A POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT METHOD ADOPTED FOR

VOLTAGE CONTROL MODE (VMC) BY EMPLOYING DSTATCOM

AbstractThis paper proposes a new algorithm to
generate reference voltage for a distribution static
compensator (DSTATCOM) operating in voltage-control
mode. The proposed scheme exhibits several advantages
compared to traditional voltage-controlled DSTATCOM
where the reference voltage is arbitrarily taken as 1.0 p.u.
The proposed scheme ensures that unity power factor
(UPF) is achieved at the load terminal during nominal
operation, which is not possible in the traditional method.
Also, the compensator injects lower currents and,
therefore, reduces losses in the feeder and voltage-source
inverter. Further, a saving in the rating of DSTATCOM is
achieved which increases its capacity to mitigate voltage
sag. Nearly UPF is maintained, while regulating voltage
at the load terminal, during load change. The state-space
model of DSTATCOM is incorporated with the deadbeat
predictive controller for fast load voltage regulation
during voltage disturbances. With these features, this
scheme allows DSTATCOM to tackle power-quality
issues by providing power factor correction, harmonic
elimination, load balancing, and voltage regulation based
on the load requirement. Simulation and experimental
results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the
proposed algorithm.
Index TermsCurrent control mode, power quality
(PQ), voltage-control mode, voltage-source inverter.

I. INTRODUCTION

DISTRIBUTION system suffers from current

as well as voltage-related power-quality (PQ)
problems, which include poor power factor,
distorted source current, and voltage disturbances [1],
[2]. A DSTATCOM, connected at the point of
common coupling (PCC), has been utilized to mitigate
both types of PQ problems [2][12]. When operating
in current control mode (CCM), it injects reactive and
harmonic components of load currents to make source
currents balanced, sinusoidal, and in phase with the
PCC voltages [3][7]. In voltage-control mode (VCM)
[2], [8][12], the DSTATCOM regulates PCC voltage
at a reference value to protect critical loads from
voltage disturbances, such as sag, swell, and
unbalances. However, the advantages of CCM and
VCM cannot be achieved simultaneously with one
active filter device, since two modes are independent
of each other.

The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering,

Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India (email: chandan3107@gmail.com; mahesh@ee.iitm.ac.in).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are
available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2014.2310234

In CCM operation, the DSTATCOM cannot

compensate for voltage disturbances. Hence, CCM
operation of DSTATCOM is not useful under voltage
disturbances, which is a major disadvantage of this
mode of operation [13]. Traditionally, in VCM
operation,theDSTATCOM
regulatesthePCC
voltageat1.0p.u. [2], [8][11]. However, a load works
satisfactorily for a permissible voltage range [14].
Hence, it is not necessary to regulate the PCC voltage
at 1.0 p.u. While maintaining 1.0-p.u. voltage,
DSTATCOM compensates for the voltage drop in
feeder. For this, the compensator has to supply
additional reactive currents which increases the source
currents. This increases losses in the voltage-source
inverter (VSI) and feeder. Another important aspect is
the rating of the VSI. Due to increased current
injection, the VSI is de-rated in steady-state condition.
Consequently, its capability to mitigate deep voltage
sag decreases. Also, UPF cannot be achieved when the
PCC voltage is 1 p.u. In the literature, so far, the
operation of DSTATCOM is not reported where the
advantages of both modes are achieved based on load
requirements while overcoming their demerits.
This paper considers the operation of DSTATCOM
in VCM and proposes a control algorithm to obtain the
reference load terminal voltage. This algorithm
provides the combined advantages of CCM and VCM.
The UPF operation at the PCC is achieved at nominal
load, whereas fast voltage regulation is provided
during voltage disturbances. Also, the reactive and
harmonic component of load current is supplied by the
compensator at any time of operation. The deadbeat
predictive controller [15][17] is used to generate
switching pulses. The control strategy is tested with a
three-phase four-wire distribution system. The
effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated
through detailed simulation and experimental results.
II. PROPOSED CONTROL SCHEME

Manuscript received April 07, 2013; revised July 23, 2013;

accepted February 28, 2014. Date of publication April 17, 2014; date
of current version May 20, 2014. This work was supported by the
Department of Science and Technology, India, under Project Grant
DST/TM/SERI/2k10/ 47(G). Paper no. TPWRD-00399-2013.

