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Graduate Student, Dept. of Civil & Envir. Engin. & Earth Sciences, U. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
Professor, Dept. of Civil & Envir. Engin. & Earth Sciences, U. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
3
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engin., U. of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799
4
Professor, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engin., Lehigh U., Bethlehem, PA 18015
5
Staff I-Structures, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, Boston, MA 02453
2
Barbachyn S., Kurama Y., McGinnis M., Sause R., and Peterson K. Lateral Load Behavior of a Post-Tensioned
Coupled Core Wall. Proceedings of the 10th National Conference in Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake
Engineering Research Institute, Anchorage, AK, 2014.
Introduction
Reinforced concrete (RC) coupled shear wall structures are commonly used for primary lateral
load resistance in medium and high-rise buildings in regions of moderate and high seismicity.
The typical coupled wall system consists of two or more vertical shear wall piers connected by
relatively short, deep beams called coupling (or link) beams at the floor and roof levels. Properly
designed and detailed coupled walls can provide large strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation
under lateral loads; however, the design and construction of the coupling beams remain
1
Graduate Student, Dept. of Civil & Envir. Engin. & Earth Sciences, U. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
Professor, Dept. of Civil & Envir. Engin. & Earth Sciences, U. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
3
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engin., U. of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799
4
Professor, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engin., Lehigh U., Bethlehem, PA 18015
5
Staff I-Structures, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, Boston, MA 02453
2
Barbachyn S., Kurama Y., McGinnis M., Sause R., and Peterson K. Lateral Load Behavior of a Post-Tensioned
Coupled Core Wall. Proceedings of the 10th National Conference in Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake
Engineering Research Institute, Anchorage, AK, 2014.
challenging due to the presence of large reversed-cyclic nonlinear rotation demands combined
with large shear forces, resulting in complex reinforcement details.
To meet the significant shear and rotation demands, the primary reinforcement for typical
RC coupling beams in seismic regions consists of two intersecting groups of large diagonal
reinforcing bars passing through the beam and anchored into the wall piers ([1-5]). This
conventional system is difficult to construct [as shown in Fig. 1(a)] and can experience
considerable damage under seismic loading. In comparison, the primary reinforcement in the
coupling beams of the wall system described herein consists of unbonded post-tensioning (PT)
strands placed in one or two tendons at the beam centroid, greatly simplifying construction [see
Fig. 1(b)]. This new system represents a significant innovation and transformation, but one that
can be realistically achieved by adapting the existing and widely-used post-tensioned slab
technology. The deformations in the coupling beams occur primarily in the form of concentrated
cracking at the ends, resulting in little damage to the rest of the beam as the structure displaces
laterally during a large earthquake. Additionally, energy dissipating (ED) top and bottom
horizontal mild steel bars (ASTM A615, Grade 60) are designed to yield in tension and
compression as the beams rotate under reversed-cyclic lateral displacements. After the
earthquake, the PT tendons provide a restoring (self-centering) force that closes the cracks and
pulls the structure back toward its undeformed, plumb position. The combination of PT steel and
mild steel reinforcement to develop the design coupling forces with self-centering capability and
energy dissipation results in an efficient structure for seismic loading conditions.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
design total base moment and total base shear force, which were distributed to the components of
the coupled wall structure by making a number of design selections. First, a coupling degree of
30% was chosen, meaning that 30% of the design total base moment was to be carried by the
coupling action between the two wall piers. This coupling moment was distributed to the posttensioned coupling beams as a design shear force and corresponding moment at the beam ends,
with the remaining base moment distributed evenly between the two wall piers. The
reinforcement details of the wall piers and coupling beams were then selected to satisfy these
design forces and achieve ductile behavior up to a maximum roof drift ratio of 3% for the 8-story
structure. The specimen was intentionally designed not to have any significant over-capacity in
force or displacement (e.g., no capacity reduction factor was used for axial-flexural design).
