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ME3122 Heat Transfer

3. Radiation
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National University of Singapore
AY2015/16 Semester 1

Fundamental Concepts of
Radiation

Fundamental Concepts
Radiation Intensity
Blackbody Radiation
Emission from Real Surfaces
Absorption
Reflection and Transmission by Real Surfaces
Kirchoffs Law
The Gray Surface

Introduction
Conduction and Convection:
require a medium to
transport energy.
Radiation: no carrier or
medium is required.
All matter emits thermal
radiation (e.m.) due to its
finite temperature, T > 0 K.

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Introduction
Emission
due to oscillations and transitions of the many
electrons that comprise matter, which are, in turn,
sustained by the thermal energy of the matter.
corresponds to heat transfer from the matter and
hence to a reduction in thermal energy stored by
the matter.

Absorption
radiation may also be intercepted and absorbed by
matter.
results in heat transfer to the matter and hence an
increase in thermal energy stored by the matter.
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Introduction
Emission from an
opaque solid or liquid is
a surface phenomenon.
For an opaque solid or
liquid, emission
originates from atoms
and molecules within
1m of the surface.

Emission from a gas or


a semitransparent solid
or liquid is a volumetric
phenomenon.
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Introduction
The dual nature (wave-particle duality) of radiation:
In some cases, the physical manifestations of
radiation may be explained by viewing it as particles
(aka photons or quanta).
In other cases, radiation behaves as an
electromagnetic wave.
In all cases, radiation is characterized by a
wavelength and frequency which are related through
the speed at which radiation propagates in the
medium of interest:
c=
where : frequency; : wavelength
For propagation in a vacuum, c = co = 2.998108 m/s
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Electromagnetic Spectrum

Thermal radiation is confined to the infrared,


visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum (0.1
< < 100m).
Light (0.4 0.7 m) is the visible part of thermal
radiation.
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Spectral and Directional Distributions of


Radiation
The amount of radiation emitted by an
opaque surface varies with wavelength
Monochromatic radiation: associated
with particular wavelength
Spectral distribution: over all
wavelengths

Radiation emitted by a surface will be


in all directions associated with a
hypothetical hemisphere above the
surface and is characterized by a
directional distribution.

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Solid Angle
Solid angle is used to quantify the amount of radiation
emitted from a surface, and propagating in a particular
direction (, ).

2D (planar)

3D
Solid angle subtended at the
center of a hypothetical sphere by
a part of its surface (dAn is normal
to the viewing direction).
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Solid Angle
- zenith angle from pole
(latitude)

- azimuthal angle
(longitude)

dAn r 2 sin d d
d

dAn
sin d d
2
r

The solid angle has units of steradians (sr).


The solid angle associated with a complete
hemisphere is

hemi

sin d d 2 sr
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Radiation Intensity
Spectral radiation intensity: the rate of radiation
energy emission at a given wavelength
in the ( ) direction
per unit area of the emitting surface normal to this
direction
per unit solid angle about this direction
over d spanning
has unit of W/(m2.sr. m)

dq
I ,e , ,
dA1 cos d d

normal area, dAn


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Emissive Power

The spectral heat rate and spectral heat flux associated


with emission from dA1 are, respectively,
dq
dq
I ,e dA1 cos d
d
dq
"
dq
I ,e sin cos d d since d sin d d
dA1

Spectral emissive power W/m 2 m is the rate at which


radiation of wavelength is emitted in all directions from
a surface per d and dA1
E q dq
"

"

I ,e sin cos d d

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Emissive Power

The total emissive power W/m 2 is the rate at which


radiation is emitted per unit area for all possible
wavelengths in all possible directions

E E ( ) d
0

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Diffuse Emitter

Diffuse emitter is a surface for which the


intensity of emitted radiation is independent
of direction, i.e.
I ,e ( , , ) I ,e ( ).