Circuit diagram of a DSTATCOM-compensated

distribution system is shown in Fig. 1. It uses a threephase, four-wire, two-level, neutral-point-clamped
VSI. This structure allows independent control to each
leg of the VSI [7]. Fig. 2 shows the single-phase

equivalent representation of Fig. 1. Variable is a

switching function, and can be either or depending
upon switching state. Filter inductance and resistance
are and , respectively. Shunt capacitor eliminates highswitching frequency components.
First, discrete modeling of the system is presented to
obtain a discrete voltagecontrollaw,and itisshown that
thePCC voltage can be regulated to the desired value

with properly chosen parameters of the VSI. Then, a

procedure to design VSI parameters is presented. A
proportional-integral (PI) controller is used to regulate
the dc capacitor voltage at a reference value. Based

Fig. 1.
system.

Circuit diagram of the DSTATCOM-compensated distribution

The equivalent discrete solution of the continuous

state is ob-

tainedbyreplacing

Fig. 2. Single-phase equivalent circuit of DSTATCOM.

on instantaneous symmetrical component theory and

complex Fourier transform, a reference voltage
magnitude generation scheme is proposed that
provides the advantages of CCM at nominal load. The
overall controller block diagram is shown in Fig. 3.
These steps are explained as follows.
A. System Modeling and Generation of the VoltageControl Law
The state-space equations for the circuit shown in
Fig. 2 are given by

where

and

asfollows:

(3)
In(3), and representthe
thsampleandsamplingperiod,
respectively.Duringtheconsecutivesamplingperiod,theva
isheldconstant,andcanbetakenas
.Aftersimplif cationandchangingtheintegrationvariable,(3)iswrittena
[18]
of

(4)
Equation (4) is rewritten as follows:
(5)
where and
are sampled matrices, with a sampling
time of
. For small sampling time, matrices and
calculated

In (11),

is the future reference

voltage which is unknown. One-step-ahead

prediction of this voltage is done using a
second-order Lagrange extrapolation formula
as follows:
(12)
The term is valid for a wide frequency range
[17] and when substituted in (11), yields to a
one-step-ahead deadbeat voltage-control law.
Finally,
is converted into the ON/OFF
switching command to the corresponding VSI
switches using a deadbeat hysteresis controller
[17].
B. Design of VSI Parameters
DSTATCOM regulates terminal voltage
satisfactorily, depending upon the properly
chosen VSI parameters. The design procedure
of these parameters is presented as follows.
1) Voltage Across DC Bus (
): The dc
, and sampling time
A cost function

bus voltage is taken twice the peak of the phase

voltage of the source for satisfactory performance
[19]. Therefore, for a line voltage of 400 V, the dc bus
voltage is maintained at 650 V.
(9)
2) DC Capacitance
: Values of dc capacitors
are chosen based on a period of sag/swell and change
in dc bus voltage during transients. Let the total load
rating be
kVA. In the worst case, the load power
may vary from minimum to maximum that is, from 0
to
kVA. The compensator needs to exchange

The deadbeat voltage-control law, from (8) and (10), is

given as
(11)

real power during transient to maintain the load power

demand. This transfer of real power during the
transient will result in the deviation of capacitor
voltage from its reference value. The voltage
continues to decrease until the capacitor voltage

Fig. 3. Overall block diagram of the controller to control DSTATCOM in a distribution system.