Figure 3. Full-scale prototype structure: (a) building plan (b) coupled wall elevation;
(c) wall pier base details; (d) 1st floor coupling beam end details
Structure Detailing
Fig. 3(c) shows the wall pier details at the base of the structure, which were symmetric in the NS direction for each pier and symmetric in the E-W direction between the two piers. The pier
structure demands for the test specimen were reduced from the full-scale prototype building
using the 40% length scale factor. In some cases, the full-scale detailing did not scale exactly to a
nominal reinforcement area or a regular dimension, requiring slight deviations from a perfectlyscaled structure. Despite these small deviations, the specimen still satisfied the scaled design
demands very closely. The measured material strengths ranged between fc=6.7-7.6 ksi, and
fy=61-69 ksi for the concrete and steel, respectively, in the different parts of the structure.
The laboratory test specimen represented the most critical bottom three stories of the 8story prototype structure. The upper five stories of the structure were simulated analytically
using the DRAIN-2DX ([11]) software. Since the post-tensioning of the coupled core wall was
an integral part of the floor construction, the test sub-structure included a tributary portion of the
slab at each of the three floors. In the analytical simulation, a 40%-scale model of the 8-story
structure was subjected to a reversed-cyclic lateral displacement history under the ELF profile
from ASCE 7, combined with tributary gravity loads. The foundations of the structure were
modeled as fixed. The analytical models for the wall piers and coupling beams consisted of
nonlinear beam-column elements discretized into fibers with areas and material properties that
accurately depicted the measured concrete and steel properties in the structure. The PT steel and
unbonded lengths of the ED mild steel bars in the coupling beams were modeled using truss
elements. An initial load was applied to the PT steel elements to accurately represent the
measured prestress force in the tendons near the test date. This accounted for any prestress losses
that occurred between the initial post-tensioning phase and the test date.
The wall pier forces determined from this reversed-cyclic analysis were then applied to
the top of the 3-story test specimen using a total of 7 servo-controlled actuators and 4 hydraulic
gravity jacks, simulating the behavior of the upper 5 stories of the 8-story building. Fig. 4(a)
shows a schematic of the test setup, including the steel reaction frame surrounding the structure.
The forces from the actuators and gravity jacks were transferred to the specimen through a load
block fixed to the top of each wall pier. Combinations of these forces were used to impose the
prescribed shear force, axial force, and overturning moment from the upper 5 stories at the top of
each wall pier [see Fig. 4(b)], resulting in equilibrium between the physical and analytical substructures at the interface. In the E-W horizontal direction (i.e., direction of the coupling beams),
one servo-controlled hydraulic actuator was connected to the west loading block (at the top of
the west wall pier, see Fig. 4) to simulate the lateral forces acting on the 3-story sub-structure
from all of the stories above (i.e., 4th through the 8th stories). The ELF forces on the 1st, 2nd, and
3rd floors were also lumped at the west loading block level in a manner to result in the
appropriate overturning moment at the base of the structure. Two additional horizontal actuators
were placed between the east and west loading blocks (one on each of the north and south sides
of the loading blocks) to appropriately distribute the applied shear force between the east and
west wall piers. In the vertical direction, two servo-controlled hydraulic actuators were
connected to the loading block at the top of each wall pier to control the axial force and bending
moment boundary conditions at the top of the 3-story sub-structure, representing the forces
transferred from the upper 4th through 8th stories. Additional hydraulic jacks placed on top of
each wall pier simulated the tributary gravity loads on the structure, including the gravity loads
from the upper stories (i.e., 4th through 8th stories). The load blocks were designed to perform as
a rigid body with small deformations under the large forces applied during testing. The
connections between the load blocks and the wall piers were also designed to have very little
deformations, thus allowing the applied forces and displacements to be controlled accurately.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Figure 6. Specimen damage at completion of test: (a) north toe of west wall pier base; (b) north toe
of east wall pier base; (c) south corner of west wall pier base; (d) 1st floor south coupling beam; (e)
ED bar buckling in 3rd floor north coupling beam; (f) bottom of 1st floor slab
Overall, the post-tensioned coupling beams performed well during the test. The observed
damage included localized crushing of the concrete at the beam ends [Fig. 6(d)], which was
mostly limited to cover spalling, confirming the design of the confinement reinforcement. The
damage pattern in Fig. 6(d) was generally representative of all of the six coupling beams in the
structure. The beams underwent significant deformations at the ends where large concentrated
cracks formed. Minimal cracking was found in the rest of the span, validating the design
philosophy for the post-tensioned system. Additionally, the large compression stresses at the
beam ends resulted in concrete spalling in the adjacent wall pier regions. In the 3rd floor north
beam, buckling within the unbonded length of one of the bottom ED bars was also observed,
which caused additional concrete spalling and splitting in this region [Fig. 6(e)]. This was the
only ED bar in the structure that exhibited buckling. The ED bar buckling occurred immediately
outside of the closely-spaced hoop region [see Fig. 3(d)], which may indicate the need for
extending the closely spaced hoops along the entire unbonded length of the ED bars.