Spectral emissive power:


E

I ,e

I ,e sin cos d d

sin cos d d

We can show that


2

sin cos d d =

For diffuse emitters:


E ( ) I , e ( )
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Diffuse Emitter

Total emissive power

E E ( ) d
0

For diffuse emitters: E ( ) I ,e ( )

E I ,e d
0

Ie
where I e is the total intensity of emitted

radiation, i.e. I e I ,e d
0

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Irradiation (Incident Radiation)

Spectral irradiation (W/m 2 m) is the rate at


which radiation of wavelength is incident
on a surface, per unit area of surface, per
unit wavelength interval d about
G ( )

/2

I ,i cos sin d d

The total irradiation (W/m2 ) is

G G ( )d
0

Note: G is a function of of the sender


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Irradiation (Incident Radiation)

For diffuse irradiation


Spectral irradiation: G ( ) I ,i ( )
Total irradiation: G I i

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Radiosity
Radiosity is a measure of all radiation leaving a surface,
both emitted (e) and reflected (r).
Spectral radiosity (W/m2m) is the rate at which radiation
of wavelength leaves a unit area of the surface, per unit
wavelength d about

J ( )

/2

I ,e r cos sin d d

The total radiosity (W/m2) is

J J ( ) d
0

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Radiosity
For diffuse reflector and emitter

J ( ) I , e r ( )
J I er

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Introduction to Blackbody
A Blackbody is one which:
absorbs all incident radiation
emits the max. possible energy for a given and T
is a diffuse emitter, i.e. radiation is independent of
direction (but still a function of , T)

Therefore, a blackbody is a perfect absorber and


a perfect emitter.
It is an idealization providing limits on radiation
emission and absorption by matter.

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Introduction to Blackbody
It is approximated by
an Isothermal Cavity
(Hohlraum).
a) After multiple reflections,
virtually all radiation
entering the cavity is
absorbed, i.e. perfect absorber.
b) Emission from the aperture is the maximum possible emission
achievable for the temperature associated with the cavity and is
diffuse.
c) The cumulative effect of radiation emission from and reflection off
the cavity wall is to provide diffuse irradiation corresponding to
emission from a blackbody for any surface in the cavity, i.e.
perfect emitter.
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Plancks (Spectral) Distribution of


Blackbody Radiation
Plancks distribution shows the spectral emissive power of
a blackbody as a function of wavelength at different
temperatures.
C1
E ,b ( , T ) I ,b ( , T ) 5
exp(C2 / T ) 1

where C1 3.742 108 W m 4 /m 2


C2 1.439 104 m K
Note: E,b varies continuously with and increases with T.

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Wiens Displacement Law


In Plancks distribution, the
peak in blackbody emissive
power shifts towards
shorter as temperature
increases according to
Wiens Displacement Law:
maxT = 2898 m K
The sun, assumed a
blackbody at ~ 5800 K, has a
peak in the visible range

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Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Treating radiation as propagation by means of discrete
quanta of energy, the total energy emitted by a blackbody
over all wavelengths is:

Eb Eb, d
0

Eb T 4 Stefan-Boltzmann Law
where 5.67 108 W/m 2 K 4
(Stefan-Boltzmann constant)
Eb is the amount of radiation emitted in
all directions and over all wavelengths.

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Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Because blackbody emission is diffuse,
the total intensity associated with
blackbody radiation is
Eb
Ib

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Band Emission
The fraction of the total emission from a blackbody that is
in a certain wavelength range (band) is denoted F0 or
F12
F 1 2 F0 2 F0 1
where
F0

E ,b d
E ,b d

E ,b d

f T

values of this fraction are tabulated in


Table 5 (handbook).

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Band Emission

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Emission from Real Surfaces


For real surfaces, spectral, directional emissivity is the
ratio of intensity of the radiation emitted to the
intensity of the radiation emitted by a blackbody at the
same values of T and .

, ( , , , T )

I , e ( , , , T )
I ,b ( , T )

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Emission from Real Surfaces


Spectral, hemispherical emissivity (a directional average) is

( , T )

E ( , T )
E ,b ( , T )

Total hemispherical emissivity (a directional and spectral


average):
E (T )
(T )

Eb (T )

, T E ,b , T d
Eb T
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Responses to Surface Irradiation


There may be three responses of a semi-transparent
medium to irradiation:
Reflection from the medium, G,ref
Absorption within the medium, G,abs
Transmission through the medium, G,tr

Radiation balance
G = G,ref + G,abs + G,tr

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Responses to Surface Irradiation


The response of an opaque material to irradiation is
governed by surface phenomena and G,tr = 0.
G = G,ref + G,abs
The wavelength of the incident radiation, as well as the
nature of the material, determine whether the material is
semi-transparent or opaque.

