.

High consumption of animal protein - Some studies have shown that a diet
high in animal protein actually promotes bone loss by leaching calcium from

the bones, although the verdict is still out on this issue.

A high acid-ash diet - Recent research has suggested that eating an acidash producing diet (high in animal protein and grains, low in vegetables and

fruit) causes an increase in urinary excretion of calcium, leading to bone loss.

Medications - Certain medications, such as

Effects
Spine fractures due to osteoporosis can lead to pain and deformity that may
get worse over time. One such deformity is an obvious curve in the upper spine or
hunchback-appearance (also known as kyphosis). Osteoporotic fractures can also
impact your self-esteem and can make it difficult to get around independently. They
can even make simple activities of daily life hard to do without help from others.
Hip fractures especially can have severe consequences. Affected individuals
often suffer a loss of independence and almost 1 in 4 require admission to long-term
care. Almost 1 out of every 4 women who suffer a hip fracture die within six months
because of complications such as pneumonia or a blood clot.
Women break bones because of osteoporosis more often than they
have heart attacks, strokes or breast cancer

Treatment
Suggested Lifestyle Changes for Osteoporosis Treatment

Get enough calcium. Choose organic, high quality dairy products such as yogurt
and non-fat milk. Eat more sardines (with bones), dark green vegetables like collard
greens, bok choy and broccoli, soy products like tofu, and calcium-fortified soy milk
and orange juice. Consider taking a calcium supplement for osteoporosis treatment if
you are not eating at least three servings of dairy per day and/or calcium-fortified
foods, if you are postmenopausal or if you have a family history of osteoporosis.

Make sure you get enough vitamin D. I recommend supplementing with

2,000 IU daily for adults.

Decrease your sodium intake. Avoid salty processed foods and fast food.

Don't salt your food before tasting it.

Eat plenty of vegetables and fruit. Potassium, magnesium, vitamin C and
beta carotene (found in fruits and vegetables) have been associated with
higher total bone mass. A diet rich in vegetables and fruit and moderate in
animal protein and grains may minimize the acid-ash residue of the diet, good

for osteoporosis treatment.

Limit caffeine intake.
Avoid alcohol or drink only in moderation.
Increase weight-bearing activities, such as walking, weight training and

calisthenics. Try to do at least 30 minutes of exercise most days of the week.

Nutrition and Supplements for Osteoporosis Treatment
In addition to the nutrition information above, research has indicated that
magnesium and vitamin K may be helpful in reducing bone loss. Consider

incorporating the following into your diet and daily routine:

Eat calcium-rich foods every day. In addition to the dairy foods already
discussed, you'll find calcium in fortified soymilk, some tofu, sesame seeds
and black-eyed peas. Blackstrap molasses, poppy seeds, almonds and figs

are also good sources of calcium.

Eat magnesium-rich foods every day. Our menu plan is rich in these foods
which include spinach, tofu, almonds, broccoli and lentils. Pumpkin seeds and

sunflower seeds are also good sources of magnesium.

Eat vitamin K-rich foods every day. The best sources are green leafy
vegetables (see the calcium-rich greens listed above), but most vegetables

are good sources.

A calcium/magnesium supplement - Although most forms of supplemental
calcium are acceptable, calcium citrate appears to be better absorbed,
especially in older adults. To ensure maximum absorption, take with meals

and limit to 250 mg per dosage. Magnesium is also an important mineral in

the bone matrix, and is usually provided with calcium to offset some of its

constipating effects.
Vitamin D - Vitamin D plays a pivotal role in nutrition by facilitating the
absorption of calcium, thereby helping to support healthy and strong bones. It
also is an important nutrient for promoting bone mineralization in concert with

a number of other vitamins, minerals, and hormones.

Vitamin K - More recently identified as an important nutrient in bone health,
vitamin K helps activate certain proteins that are involved in the structuring of
bone mass. Talk with your doctor about the effects of vitamin K if you are
taking a blood-thinning medication.

Prevention
Non pharmacological approaches to the prevention of osteoporosis

Adequate intake of dietary calcium

Regular physical activity
Minimize alcohol intake1-2 small glasses/daily
Encourage smoking cessation
Minimize risk of fall

Update: New Information about the Osteoporosis

(2010-2015)

A new medication forosteoporosis prompts the body to rebuild bone and could
potentially strengthen the skeleton against fractures, researchers report.
The experimental drug, romosozumab, frees the body's ability to stimulate bone
production by blocking biochemical signals that naturally inhibit bone formation,

explained Dr. Michael McClung, founding director of the

Oregon Osteoporosis Center in Portland, Ore.

POROSIS UPDATE 2015 Heather Hofflich, DO, FACE Associate Clinical Professor
of Medicine

Conclusion
Life is about doing something good while we are still living. We are living
because of many factors that we need to strive. In order to maintain the life we strive
for, we should prevent those diseases that will cause our life to end.
Osteoporosis (or porous bone) is a disease in which bones become less
dense, resulting in weak bones that are more likely to break. Without prevention or
treatment, osteoporosis can progress without pain or symptoms until a bone breaks
Fractures associated with osteoporosis can take a long time to heal and can cause
permanent disability and even death.
We are aware that diseases today appear at a young age or should we say in
critical. One of this is osteoporosis. We are blind of how these diseases started
because it will only appear as we age or getting older.

Osteoporosis is a devastating disorder with significant physical, psychosocial

and financial consequences. Quality of life can be significantly impaired by
osteoporosis and its resultant fractures. Increasing public awareness and instituting
preventative measures throughout life should decrease the incidence of people
affected by osteoporosis. Emphasis on life-style modification is another way to
decrease the risks of osteoporosis. A concerted effort by the medical community to
address osteoporosis can help reduce the impact osteoporosis has on society.

III. REFERENCES:

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330598-overview
http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteoporosis/osteoporosis_ff.asp
Morris Notelovitz . Osteoporosis: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management
http://www.howellfoundation.org/Upload/Events/OsteoporsisPatientsHofflich

%20-%20May%202015.pdf
http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/news/20140102/novel-osteoporosis-

drug-could-change-treatment-study
http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/ART02042/osteoporosis-treatment.html
https://www.bupa.co.uk/health-information/Directory/O/osteoporosis

Researchers Profile:
Name: Honey Lou Ermeje
Address: 499 Malver Street, Davao City
Email address: hanyluermej@yahoo.com
Course: BEED-SPED

Name: Julie Anne G. Velanueva

Address: Datu Ladayon Akaran, North Cotabato

Email address: julieanne_villanueva@ymail.com

Course: BSED-Filipino