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Engineering 180
Final Examination
Spring 2014
Student Name
Exam Date

: your name here


: June 13, 2014

1. Please take the test in its electronic form (MS Word).


2. Bring your laptop and type in your answer. Download the exam questions from the
Courseweb at the beginning of the exam. Submit your completed test through CourseWeb.
Please ensure your lap top is fully charged. There are a few electric outlets in the room in
case you need to recharge the battery during the exam.
3. Exam is open book and notes, but no Internet access during the test. The only exception for
using the Internet is to access your electronic textbook.
4. Name your submitted file in the following format: Lastname-Firstname-Final.doc.
5. It is important that your answers are focused to the questions asked. Long answers do not
translate into better grades. Points will be taken off for irrelevant or false statements in your
answers.

(1 pt) In Dr Leonard Kleinrocks Breaking Boundaries talk, he mentioned 7 boundaries. Please


specify two boundaries below
a. __________________________________

b. __________________________________

Communications Systems
1. (1 pt) A parameter based on Cost could never be a TPM because it is
fundamentally not a technical parameter. True or False
2. (1 pt) To make digital information more immune to corruption by Noise,
which technique is used to encode the information for transmission by a
radio (circle answer a or b)
a. Channel Error Correction Coding Technique, or
b. Source encoding technique
3. (1) Source coding is the process of representing the information source in
a. Analog, b. Digital or c. Proprietary format.(circle a, b or c)
4. (1 pt) To provide uniform system availability across the continental United
States, the DirecTV system design includes downlink antenna pattern
shaping so that there is more power sent to regions of the country which
need more margin for (circle best answer a or b or c)
a. Mountain and hill fading, or
b. Rain fading, or
c. Urban area building fading
5. (1 pt) Free Space propagation loss in DB increases with the ______ of the
distance.
a. Log
b. Square
c. 4th Power
6. (1 pt) Frequency (F) and Wavelength are:
a. Two names for the same thing
b. Directly proportional
c. Inversely proportional
7. (1 pt) To be a good Communications Systems Engineer, it would be
essential to have experience as an Antenna designer? True or False

8. (1 pt) The Radio Frequency Spectrum is highly regulated however you can
use any frequency so long as you do not interfere with another service at
that frequency. True or False?
9. (3 pt) Technical Performance Measures (TPM). Define one TPM for each of:
a. DTV System Level _______________________________________
b. Satellite Subsystem ______________________________________
c. Receiver Decoder Unit ____________________________________
10. (2 pt) To become a Senior Systems Engineer or Technical Director,
demonstrated technical ability is really all that matters? True or False
11. (2 pt) list 2 important DBS stakeholders requirements and indentify the
corresponding stakeholder:
a. Requirement ______________________ Stakeholder _________
b. Requirement ______________________ Stakeholder _________
12. (2 pt) What was the top Technical Risk at the inception of the development
of DirecTV and how long was it anticipated to close this risk?
a. Risk = __________________________________________________
b. Months to close risk =______________________________________
13. (2 pt) What aspect of the Integrated Product Team (IPT) organizational
approach to a system development makes each team so effective?
________________________________________________________
14. (2 pt) When defining the requirements for the DBS User receiver/decoder
unit which ONE of the three items listed would it have been NOT
appropriate for the System Engineers to SPECIFY about the MPEG source
coding scheme to the units development team? (select best answer)
a. The processor chip that they should use
b. The license agreement for the MPEG software
c. The algorithms and estimated processing power and memory
15. (2 pt) Give two reasons why digital communications is preferable to analog
communications

a. ____________________________________________
b. _____________________________________________
16. (2 pt) What phenomenon of the universe ultimately limits a radios
communications range? ___________ (one word answer).
17. (2 pt) What is the name of the overall video information source coding
technique that was critical to the economic success of Direct Broadcast
Satellite Service (eg, DirecTV)? (choose a, b, c or d)
a. Reed-Solomon Coding
b. MPEG Coding
c. Convolutional Coding
d. other
18. (2 pt) If you have a innovative technical idea. If you want to convince
management to invest in it you will need to make a compelling
______________ case (fill in the blank word).
19. (2 pt) From the table below, what was the first calendar year for which the
operation had a net operating profit for that year (revenue was greater than
expenditures for that calendar year) _________
20. (2 pt) What was the worst case cash position for the company during the
establishment of the DBS business? $_______M (hint - the highest amount
of Cash ($s) that was laid-out in the business at a point in time).

Radar Sensors

1.

(3 points) Give the primary reason that a radar sensor was chosen for the
Magellan mission.
Answer:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

2.

(3 points) List three key imaging sensor performance characteristics.


a. __________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________

3.

(3 points) A target is approaching a radar at 30 meters per second. The


radar wavelength is 3 cm. What frequency shift (Doppler shift) is produced
by the targets motion?
a. 110 Hz
b. 300 Hz
c. 2 kHz
Answer:

4.

(3 points) What waveform bandwidth is required to achieve 0.3 meter


range resolution? (Assume velocity of light = 3 x 10 8 m/sec.)
a. 500 Mhz
b. 633 MHz
c. 1 GHz
Answer:

5.

(3 points) Consider a synthetic aperture radar (Lecture 2). It is desired to


double the radars range. This could be achieved by an increase the
radars transmitted power or antenna size. (For the purpose of this
question, ignore the fact that at the longer range the atmospheric loss
would be greater).
How much would we have to increase the transmitted average power to
double the radars range?
a. 2:1
b. 4:1
c. 8:1
Answer:

6.