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Absorptivity
Spectral, directional absorptivity is the fraction of spectral
intensity incident in the direction , that is absorbed by
the surface

, ( , , )

I ,i ,abs ( , , )
I ,i ( , , )

Spectral, hemispherical absorptivity


G ,abs ( )
( )
G ( )
Total, hemispherical absorptivity
G
abs
G

( )G ( )d

G ( )d
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Reflectivity
Spectral, directional reflectivity is the fraction of spectral
intensity incident in the direction and that is reflected
by the surface

, ( , , )

I ,i ,ref ( , , )
I ,i ( , , )

Spectral, hemispherical reflectivity

( )

G ,ref ( )
G ( )

Total, hemispherical reflectivity

Gref
G

( )G ( )d

G ( )d

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Reflectivity
2 types of reflections
Diffuse: reflected beam is distributed uniformly in all
direction
Specular: angle of incident beam = angle of reflection

Diffuse

Specular
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Transmissivity
Spectral, hemispherical transmissivity
G ,tr ( )
( )
G ( )
Total, hemispherical transmissivity
Gtr

G
For opaque bodies, 0

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Radiation Balance
For semi-transparent material

1
If the properties are averaged over the entire spectrum

1
For opaque medium

1
1

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Kirchhoffs Law
, , always applicable ( , and , are inherent surface properties)

irradiation is diffuse
or
surface is diffuse

thermal equilibrium between a body and a black surface


(same temperature)
or
surface is diffuse and gray

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Gray Surface
Defined as which and are independent of over the
spectral regions of irradiation and emission
f
f
Note that emissivity independent of does not imply
emissive power is independent of
E Eb

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Example 1
Consider a large isothermal enclosure that is maintained
at a uniform temperature of 2000 K. Calculate the
emissive power of the radiation that emerges from a small
aperture on the enclosure surface. What is the wavelength
1 below which 10% of the emission is concentrated?
What is the wavelength 2 above which 10% of the
emission is concentrated? Determine the maximum
emissive power and the wavelength at which this emission
occurs. If a small object is placed within the enclosure,
what is the irradiation incident on the object?

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Example 1 contd

Assumption: aperture area is very small compared to the surface area


of the enclosure

1. E Eb T 4 5.67 108 20004 9.07 105 W/m 2


2. With F01 0.1, it follows from Table 5 (handbook)

1T 2200 m K
2200
1
1.1 m
2000
F2 1 F02 0.1
F02 0.9
From Table 5 (handbook)
2T 9382 m K
9382
2
4.69 m
2000
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Example 1 contd
3. From Wien's Displacement Law
maxT 2898 m K
For T 2000 K, max 1.45 m
Maximum emissive power
C1
E ,b ( , T ) 5
max
exp(C2 / T ) 1

3.743 108

1.45

exp(1.4387 104 / 2898) 1


4.10 105 W/m 2 m
4. The answer is same as (1)
5

G Eb T T 4 5.67 108 20004 9.07 105 W/m 2


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Example 2
A diffuse surface at a temperature of 1600 K has the spectral,
hemispherical emissivity shown below:

1.
2.
3.

Determine the total, hemispherical emissivity.


Calculate the total emissive power.
At what wavelength will the spectral emissive power be a
maximum?
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Example 2 contd

Assumption: surface is a diffuse emitter

1. T

, T E ,b , T d
Eb T

1 E ,b d
Eb T

2 E ,b d
Eb T

1 F02 m 2 F25 m

or 1 F02 m 2 F05 m F02 m

1T 2 1600 3200 m K; F02 m 0.318


2T 5 1600 8000 m K; F05 m 0.856
0.4 0.318 0.8 0.856 0.318 0.558
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Example 2 contd
2. E Eb T 4 0.558 5.67 108 16004 207 kW/m 2
3. If was a constant, independent of , max could be
obtained from Wien's Displacement Law,
2898
1.81 m
1600
E max , T max E ,b max , T

max

max I ,b max , T

Table 5 (handbook)

I ,b max , T 5
max
T
5
T

0.4 0.722318 104 5.67 108 16005


54.0 kW/m 2 m
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Example 2 contd
However, because varies with , it is not immediately
obvious where peak emission occurs. Since 0.4
from 0 to 2 m, the foregoing result provides
the max spectral emissive power for the region 2
m. As 0.8 for 2 m, need to check E at

2 m
I ,b 2 m,1600 K 5
E 2 m, 1600 K 2 m
T
5
T

0.8 0.705974 104 5.67 108 16005


105.5 kW/m 2 m
Hence peak emission occurs at 2 m.
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Example 2 contd

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Example 3
A flat plate solar collector with no cover plate has a
selective absorber surface emittance of 0.1 and a solar
absorptance of 0.95. At a given time of the day, the
absorber surface temperature is Ts = 120C when the
solar irradiation is 750 W/m2, the effective sky
temperature is 10C and the ambient air temperature is
30C. Assume that the convective heat transfer
coefficient for the calm day condition can be estimated
from the following equation is:
h = 0.22 (Ts -T)1/3 W/m2.K
Calculate the useful heat removal rate from the collector
for these conditions. What is the efficiency of the collector
for these conditions?
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Example 3 contd

C.V.

