Formula Sheet For Heat Transfer (MSE 321)

Heat transfer to a substance corresponding

to temperature rise of T

Q mcP T mcP (T2 T1 )

Heat flux

q =

Heat conduction
(Fouriers law)

dT
Q cond = -k As
[W]
dx
Q
= hA (T - T ) [W]

qconv = h (Ts - T ) [W/m 2 ]

Radiation heat

4
Q rad = As (Ts4 - Tsurr
) [W]

4
q rad = (Ts4 - Tsurr
) [W/m 2 ]

Thermal resistance

Rtotal =

T K

Q W

Conduction resistance

Rwall =

L
kAs

Convection resistance

Rconv =

1
h As

K

W

Radiation resistance

Rrad =

K

W

Critical radius of insulation

rcr, cyl =

Heat convection
(Newtons law of cooling)

Q W

As m 2

conv

Surface temperature of solids with

3

volumetric heat generation g [W/m ]

Maximum temperature difference in solids
with volumetric heat generation

g [W/m3 ]

cP = heat capacity

m = mass

qcond = -k

T
Q =
[W]
Rtotal

or

K

W

hrad As

k ins
[m]
h

Ts, wall = T +

Rcyl =

ln (r2 / r1 ) K

2 Lk W

hrad =

Q rad
= (Ts2 + T2 )(Ts + T )
As (Ts - T )

rcr, sph =

gL
h

(Tmax - Tmin )wall =

dT
[W/m 2 ]
dx

r2 - r1
4 r1r2 k

K

W

m2 K

2 k ins
[m]
h

Ts, cyl = T +
2
gL
k

Rsph =

0
gr
2h

Ts, sph = T +

(Tmax - Tmin )cyl =

02
gr
4k

0
gr
3h

(Tmax - Tmin )sph =

02
gr
6k

Temperature distribution on very long fins

T ( x ) - T
= exp -x h p / k Ac

Tb - T

Tb = base temp.

p = perimeter

Ac = cross-sectional area

Temperature distribution on fins with

adiabatic tips

T ( x) - T cosh m( L - x)
=
Tb - T
cosh mL

m = h p / k Ac

p = perimeter

Ac = cross-sectional area

Heat transfer rate from long fins

Q long fin = h p k Ac (Tb - T )

Heat transfer rate from fins with adiabatic

tips

Q adi. tip = h p k Ac (Tb - T ) tanh mL

Fin efficiency

fin =
Q

Fin effectiveness

Q
Q fin
heat transfer rate from the fin of base area Ab
fin = fin =
=
Qno fin h Ab (Tb - T )
heat transfer rate from the surface area Ab

Relation between fin efficiency and fin

effectiveness

fin =
Q

Transient temperature for lumped systems

T (t ) - T
h As
= exp[-bt ] with b =
Ti - T
V cP

Q fin

fin, max

Q fin

Dimensionless numbers

Nu =

g Ts T L

3
c

(r , t )cyl =
(r , t )sph =

s =

V
y

T ( x, t ) - T
Ti - T

T (r , t ) - T
Ti - T
T (r , t ) - T
Ti - T

= fin

h Lc
kfluid

1

s

Re =

V Lc V Lc
=

g Ts T L

3
c

= A1 exp -12 cos (1 x / L )

= A1 exp -12 J 0 (1r / r0 )

= A1 exp -12

Ab = area of the fin base

Afin
Ab

Ra L GrL Pr

( x, t )wall =

Shear stress

hAb (Tb - T )

h Lc
ksolid

GrL

One term approximation formula (valid for

> 0.2 )

fin h Afin (Tb - T )

no fin

Bi =

actual heat transfer rate from the fin

ideal heat transfer rate from the fin (if the entire fin were at base temperature)

sin (1r / r0 )

(1r / r0 )

Pr =
Fo =

Pr

t
L2c

L2
t
= 2
r0

cP

cP

r02

1
= C f V 2 [Pa]
2
y=0

1|P a g e

Formula Sheet For Heat Transfer (MSE 321)