(3 points) Consider the same synthetic aperture radar. If the radar has a
circular antenna, how much would its diameter have to increase to double
the radars range?
a. 1.41:1
b. 1.68:1
c. 2.82:1
d. 8:1
Answer:

7.

(3 points) List three factors that should be considered in choosing a radar


operating frequency.
a. __________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________

8.

(3 points) List three factors that affect failure rates and thus reliability.
a. __________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________

9.

(3 points) List three characteristics of a good radar architecture.


a. __________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________

10.

(3 points) List three budgets that would be useful in flowing down


requirements in an imaging radar system.
a. __________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________

11.

(3 points) Consider the redesign of the Magellan mission after its


cancellation. Among the stakeholders is the planetary science community.
One could state the scientists requirements as
a. Provide a detailed global view of the surface of Venus so that its
geologic history can be better understood; look for signs of volcanic
activity and plate tectonics
b. Map 90 % of the surface of Venus to a resolution of 150 m or better.
c. Map 90% of the surface of Venus from a 100 km circular orbit to a
resolution of 150 m or better.
Which statement best serves the needs of the redesign team?
_________
In a few words, why?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Embedded Processing Final Exam Problems


1. (3 points) APPLYING BALANCED DESIGN PRINCIPLES
General Purpose Processors (GPPs), Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), and Field Programmable
Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are three types of integrated circuit that can be used in embedded
processing applications. For some projects, the subsystem engineer finds that GPPs are the
preferred choice, for other projects DSPs are preferred, and for yet other projects FPGAs are
preferred. List one reason why each of these might be preferred.
GPP ______________________________________________________________________
DSP ______________________________________________________________________
FPGA ______________________________________________________________________

2. (3 points) CPU BENCHMARKING


List two established sources of CPU benchmarking information and describe the difference
between them.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

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3. (4 points) DIGITAL PROCESSING SYSTEM THROUGHPUT PERFORMANCE


PART A - List 3 hardware performance drivers that determine the performance of a digital
processing system:
(1)_______________________________________________________________
(2)_______________________________________________________________
(3)_______________________________________________________________
PART B The term weak link has been used to describe these hardware performance drivers.
Please explain what that means.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

4. (4 points) MEMORY BANDWIDTH ESTIMATION


Consider a superscalar processor running at a clock frequency of 3 GHz, issuing two
instructions per cycle. Suppose each instruction occupies eight bytes and must fetch two fourbyte operands and store one four-byte operand.
What is the memory bandwidth required for instruction fetching? ______ GByte/sec
What is the memory bandwidth required for operand fetching? ______ GByte/sec
What is the memory bandwidth required for storing operands? ______ GByte/sec
What is the total memory bandwidth required (not counting additional memory bandwidth that
may be required for I/O)? ______ GByte/sec

5. (2 points) CACHING
What are the two methods used to write results to memory in a CPU with caching?
(1)__________________________________________________________________
(2)__________________________________________________________________

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6. (3 points) SOFTWARE TASK SYNCHRONIZATION


A software task is in the Wait state, waiting for a semaphore to be signaled in order to return to
the Ready state (or possibly the Executing state). What are the three ways that the semaphore
can be signaled?
(1)__________________________________________________________________
(2)__________________________________________________________________
(3)__________________________________________________________________

7. (2 point) PARALLEL PROCESSING


The three basic models for parallel processing are Round Robin, Assembly Line, and Divide and
Conquer. Divide and Conquer is the most complex to implement. What are two possible reasons
for a processing subsystem engineer to select Divide and Conquer, despite its greater
complexity?
(1)__________________________________________________________________
(2)__________________________________________________________________
8. (3 points) PARALLEL PROCESSING BOTTLENECKS
List the three types of bottlenecks that can arise in the context of Divide-and-Conquer parallel
processing.
(1)__________________________________________________________________
(2)__________________________________________________________________
(3)__________________________________________________________________

9. (2 points) IBM CELL PROCESSOR


The Cell Processor offers a 5X-8X improvement over best conventional technology in
throughput per unit volume, power, and weight. But there are software challenges involved in
using the Cell Processor. Please list two.
(1)__________________________________________________________________
(2)__________________________________________________________________

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10. (7 points) THROUGHPUT ESTIMATION


Consider a radar system where:
Radars A/D converter samples at 50 MHz (5 x 107 samples per second)
Radar pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is 10 KHz (104 pulses per second)
Number of dwells per second is 40 (i.e., each dwell is 25 msec in duration)
How many pulses are there in one dwell (NPD)? __________________
How many range samples are there in one pulse (NSP)? _________________ (Assume
continuous sampling throughout the pulse.)
The number of Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs) performed per dwell is NSP (one for each
range sample). The size NFF of each FFT must be a power of 2 and must be larger than NPD.
What is the next power of 2 larger than NPD? ___________________
The number NCM of complex multiplies in an FFT is:
NCM = (NFF/2) * Log2 (NFF)
where Log2 is the logarithm base 2 (see table below for function values)
How many complex multiplies are in a single FFT of size NFF? ________________
We will perform NSP FFTs of this size per dwell. How many complex multiplies will we
perform? ______________
How many complex multiplies will we perform per second, and how many real multiplies
per second does this represent?
Number of complex multiplies per second = __________________
Number of real multiplies per second = __________________

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