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Example 3 contd
Assumptions:
Steady-state conditions
Bottom of collector well insulated
Absorber surface is diffuse

1. Energy balance on the absorber


Ein Eout 0
E qu 0
s Gs sky Gsky qconv
4
Gsky Tsky

Since sky is not given, we may assume

sky 0.1
since sky radiation is concentrated in approximately the same
spectral region as that of the surface emission.
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Example 3 contd
13
43

qconv h Ts T 0.22 Ts T Ts T 0.22 Ts T

E Ts4
E
qu s Gs sky Gsky qconv

0.95 750 0.1 5.67 10 263 0.22 393 303


8

43

0.1 5.67 108 3934


516.9 W/m 2
qu 516.9
68.9%
2. Collector efficiency,

Gs
750

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Radiation Exchange
Between Surfaces

View/Shape Factor
Radiation Exchange Between Blackbody
Radiation Exchange Between Gray Surfaces
Radiation Shield

Introduction
Enclosure consists of two or more surfaces that envelop a
region of space (typically gas-filled) and between which
there is radiation transfer. Virtual, as well as real, surfaces
may be introduced to form an enclosure.
A non-participating medium within the enclosure neither
emits, absorbs, nor scatters radiation and hence has no
effect on radiation exchange between the surfaces. This is
true for vacuum and a good approximation for many
gases.

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Introduction
Each surface of the enclosure is assumed to be
isothermal, opaque, diffuse and gray, and to be
characterized by uniform radiosity and irradiation.
Radiation exchange between surfaces depends strongly
on:

surface geometry
orientation
radiative properties of the surface
temperature of the surface

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View/Shape Factors
View/Shape factor, Fij, is the fraction of the radiation
leaving surface i that is intercepted by surface j.
qi j
Fij
Ai J i
It is derived using differential area elements, and then
integrated over the full areas in question.

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View/Shape Factors

Radiation leaving dAi intercepted by dAj is:


dqi j

cos i dAi d ji

Ii

intensity leaving normal area solid angle at i


surface i e r
viewed by j

Substituting d ji
dqi j I i

cos j dAj

cos i cos j
R

R2
dAi dAj

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View/Shape Factors
If surface i emits and reflects diffusely, i.e. J i I e r
cos i cos j

dqi j J i

dAi dAj

For finite Ai and Aj (assuming uniform J i over surface i )


qi j J i

Aj

cos i cos j

Ai

Fij view/shape factor


1
Fij
Ai


Aj

dAi dAj

radiation arriving at Aj

cos i cos j
Ai

radiation leaving Ai

qi j
J i Ai

dAi dAj

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View/Shape Factors
The derivation of shape factor is valid for surfaces that
are diffuse emitters/reflectors
have uniform radiosity

Figures 13 to 15 (handbook) give shape factors of


commonly encountered configurations.

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View/Shape Factors

Figure 13 View factor for aligned parallel rectangles


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View/Shape Factors

Figure 14 View factor for coaxial parallel disks


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View/Shape Factors

Figure 15 View factor for perpendicular rectangles with common edge


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Shape Factor Relations


Reciprocity rule: Ai Fij Aj Fji
Derivation
1
Fij
Ai


Aj

1
Fji
Aj

cos i cos j

Ai


Ai

dAi dAj

cos i cos j
Aj

dAj dAi

The order of the integration is unimportant since the integration limits


are constants:

Aj

cos i cos j
Ai

dAi dAj

Ai

cos i cos j
Aj

dAj dAi

Ai Fij Aj Fji
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Shape Factor Relations


Summation rule:
N

F
j 1

ij

1 (for an enclosure with N surfaces)

Plane/convex surface:
Fii 0(plane/convex surface cannot see itself)

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Shape Factor Relations


Superposition rule: F1 2,3 F1 2 F13
The view factor from a surface i to a surface j is equal
to the sum of the view factors from surface i to the parts
of surface j.
F1 2,3 F1 2 F13
But F 2,31 F21 F31 !!!
A1 F1 2,3 A1 F1 2 A1 F13
Applying Reciprocity relation

A2 A3 F 2,31 A2 F21 A3 F31


A2 F21 A3 F31
F 2,31
A2 A3
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Shape Factor Relations


Symmetry rule:
If the surfaces j and k are symmetric about the surface i
then
Fij Fik
Using the reciprocity rule,
F ji Fki

F12 F13
Also, F21 F31
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Example 4
Determine the view factors associated with an enclosure formed by
two concentric spheres.

