FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF EDUCATION (HONS) TESL

CPS 3113
EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION
ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
DUE DATE
JUNE 12TH, 2015
PREPARED BY
NAME
NUR ASHIKIN MOHAMAD NOR
NURUL ASHIKIN RAHMAT
SITI AISHAH NAZLAN
FARHANA NUR SHUHADA NOOR
ADANAN
NUR FATINI HASREE
NURJANNAH HARUN

MATRIC
414100688
1
414100698
1
414100699
1
414100657
1
414100652
1
414100664
1

CLASS
5D
5D
5D
5D
5D
5D

PREPARED FOR
HAJI ADENAN WAGIMIN

ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT

A) Definition and principles
I.

Definition

The word administration was derived from the Latin word minister which means
service rendered to others for their welfare (Mishra, 2007).
French, Hull, and Dodds compare the term Educational Administration which is very
comprehensive with a lens. Administration focuses everything of the school just as lens
brings about everything into focus. If the administration is bad, nobody knows what is going
on and being done in the school, just like the poor lens; the image is blurred.
The head of the institutions is responsible to runs or functions the school. However,
this does not mean the other staffs are not holding any responsibilities for administration. In
fact, administration is the job of many minds and many heads all combined into one. The
head of institution act as a leader while the other staffs follow his or her instructions. Thus,
educational administration is more or less a co-operative undertaking.
Ryburn (2007) states that administration is not primarily concerned with
arrangements, timetable, scheme of study, type of building, and records but it is concerned
with attitude of our work and with the children whom we work with. Thus, the school
administration means the practical measures which are adopted
Generally, management can be defined as the numbers of the executive or
administration of an organisation. Through management ones are able to exert leadership
over followers. In other words, ones have the power or influence to lead the followers. It
links together different aspects of an activity to so as to show one cohesive whole. Then the
participants in the activity are able to see authority and responsibility within the group.

School management, on the other hand, means a managing body responsible for the
running of an institution. The management is responsible for the financial matters as well as

the general policy of the institutions. A good management inspires the good staff, encourages
them, recognizes their individual worth and thus improve upon them by eliminating or
improving the bad ones.
II.

Principles

The basic and important aspects of administration are called as the principles. These
are the points that have to be remembered to make sure that the administration is able to work
properly. These principles of administration are universal. They are all similar in all places
and may change with time, but even the changes will be universal.
The principles of management are all very important to successfully manage an
institution or an organization. They are also guidelines that help the administrator to follow
and help in simplifying the process of administration. The different principles of
administration are hierarchy, control, unity of command, delegation of authority,
specialization, objectives, and centralization and decentralization.
First is hierarchy and there is a hierarchy in every administration. This may change
from place to place and organization to organization, but the basic principle of hierarchy
remains the same. Usually the hierarchy is in the shape of a pyramid with the leader of the
organization or head is at the top and the support staff on the lower part of the pyramid.
Second is control. The various heads of the departments in an organization that has
many departments make the decision-making and various controls usually. The final
decisions on matters that concern the organization are finally made by the board or the
management led by the Chairman. In smaller organizations, the head of the organization
make the decisions.
Third is unity of command. Each employee should be answerable to only one person.
If there are two different people who a person needs to answer, then there will be confusion
and the employee will not be able to work to the maximum of his ability.
Forth is delegation of authority. Here the head of organization divides the authority to
various heads in the organization. This makes more people accountable and helps the
management of the organization easier.

Fifth is specialization. Each employee should be made to do a particular kind of work.

If he is made to do many different kind of work, then the individual will not be able to
concentrate on a particular kind of job leading to inefficiency.
Sixth is objective. The organization should have objectives and the employees and the
management should strive to achieve these objectives. This will help the organization to
grow.
Last is centralization and decentralization. The authority if help by the people at the
top of the organization is called centralization. Decentralization is when the authority is
delegated at various levels. The organization should have a right balance of both of these to
function in an optimal manner.
Management principles are guidelines for the decisions and actions of managers. They
were derived through observation and analysis of events faced in actual practice. The
principles of management are essential, underlying factors that form the foundations of
successful management.
First is division of work. The specialization of the workforce according to the skills of
a person, creating specific personal and professional development within the labor force and
therefore increasing productivity; leads to specialization which increases the efficiency of
labor. By separating a small part of work, the workers speed and accuracy in its performance
increases. This principle is applicable to both technical as well as managerial work; this can
be useful in case of project works too. Planning is to decide what to do before.
Second is authority and responsibility. The issue of commands followed by
responsibility for their consequences. Authority means the rights of a superior to give
enhance order to his subordinates; responsibility means obligation for performance. This
principle suggests that there must be parity between authority and responsibility. They are coexistent and go together, and are two sides of the same coin and the authority must be
commensurate with responsibility.