controller comes into action. Consider that the voltage

controller takes
cycles, that is,
seconds
to act, where

is the system time period. Hence,

C. Controller for DC Bus Capacitor Voltage

Average real power balance at the PCC
will be

maximum energy exchange by the compensator during

transient will be
. This energy will be equal
to the change in the capacitor stored energy. Therefore

,and

(18)

where are the average PCC power, load power, and

losses in the VSI, respectively. The power available at
where
and
are the reference dc bus voltage the
and PCC, which is taken from the source, depends
upon
the angle between source and PCC voltages, that
maxis,
load
angle
. Hence,
must be maintained
imum-allowed voltage during transients, respectively.
Hence
constant to keep constant.
The voltage of the dc bus of DSTATCOM can be
(14) maintained at its reference value by taking inverter
losses from the source. If the capacitor voltage is
regulated to a constant reference value,
is a
Here,
10 kVA,
650 V,
1, and
or. Using (14), capacitor values are found to be 2630
constant value. Consequently, is also a constant value.
and 2152 . The capacitor value 2600 is chosen to
Thus, it is evident that dc-link voltage can be regulated
achieve satisfactory performance during all operating
by generating a suitable value of . This includes the
conditions.
effect of losses in the VSI and, therefore, it takes care
3) Filter Inductance
: Filter inductance should
of the term
in its action. To calculate load
provide reasonably high switching frequency and a angle , the averaged dc-link voltage (
)
sufficient rate of change of current such that VSI
currents follow desired currents. The following is compared with a reference voltage, and error is
passed through a PI controller. The output
equation represents inductor dynamics:

ofthePIcontroller,whichisloadangle
,isgivenasfollows:

(15)
The inductance is designed to provide good tracking
performance at a maximum switching frequency ( )
which is achieved at the zero of the source voltage in
the hysteresis controller. Neglecting , is given by
(16)

(19)
where
isthevoltageerror.
Terms
and
areproportionalandintegralgains,respectively. mustliebetween0to90
forthepower
fow
from the source to PCC. Hence, controller gains must
be chosen carefully.

Proposed Method To Generate Reference Terminal

where
is the ripple in the current. With
10 kHzD.
and
Voltages
0.75 A (5% of rated current), the value of using
Reference terminal voltages are generated such that,
(16) is found to be 21.8 mH, and 22 mH is used in
at nominal load, all advantages of CCM operation are
realizing the filter.
4) Shunt Capacitor
: The shunt capacitor achieved while DSTATCOM is operating in VCM.
Hence, the DSTATCOM will inject reactive and
should not resonate with feeder inductance at the harmonic components of load current. To achieve this,
fundamental frequency (
). Capacitance, at first the fundamental positive-sequence component of
which resonance will occur, is given as
load currents is computed. Then, it is assumed that
these currents come from the source and considered as
(17) reference source currents at nominal load. With these
source currents and for UPF at the PCC, the
For proper operation, must be chosen very small magnitude of the PCC voltage is calculated. Let threecompared to
. Here, a value of 5 F is chosen phase load currents , , and be represented by the
following equations:
which provides an impedance of 637 at . This does not
allow the capacitor to draw significant fundamental
(20)
reactive current.

where represent three phases, is the harmonic number,

and is the maximum harmonic order. represents the
phase angle of the
th harmonic with respect to
reference in phase- and is similar to other phases.
Using instantaneous symmetrical component theory,
instantaneous zero-sequence , positive-sequence , and
negative-sequence current components are calculated
as follows:

However, to obtain the expression of independent of

, we assume the PCC voltage as a reference
phasor for the time-being. Hence, phasequantities, by considering UPF at the PCC, will be
(27) Substituting

(21)
where is a complex operator and defined by
.
The fundamental positive-sequence component of
load current
, calculated by finding the

(27) into (26), the phasor equation will be

(28)
Simplifyingtheaboveequation
(29)

complex Fourier coefficient, is expressed as follows:

Equating real and imaginary parts of both sides of
(29), the following equation is obtained:
(22)
is a complex quantity, contains magnitude and
phase angle
information, and can be expressed in phasor form as
follows:

(23)
Hence,theinstantaneousfundamentalpositive-sequencecomponentofoadcurrentinphase,
,isexpressedas
(24)
The fundamental positive-sequence component of load
currents must be supplied by the source at nominal
load. Hence, it will be treated as reference source
currents. For UPF at nominal operation, the nominal
load angle
is used. By knowing , fundamental
positive-sequence currents in phases and can be easily
computed by providing a phase displacement of

Fig. 4.
currents.