As shown for the bottom of the 1st floor slab in Fig. 6(f), significant concrete cracking
and spalling was observed in the post-tensioned slabs. These cracks (and the corresponding
spalling regions) propagated outward from the beam ends due to the termination of the mild steel
slab reinforcement to allow for the intended behavior with concentrated cracks at the beam ends.
The presence of cold construction joints in the slabs (perpendicular to the beam length and near
each beam end) may have also contributed to the observed spalling of the concrete in these
regions. The cold joints could be moved further away from the beam ends and a small amount of
mild steel could be added within the effective slab width to help reduce this spalling.
Ongoing and Future Work
Construction of the second post-tensioned coupled core wall test specimen is currently underway.
The design of this structure includes improvements to the first specimen, particularly addressing
the buckling and fracture of the vertical bars at the wall pier toes. Other specimen changes
include the use of fully post-tensioned coupling beams (i.e., with no ED bars), reduced coupling
beam length-to-depth aspect ratio, and modified slab reinforcement details to reduce the amount
of concrete damage in the slabs. More information can be found at http://ptcoupledwalls.nd.edu.
Summary
Large-scale testing of a novel post-tensioned coupled core wall structure under lateral loads
combined with tributary gravity loads was recently completed. Overall, the specimen performed
as predicted, and validated the design approach. The behavior of the structure was ductile up to a
3rd floor drift of -2.70% and +2.53% in the negative and positive directions, respectively.
Analytical models indicate that these results translate to drift levels greater than 3.00% at the
roof of the 8-story structure, which was the maximum drift used in design. Strength loss near the
end of the test was largely caused by the low-cycle fatigue fracture (preceded by buckling) of the
vertical reinforcing bars in the wall pier toes at the base. Additional damage was observed in the
form of localized concrete crushing and cracking at the coupling beam ends, buckling of one ED
bar in the 3rd floor north beam, and cover concrete spalling and subsequent buckling of the
vertical mild steel bars at the outer corners of the wall pier bases. The post-tensioned coupling
beams performed well during the test, demonstrating the advantages of the new system. These
results may ultimately form the basis for the implementation of post-tensioned coupled wall
systems as special RC shear walls in medium and high seismic regions of the U.S.
Acknowledgments
This project is a collaborative effort that includes the University of Notre Dame, the University
of Texas at Tyler, and Lehigh University. The research is funded by the National Science
Foundation (NSF) under Grant No. CMMI 1041598 as a part of the George E. Brown, Jr.
Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) Research (NEESR). This award is a
part of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). Support of the NSF
Program Director Dr. J. Pauschke is gratefully acknowledged. At the University of Texas at
Tyler, students M. Lisk and M. Holloman worked on the development of the multiple DIC sensor
protocol. At the Lehigh University NEES equipment site, laboratory staff (C. Bowman, P. Bryan,
D. Fritchman, T. Maurullo, G. Novak, and E. Tomlinson), faculty members (S. Pakzad and J.
Ricles), graduate students (M. Tillotson and K. Kazemibidokhti), and undergraduate students (A.
Breden, M. Davis, F. Tao, E. Salazar, C. Fallon, and K. Brinkhoff) worked on the construction,
instrumentation, and testing of the coupled wall specimen. The design of the test specimen was
conducted in collaboration with practicing engineers from Magnusson Klemencic Associates (D.
Fields, A. Haaland, and J. Mouras). The contributions of K. Bondy, Consulting Structural
Engineer, to the project are also acknowledged. The concrete used to construct the test specimen
was donated by Essroc Italcementi Group, the PT anchors were donated by Hayes Industries,
Ltd., the PT strand was donated by Sumiden Wire Products Corporation (SWPC), and the
formwork was donated by A.H. Harris & Sons, Inc. Additional material donations were made by
Dayton Superior and Casilio Concrete. The findings, conclusions, and/or recommendations
expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the
individuals or organizations noted above.
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