F11 F12 1
Since F11 0 (convex surface),
F12 1
F21 F22 1
Using A1F12 A2 F21
A1
A1 r1
F21 F12

A2 r2
A2
r1
F22 1 F21 1
r2
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Blackbody Radiation Exchange


Consider radiation exchange between two black surfaces
qi j Ai J i Fij
where qi j : rate at which radiation leaves surface i and
is intercepted by surface j
For a black surface, radiosity J emissive power Eb
(no reflection since all incident radiation is absorbed)
qi j Ai Ebi Fij
Similarly, q ji Aj Ebj F ji

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Blackbody Radiation Exchange


Net radiative exchange between the two surfaces,
qij qi j q ji
Ai Ebi Fij Aj Ebj F ji

since A F

Ai Fij ( Ebi Ebj )

ij

Aj F ji

Ai Fij (Ti 4 T j4 )
Net radiation transfer from surface i due to exchange
with all (N) surfaces of an enclosure :
N

qi Ai Fij (Ti 4 T j4 )
j 1

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Example 5
A furnace cavity, which is in the form of a cylinder of 75-mm
diameter and 150-mm length, is open at one end to large
surroundings that are at 27C. The sides and bottom may be
approximated as blackbodies, are heated electrically, are well
insulated, and are maintained at temperatures of 1350C and
1650C respectively. How much power is required to maintain
the furnace conditions?

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Example 5 contd
Solution:
Assumptions:
1. Interior surfaces behave like blackbodies
2. Negligible heat transfer by convection
3. Outer surface of the furnace is adiabatic
Power required heat losses from the furnace
Heat loss is due to radiation (other losses have been
neglected) from the hypothetical surface A3 . The
surroundings are large; the heat transfer from the
furnace to the surroundings may be approximated by
treating the surface A3 to be at T3 Tsur .
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Example 5 contd
Heat balance, q q13 q23

A1F13 T14 T34 A2 F23 T24 T34

From Figure 14 (handbook),


L
r2
0.15
with
4,
0.25, F23 0.06
r1 0.075 2
L
From summation rule,
F21 F22 F23 1
F21 1 F23 0.94

since F22 0

From reciprocity theorem,


A1F12 A2 F21
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Example 5 contd
F12

A2
F21
A1

4 0.075

0.075 0.15

0.94

0.118
From symmetry rule, F13 F12

q 0.075 0.15 0.118 5.67 108 16234 3004


2

0.075 0.06 5.67 108 19234 3004


4

1639 205
1844 W

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Radiation Exchange Between Two


Opaque, Diffuse, Gray Surfaces
For blackbody heat exchange, all the radiation striking a
body is absorbed, and the main problem was determining
a shape factor.
In real (non-black) surfaces, reflection also needs to be
accounted for.
Likely assumptions:
1. Isothermal surface characterized by uniform radiosity and
irradiation.
2. Opaque ( = 0), diffuse and gray ( = ) surface.
3. Non-participating medium.

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Radiation Exchange Between Two


Opaque, Diffuse, Gray Surfaces
J Eb
G

emission

reflection

But 1 1
J Eb 1 G
J Eb
G
1
Net energy leaving surface
q A J G
Substitute for G
A
q
Eb J
1
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Radiation Exchange Between Two


Opaque, Diffuse, Gray Surfaces
This can also be written as:
Eb J
q
(electrical analog)
1
A
where Eb J : driving potential
1
: surface resistance
A
This surface resistance is a measure of how easily heat
can radiate from a surface.

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Radiation Exchange Between Two


Opaque, Diffuse, Gray Surfaces
For net radiant exchange between two surfaces:
q12 J 1 A1F12 J 2 A2 F21
Using reciprocity
q12 J 1 J 2 A1F12
q12

J1 J 2
1 A1F12

1
where
: space resistance
A1F12
This space resistance only involves geometry.
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Radiation Exchange Between Two


Opaque, Diffuse, Gray Surfaces
Note: The surface and space resistances are the building blocks
for calculating radiative exchange by the network method.