Before compensation. (a) Terminal voltages. (b) Source

Toremove from(30),bothsidesaresquaredandaddedto
obtainthefollowing:
(31)
After rearranging (31), the expression for reference
load voltage magnitude will be

When reference source currents derived in (25) are

supplied by the source, three-phase terminal voltages
can be computed using the following equations:
(26)
Let the rms value of reference terminal and source
voltages be and , respectively. For UPF, the source
current and terminal voltage will be in phase.

(32)
Finally, using
from (32), the load angle from (19),
and the phase- source voltage as reference, threephase reference terminal voltages are given as

TABLE I
S IMULATIONP ARAMETERS

(33)

III. SIMULATION RESULTS

The control scheme is implemented using PSCAD
software. Simulation parameters are given in Table I.
Terminal voltages and source currents before
compensation are plotted in Fig. 4. Distorted and
unbalanced source currents flowing through the feeder
make terminal voltages unbalanced and distorted.
Three conditions, namely, nominal operation,
operation during sag, and operation during load
change are compared between the traditional and
proposed method. In the traditional method, the
reference voltage is 1.0 p.u. [2], [8][11], whereas in
the proposed method, (32) is used to find the reference
voltage.
A. Nominal Operation
Initially, the traditional method is considered. Fig.
5(a)(c) shows the regulated terminal voltages and
corresponding source currents in phases , , and ,
respectively. These waveforms are balanced and
sinusoidal. However, source currents lead respective
terminal voltages which show thatthe compensator
supplies reactive current to the source to overcome
feeder drop, in addition to supplying load reactive and
harmonic currents. Fig. 6(a)

Fig.5.
Terminalvoltagesandsourcecurrentsusingthetraditionalmethod.
( a)Phase
- .( b)Phase
- .( c)Phase
- .

Fig. 6. (a) Voltage at the dc bus. (b) Load angle.

shows the dc bus voltage regulated at a nominal

voltage of 1300 V. Fig. 6(b) shows the load angle
settled around 8.50.
Usingtheproposed method,terminal voltages and
sourcecurrents in phases , , and are shown in Fig.
7(a)(c), respectively. It can be seen that the respective
terminal voltages and source currents are in phase with
each other, in addition to being balanced and
sinusoidal. Therefore, UPF is achieved at the load
terminal.

For the considered system, waveforms of load

reactive power (
), compensator reactive

methods are given in Fig. 8(a) and (b), respectively. In

the traditional method, the compensator needs to
overcome voltage drop across the feeder by supplying
power (
), and reactive power at the PCC ( reactive power into the source. As shown in Fig. 8(a),
reactive power that is supplied by the compensator
) in the traditional and proposed
and has a value of 4.7 kVAr is significantly more than
the load reactive power demand of 2.8 kVAr. This
additional reactive power of 1.9 kVAr goes into the
source. This confirms that significant reactive current
flows along the feeder in the traditional method.
However, in the proposed method, UPF is achieved at
the PCC by maintaining suitable voltage magnitude.
Thus, the reactive power supplied by the compensator
is the same as that of the load reactive power demand.
Consequently, reactive power exchanged by the source
at the PCC is zero. These waveforms are given in Fig.
8(b).
Fig. 9(a) and (b) shows the source rms currents in
phase
for the traditional and proposed methods,
respectively. The source current has decreased from
11.35 to 10.5 A in the proposed method. Consequently,
it reduces the ohmic losses in the feeder. Fig. 10(a)
and (b) shows the compensator rms currents in phaseFig.7.
Terminalvoltagesandsourcecurrentsusingtheproposedmethod.
for the traditional and proposed methods,
( a)Phase
- .( b)Phase
- .( c)Phase
- .
respectively. The current has decreased from 8.4 to 5.2
A in

