Project report

On

HAEMOGLOBIN TEST
CARRIED ON
FELLOW
CLASSMATES

SUBITTED TO:
SUBMITTED BY:

MRS. MEENU BEHL (BOTANY)

KANCHAN GOLA
MRS. DEEPTI
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL,
FARIDABAD
(HARYANA)

ROLL NO- DATE:-

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT MS. KANCHAN GOLA ,

D\O DR. RANVEER SINGH, A STUDENT OF ROLL
NO. FROM DELHI PUBLIC
SCHOOL, FARIDABAD HAS COMPLETED HER
PROJECT REPORT ON “HEMOGLOBIN TEST
CARRIED ON FELLOW CLASSMATES” DURING THE
WHOLE SESSION IN OUR COMPANY.
AUTHORISD SIGNATORY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Sometimes words are not appropriate substitute of

expressing one’s feelings, they are the only means
for expressing oneself; words appear inadequate
and hollow, when I thanks my esteemed, revered
and erudite Dr. Stalin Malhotra (Director) for the help
he provided regarding the project. This report
bears at every stage, the impression of his
profound knowledge, concrete suggestions and
careful, resound criticism.
My thanks extend to Mrs. Meenu Behl( Botany teacher)
and Mrs. Deepti (Zoology teacher) who took their keen
interest in the project and provides their valuable
support at times. Lastly I would thank all those
who have directly or indirectly assisted me in the
successful completion of this project during the
whole session.

KANCHAN
GOLA( )
XII-G

A) INTRODUCTION

Haemoglobin is the iron-containing protein

attached to red blood cells that transports oxygen
from the lungs to the rest of the body.
Haemoglobin bonds with oxygen in the lungs,
exchanges it for carbon dioxide at cellular level,
and then transports the carbon dioxide back to the
lungs to be exhaled.
A hemoglobin test reveals how much haemoglobin
is in a person’s blood, helping to diagnose and
monitor anaemia and polycythemia vera. Actually this
test measures the amount of haemoglobin in the
blood and is a good indication of the blood’s ability
to carry oxygen throughout the body. If the
haemoglobin levels are low, one have anaemia, a
condition in which your body is not getting enough
oxygen, causing fatigue and weakness.

B) Why the test is required?

Haemoglobin (Hb) may be requested to diagnose
or exclude anaemia (low blood count) – which
causes tiredness, shortness of breath on exertion
and possibly postural light-headedness. An
increased Haemoglobin may be present in smokers
or those with chronic lung diseases.
Haemoglobin measurement is part of the full blood
count (FBC) (which is requested for many different
reasons and before operations when a blood
transfusion is anticipated). The test is also
repeated in patients who have ongoing bleeding
problems.

C) How the Test is Performed?

Haemoglobin (Hb) may be performed as a simple
bedside test on a fingerprick sample of blood using
a hand-held colour-comparison device.It may also
be performed as a laboratory blood test, usually as
part of a Full Blood Count (FBC), on a few
millilitres of blood.

D) BEFORE CARE-
The person should avoid smoking before this test
as smoking can
Increase the haemoglobin level in the blood.

E) AFTERCARE-
Discomfort or bruising may occur at the puncture
site or the person may feel dizzy or faint. Pressure
to the puncture site until the bleeding stops
reduces bruising. Warm packs to the puncture site
relieve discomfort.

F) RESULTS
Normal values of Haemoglobin in an adult are
approximately 120 to 180 grams per litre (12 to 18
g/L) of blood but are influenced by the age, sex
and ethnic origin in the person. Normal values vary
with age and sex. Women generally have lower
hemoglobin values than men. Men have 14.0-18.0
g/L, while women have levels of 12.0-16.0 g/L.

Abnormal results-
A low haemoglobin usually indicates the person
has anaemia. Further tests are done to discover
the cause and type of anaemia. Dangerously, low
haemoglobin levels put a person at risk of a heart
attack, congestive heart failure, or stroke. A high
haemoglobin indicates the body is making too
many red cells. Further tests are done to see if this
is caused by polycythemia vera , or as a reaction
to illness, high altitudes, heart failure, or lung
disease. Fluid volume in the blood affects
haemoglobin values. Pregnant women and people
with cirrhosis have extra fluid, which dilutes the
blood, decreasing the haemoglobin. Dehydration
concentrates the blood, increasing the
haemoglobin.

Also the above-normal haemoglobin levels may be

the result of:-
A) dehydration, excess production of red blood
cells in the bone marrow, severe lung disease, or
B) several other conditions.
And the below-normal haemoglobin levels may be
the result of:-
A) iron deficiency ;
B) inherited haemoglobin defects ,bone marrow
failure , cirrhosis of the liver (during which the
liver becomes scarred);
C) bleeding, vitamin and mineral deficiencies,
kidney disease, other chronic illnesses, or
D) cancers that affect the bone marrow.

G) How is it used?
The test is used to:
A) detect and measure the severity of anaemia
(too few red blood cells) or polycythaemia (too
many red blood cells);
B) monitor the response to treatment, and
C) help make decisions about blood transfusions.
H) Few things to know-
A) Haemoglobin decreases slightly during normal
pregnancy.
B) Haemoglobin levels peak around 8 a.m. and are
lowest around 8 p.m. each day.
C) Heavy smokers have higher haemoglobin levels
than non-smokers. D) Living in high altitudes
increases haemoglobin values. This is your body's
response to the decreased oxygen available at
these heights.
E) Haemoglobin levels are slightly lower in older
men and women and in children Each red blood cell
(RBC) contains about 280 million Hb molecules.
F) The average adult contains about 5 billion
RBCs/milliliter of blood.
G) The average adult has about 5 liters of
blood.Thus, the average adult has about 790
grams (or 1.74 pounds) of Hb.
H) Assuming the blood re-circulation time at rest is
about 1 minute, the net transport of oxygen by Hb
is about 0.1 liter/minute (or 0.05 mole/minute).