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Radiation Exchange Between Two


Opaque, Diffuse, Gray Surfaces
For two surfaces which exchange heat only with
each other, for example,
q12

A1 T14 T24

Eb1 Eb 2

1 1
1 2 1 1 1 1 2 A1
1


1 A1 A1 F12 2 A2
1
2 A2
F12

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Radiation Exchange Between Two


Opaque, Diffuse, Gray Surfaces

Special Cases

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Radiation Exchange Between Two


Opaque, Diffuse, Gray Surfaces

Special Cases

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Radiation Exchange Between N+1


Opaque, Diffuse, Gray Surfaces
For exchanges between N 1 surfaces, the net rate of
radiation transfer from surface i
N

j 1

j 1

qi qij Ai Fij ( J i J j )
N
Ji J j
Ebi J i

(1 i ) / i Ai j 1 ( Ai Fij ) 1

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Radiation Shield
Highly reflective (low = ) surfaces placed between two
other surfaces can be used to greatly reduce heat
exchange between the two surfaces.
Consider use of a single shield in a two-surface enclosure,
such as that associated with large parallel plates:

Note that, although rarely


the case, emissivities may
differ for opposite surfaces
of the shield.

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Radiation Shield

Radiation network:

(T14 T24 )
q12
1 3,1 1 3,2
1 1
1
1
1 2

1 A1 A1F13 3,1 A3 3,2 A3 A3 F32 2 A2


The foregoing result may be readily extended to account
for multiple shields and may be applied to long, concentric
cylinders and concentric spheres, as well as large parallel plates.

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Radiation Shield
For large parallel plates, A1 A2 A3 A
A (T14 T24 )
q12

1 1
1
1

1
1

2
31
32
1

Additional resistance
introduced by shield

Special case: 1 2 31 32
1 A (T14 T24 ) 1
q12 no shield
q12
1 1
2
2
1

One radiation shield reduces the radiation


heat transfer by 50%.
Can show that: q12 with "n" shields

q12 no shield
n 1

ME3122 Heat Transfer

83

Example 6
A cryogenic fluid flows through a long tube of diameter
D1 = 20 mm, the outer surface of which is diffuse-gray
with 1 = 0.02 and T1 = 77 K. This tube is concentric with
a larger tube of diameter D2 = 50 mm, the inner surface
being diffuse-gray with 2 = 0.05 and T2 = 300 K. The
space between the surfaces is evacuated.
1. Calculate the heat gain by cryogenic fluid per unit
length of the tube.
2. If a thin radiation shield of diameter D = 35 mm and
emittance, 3 = 0.02 (both sides) is inserted midway
between the inner and outer surfaces, calculate the
change in percent of heat gain per unit length of the
tube.
ME3122 Heat Transfer

84

Example 6 contd

ME3122 Heat Transfer

85

Example 6 contd
1. Heat gained by cryogenic fluid
qwo

D1 L T14 T24
1 2 D1

1
2 D2
1

Heat gained per unit length of the tube


4
4
qwo D1 T1 T2

qwo

L
1 1 2 D1

1
2 D2

5.67 108 0.02 77 4 3004

1
1 0.05 0.02

0.02
0.05 0.05
0.498 W/m
ME3122 Heat Transfer

86

Example 6 contd
2. When a radiation shield is placed in between the two
concentric tubes, heat gained by cryogenic fluid given by

(T14 T24 )
qw
1 3,1 1 3,2
1 1
1
1
1 2

1 A1 A1F13 3,1 A3 3,2 A3 A3 F32 2 A2

T14 T24

1 3
1
1
1 2
1 1

1 D1L D1L F13


D
L

3
3
D3 L F32 2 D2 L

D1L T14 T24

1 1

1 3 D1 1 D1 1 2 D1
1

D
F13
D
F
D

32
3
2
2
3 3
ME3122 Heat Transfer

87

Example 6 contd
Heat gain per unit length of the tube
q
qw w
L 1 1

qw

D1 T14 T24
1 3 D1 1 D1 1 2 D1
1
2

F13
D
F
D
32
3
2
2
3 3
5.67 108 0.02 77 4 3004

1 0.02 1
1 0.02 0.02 1 0.02 1 0.05 0.02
2


0.035
0.05
0.05
0.02
1
0.02
0.035
1

0.252 W/m
Percentage reduction in heat gain
qw
0.498 0.252
qwo
100
100 49%!

qwo
0.498

ME3122 Heat Transfer

88

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