Fig.9. Phasemethod.

sourcermscurrents.(a)Traditionalmethod.(b)Proposed

Fig.8. Loadreactivepower( ) ,compensatorreactivepower

(
),and
reactivepoweratPCC( ).(a) Traditionalmethod.(b)Proposedmethod.

Fig.10. Phase- compensatorrmscurrents.(a)

Traditionalmethod.(b)Proposedmethod.

theproposedmethod.LossesintheVSI(
)representedby
resistance ,andratingofVSI( ) arede
fnedasfollows:
(34)
(35)

Using (34) and (35), VSI losses are reduced by

61.68% and only 61.9% VSI rating is utilized in the
proposed method.
In the traditional method, DSTATCOM maintains a
load terminal voltage at 1.0 p.u. For this, it needs to
compensate for the entire feeder drop. Hence, at the
steady state, the compensator supplies reactive power
to the source to overcome this drop. However, in the
proposed scheme, the compensator does not
compensate for the feeder drop in the steady-state
condition. Hence, a lesser rating of VSI is utilized in
the steady state. This savings in rating is utilized to
mitigate deep sag, and DSTATCOM capacity to
mitigate deep sag increases.
B. Operation During Sag
To create sag, source voltage is lowered by 20%
from its nominal value at 0.6 s as shown in Fig. 11(a).
Sag is removed at 1.0 s as shown in Fig. 11(b). Since
voltage regulation capability does not depend upon
reference voltage, it is not shown separately for the
traditional method. Fig. 11(c) and (d) shows terminal
voltages regulated at their reference value. The
controller provides a fast voltage regulation at the load
terminal. Fig. 11(e) and (f) shows the total dc bus
voltage and the load angle, respectively. During the
transient period, capacitors supply real power to
maintain load power which results in discharging of
capacitors. Consequently,
increases to draw more
power from the source compared to normal operation.
After some time, the dc bus voltage again reaches

Fig. 11. (a) Source voltages during normal to sag. (b) Source
voltages during sag to normal. (c) Terminal voltages during normal
to sag. (d) Terminal voltages during sag to normal. (e) Voltage at the
dc bus. (f) Load angle. (g) Compensator rms current in the
traditional method. (h) Compensator rms current in the proposed
method.

the reference voltage whereas the load angle settles

down at 17.4. However, the load angle again
settles down at nominal value once the sag gets
cleared. Compensator rms currents in the traditional
and proposed method in phaseare shown in Fig.
11(g) and (h), respectively. In the proposed method,
compensator rms current has decreased to 21.3 from
24.8 A. Loss reduction and percentage loss reduction
in the VSI are given as

Also, savings in utilization of the VSI rating will be

If the rating of VSI is limited to mitigate 20% sag,

then this savings in rating can be used to mitigate
additional sag.
To show the capability of DSTATCOM to mitigate
deep sag for a longer time, the source voltage is

decreased to 60% of the nominal value for

to 3 s duration as shown in Fig. 12(a).

The terminal voltages, maintained at the reference

value, are
shown in Fig. 12(b). The voltage across the dc bus is
shown in Fig. 12(c). During transients, this voltage
deviates from its reference voltage. However, it is
brought back to the reference value once steady state
is reached. Fig. 12(d) shows the phase
rms
compensator current which is large, nearly 47 A,
during the sag period. These waveforms confirm that

the DSTATCOM has the capability to mitigate deep

sag independent of duration. However, it requires a
high current rating of the VSI.
C. Operation During Load Change

Fig. 12. (a) Source voltages. (b) Terminal voltages. (c) Voltage at
the dc bus. (d) Compensator rms current in the proposed method.