Buoyancy force
Volume expansion coefficient

FB = fluid g Vbody-wet

1
1 1

T P
T K

ideal gas

1
T

Correlations for Forced Convection

Frictional force Ff for a plate and drag
force FD for a blunt body
Local thickness of boundary layer, friction
factor, and Nu number for laminar flow
over a flat plate with isothermal condition
Average friction factor and Nu number for
laminar flow over a flat plate with
isothermal condition
Local thickness of boundary layer, friction
factor, and Nu number for turbulent flow
over a flat plate with isothermal condition
Average friction factor and Nu number for
turbulent flow over a flat plate with
isothermal condition
Average friction factor and Nu number for
combined laminar and turbulent flow
over a flat plate with isothermal condition

Average Nu number for laminar and

turbulent flows over a flat plate with
isoflux condition

Average Nu number for cross-flow over a

cylinder

1
Ff = C f As V 2
2

1
FD = CD AN V 2
2

x =

4.91 x
Re1/x 2

C f ,x =

Cf =

1.33
Re1/L 2

Nu =

x =

0.38 x
Re1/x 5

C f ,x =

AN = frontal surface area

0.664
Re1/x 2

Nu x =

hx x
= 0.332Re1/x 2 Pr1/3
k

Pr > 0.6

hL
= 0.664Re1/L 2 Pr1/3
k
0.059
Re1/x 5

hx x
1/3
= 0.0296Re4/5
0.6 Pr 60
x Pr
k
0.074
hL
1/3
C f = 1/5
Nu =
= 0.037Re4/5
L Pr
ReL
k
Nu x =

Cf =

0.074 1742
Re1/5
Re L
L

5 105 Re L 107

hL
1/3
= (0.037 Re4/5
0.6 Pr 60
5105 Re L 107
L - 871) Pr
k
hx
Nu x = x = 0.453Re1/x 2 Pr1/3
Laminar (isoflux plate)
k
hx
1/3
Nu x = x = 0.0308Re4/5
Turbulent (isoflux plate)
x Pr
k
Nu =

Nu cyl

hD
0.62 Re1/ 2 Pr1/ 3
0.3
1/ 4
k
1 0.4 / Pr 2/3

4/ 5

Re 5/8
1

282,000

Re Pr 0.2

All fluid properties are to be evaluated at the film temperature Tfilm Ts T / 2

1/ 4

Average Nu number for cross-flow over a

sphere

Nu sph

hD
2 0.4 Re1/ 2 0.06 Re 2 / 3 Pr 2 / 5
k
s

3.5 Re 80,000

All fluid properties are to be evaluated at the flow temperature T , except

0.7 Pr 380

s which is evaluated at the surface

temperature Ts
Correlations for Natural Convection from Finned Surfaces
Vertical isothermal plate of length L
For the average Nusselt number for vertical isothermal parallel plates

Nu

hS
576
2.873

kfluid (Ra S S / L ) 2 (Ra S S / L )1/ 2

1/ 2

with

Ra S GrS Pr

g Ts T S 3

Pr

The optimum fin spacing and the corresponding heat transfer coefficient

Sopt 2.714

L
Ra1/L 4

h 1.307

kfluid
Sopt

All fluid properties are to be evaluated at the film temperature Tfilm Ts T / 2

Correlations for Natural Convection in Rectangular Enclosures

2|P a g e

Formula Sheet For Heat Transfer (MSE 321)

Horizontal enclosure

1708
Ra1/3

L
1
Nu 1 1.44 1
Ra L 108

18

Ra L

The notation [ ] indicates that if the quantity in the bracket is negative, it should be set equal to zero
All fluid properties are to be evaluated at the average temperature Tavg T1 T2 / 2

Vertical enclosure

Pr

Nu 0.18
Ra L
0.2 Pr

0.29

Pr

Nu 0.22
Ra L
0.2 Pr

0.28

H
Nu 0.42 Ra1/L 4 Pr 0.012
L

H

L

H
2
L

Pr
Ra L 103
0.2 Pr

any Pr number

H
10
L

Ra L 1010

any Pr number

104 Ra L 107

1 Pr 2 104

1/ 4

0.3

10

H
40
L

All fluid properties are to be evaluated at the average temperature Tavg T1 T2 / 2

3|P a g e

Formula Sheet For Heat Transfer (MSE 321)

4|P a g e

Formula Sheet For Heat Transfer (MSE 321)

5|P a g e

Formula Sheet For Heat Transfer (MSE 321)

6|P a g e

Formula Sheet For Heat Transfer (MSE 321)

7|P a g e

Formula Sheet For Heat Transfer (MSE 321)

8|P a g e