To show the impact of load changes on system

performance, load is increased to 140% of its nominal
value. Under this condition, the traditional method
gives less power factor as the compensator will supply
more reactive current to maintain the reference
voltage. The voltage and current waveforms, as shown
in Fig. 13(a), confirm this. In proposed method, a load
change will result in small deviation in terminal
voltage from its reference voltage. Compensator just
needs to supply extra reactive current to overcome this
small extra feeder drop, hence, nearly UPF is
maintained while regulating the terminal voltage at its
reference voltage. It is evident from Fig. 13(b).
Fig. 14. Experimental results without the compensator.
Fig. 15. Experimental results with the traditional scheme.

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Fig.13.

The proposed idea and control strategy are

experimentally verified on a reduced scale setup. To
implement the algorithm, the digital signal processor
(DSP) TMS320F2812 interfaced with the host
computer is used.
Fig. 14 shows the uncompensated waveforms which
include source voltage (
), terminal voltage (
duringloadchange.

Terminal voltage and source current in phase(a) Traditional method.

(b) Proposed method.

), and source current (

). It is seen that

the distorted source current flowing through the feeder

makes the terminal voltage distorted.

First, the DSTATCOM operates with the traditional

method and the obtained results are shown in Fig. 15.
It shows terminal voltage ( ), source current ( ), load
current ( ), and injected current ( ). Here, is sinusoidal
even though is distorted, implying that the
compensator supplies reactive and harmonic
component of . However, it can be noticed that the
leads , indicating that the compensator supplies
additional reactive current to overcome feeder drop as
well.
Fig. 16 shows the waveforms with the proposed
scheme. Here, is a sinusoidal waveform in phase with
. Hence, the compensator supplies only

voltage during the sag period, as shown in Fig. 17.

Injected and source currents will be more when the
reference voltage is set to 1.0 p.u. It will result in more
losses; however, they are not shown here.
The experimental results are quite consistent with
the simulation results. They establish the effectiveness
of the proposed control algorithm.

reactive and harmonic component of . It provides the

advantages of CCM. The difference between injected
currents in Figs. 15 and 16 can be obtained by
observing their peak-to-peak or rms values. The rms
value of the injected current is reduced to 0.54 A from
0.76 A in the proposed scheme compared to the
traditional scheme. In addition, source current is also
reduced to 1.86 A from 1.98 A in the proposed
scheme. This results in the reduction of losses in the
VSI as well as in the feeder. Therefore, the capability
of DSTATCOM to mitigate deep sag is increased.

the proposed scheme is compared with the traditional

voltage-controlled DSTATCOM. The proposed
method provides the following advantages: 1) at
nominal load, the compensator injects reactive and
harmonic components of load currents, resulting in
UPF; 2) nearly UPF is maintained for a load change;
3) fast voltage regulation has been achieved during
voltage disturbances; and 4) losses in the VSI and
feeder are reduced considerably, and have higher sag
supporting capability with the same VSI rating
compared to the traditional scheme. The simulation
and experimental results show that the proposed
scheme provides DSTATCOM, a capability to improve
several PQ problems (related to voltage and current).

Fig. 16. Experimental results with the proposed scheme.

Fig. 17. Experimental results before, during, and after sag.

A voltage sag of 20% is created by using a

programmable ac power source. Fig. 17 shows the
source voltage, terminal voltage, dc-link voltage, and
injected filter current waveforms before, during, and
after the sag. It is seen that the terminal voltage is
sinusoidal and maintained at the reference voltage
before, during, and after the sag without any
significant transient. Hence, the proposed scheme is
able to provide fast voltage regulation. During voltage
sag, the dc link supplies real power to the load which
results in discharging of the capacitor; hence, voltage
decreases. However, the PI controller acts to bring
back voltage at the reference value. Once sag gets
cleared, voltage is slowly brought back to its reference
by controlling the load angle. Injected filter current (
) increases rapidly to support the terminal

V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a control algorithm has been proposed
for the generation of reference load voltage for a
voltage-controlled DSTATCOM. The performance of

[1]
[2]

[3]
[4]

[5]

[6]

REFERENCES
M. Bollen, Understanding Power Quality Problems.
Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE, 2000, ch. 1, pp. 135.
H. Fujita and H. Akagi, Voltage-regulation performance of
a shunt active filter intended for installation on a power
distribution
system,
IEEE
Trans.
Power
Electron.,vol.22,no.3, pp. 10461053,May 2007.
A. Ghosh and G. Ledwich, Load compensating
DSTATCOM in weak ac systems, IEEE Trans. Power
Del., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 13021309, Oct. 2003.
A. Elnady and M. Salama, Unified approach for mitigating
voltage sag and voltage flicker using the DSTATCOM,
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 2, pt. 1, pp. 9921000,
Apr. 2005.
S. Rahmani, A. Hamadi, and K. Al-Haddad, A Lyapunovfunctionbased control for a three-phase shunt hybrid active
filter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 1418
1429, Mar. 2012.
M. K. Mishra and K. Karthikeyan, A fast-acting dc-link
voltage controller for three-phase DSTATCOM to
compensate ac and dc loads, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol.
24, no. 4, pp. 22912299, Oct. 2009.

[7]

M. K. Mishra, A. Ghosh, A. Joshi, and H. M. Suryawanshi,

A novel method of load compensation under unbalanced
and distorted voltages, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22,
no. 1, pp. 288295, Jan. 2007.
[8] M. K. Mishra, A. Ghosh, and A. Joshi, Operation of a
DSTATCOM in voltage control mode, IEEE Trans. Power
Del., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 258264, Jan. 2003.
[9] A. Jain, K. Joshi, A. Behal, and N. Mohan, Voltage
regulation with STATCOMs: Modeling, control and
results, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 726
735, Apr. 2006.
[10] R. Gupta, A. Ghosh, and A. Joshi, Switching
characterization of cascaded multilevel-inverter-controlled
systems, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 3, pp.
10471058, Mar. 2008.
[11] P. Mitra and G. Venayagamoorthy, An adaptive control
strategy for DSTATCOM applications in an electric ship
power system, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no.
1, pp. 95104, Jan. 2010.
[12] A. Yazdani, M. Crow, and J. Guo, An improved nonlinear
STATCOM control for electric arc furnace voltage flicker
mitigation, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 24, no. 4, pp.
22842290, Oct. 2009.

[13] S.-H. Ko, S. Lee, H. Dehbonei, and C. Nayar, Application

of voltageand current-controlled voltage source inverters
for distributed generation systems, IEEE Trans. Energy
Convers., vol. 21, no. 3, pp.
782792, Sep. 2006.
[14] M. Moradlou and H. Karshenas, Design strategy for
optimum rating selection of interline DVR, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 242249, Jan. 2011.
[15] J. Rodriguez, J. Pontt, C. A. Silva, P. Correa, P. Lezana, P.
Cortes, and U. Ammann, Predictive current control of a
voltage source inverter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.
54, no. 1, pp. 495503, Feb. 2007.
[16] J. Barros and J. Silva, Multilevel optimal predictive
dynamic voltage restorer, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.
57, no. 8, pp. 27472760, Aug. 2010.
[17] O. Kukrer, Discrete-time current control of voltage-fed
three-phase PWM inverters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,
vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 260269, Mar. 1996.
[18] I. Nagrath and M. Gopal, Control Systems Engineering.
New York, USA: Halsted, 1982, ch. 11, pp. 518519.
[19] B. Singh, P. Jayaprakash, T. Somayajulu, and D.
Kothari, Reduced rating VSC with a zig-zag
transformer for current compensation in a three-phase
four-wire distribution system, Dr. Mahesh is a life
member of the Indian Society of Technical Education.