Third is discipline. Discipline refers to obedience, proper conduct in relation to others,

respect of authority, etc. it is essential for the smooth functioning off all organizatioans. This
will also help shape the culture inside the organization. Discipline is absolutely necessary
functioning of all enterprises.
Forth is unity of command. This principle states that every subordinate should receive
orders and be accountable to one and only one superior. If an employee receives orders from
more than one superior, it is likely to create confusion and conflict. Unity of Command also
makes it easier to fix responsibility for mistakes and the authority should be commensurate
with responsibility.
Fifth is unity of direction. All those working in the same line of activity must
understand and pursue the same objectives. All related activities should be put under one
group, there should be one plan of action for them, and they should be under the control of
one manager. It seeks to ensure unity of action, focusing of efforts and coordinator of
strength.
Sixth is subordinate of individual interest. The management must put aside personal
considerations and put company objectives first. Therefore, the interests of goals of the
organization must prevail over the personal interests of individuals.
Seventh is remuneration. Workers must be paid sufficiently as this is a chief
motivation of employees and therefore greatly influences productivity. The quantum and
methods of remuneration payable should be fair, reasonable and rewarding of effort.
Remuneration is paid to worker as per their capacity and productivity. The main objective of
an organization is to maximize the wealth and the net profit as well. For this purpose, the
organization has paid wages, salary, and benefit to their staff properly and scientifically so
that organizational efficiency can be ensured.
Eighth is the degree of centralization. The amount of power wielded with the central
management depends on company size. Centralization implies the concentration of decision
making authority at the top management. Sharing of authority with lower levels is called
decentralization. The organization should strive to achieve a proper balance.

Ninth is scalar chain. Scalar Chain refers to the chain of superiors ranging from top
management to the lowest rank. The principle suggests that there should be a clear line of
authority from top to bottom linking all managers at all levels. It is considered a chain of
command. It involves a concept called a "gang plank" using which a subordinate may contact
a superior or his superior in case of an emergency, defying the hierarchy of control. However
the immediate superiors must be informed about the matter.
Tenth is order. Social order ensures the fluid operation of a company through
authoritative procedure. Material order ensures safety and efficiency in the workplace. Order
should be acceptable and under the rules of the company.
Eleventh is equity. Employees must be treated kindly, and justice must be enacted to
ensure a just workplace. Managers should be fair and impartial when dealing with employees,
giving equal attention towards all employees.
Twelfth is stability of Tenure of Personnel. The period of service should not be too
short and employees should not be moved from positions frequently. An employee cannot
render useful service if he is removed before he becomes accustomed to the work assigned to
him.
Thirteenth is initiative. Using the initiative of employees can add strength and new
ideas to an organization. Initiative on the part of employees is a source of strength for
organization because it provides new and better ideas. Employees are likely to take greater
interest in the functioning of the organization.
Fourteenth is esprit de corps. This refers to the need of managers to ensure and
develop morale in the workplace; individually and communally. Team spirit helps develop an
atmosphere of mutual trust and understanding. Team spirit helps to finish the task on time.

B) Roles of administrator

An administrator is basically the person who is doing the office work and dealing with
the clients, for example, the students. Administrators, sometimes abbreviated as admins, are
the ones who are in charge of the responsibilities of the performance or management for any
administrative operation. Administration field is very wide and general, therefore, they do not
have any specific role. They can play as much roles in their work field. There will be an
administrator in all departments in every company. Each and every administrator in every
department will have their respective role to play.
Administrators have to master critically all about the department they are working
under to avoid any unwanted circumstances. That literally means the whole alphabets, from A
to Z. They are the ones to be referred to when there are understandings occur about anything
related to their departments. Therefore, it is slightly compulsory for them to understand their
work and tasks very well.
Administrators too are the masterminds of everything that is going on including
placing the teachers in which classes and at what time. This is to avoid clashes of venues and
lecturers to happen. As students keep on coming in and going out the department, it is the
administrators responsibility to keep up with their evolvements especially the ones who are
in their final year. A good administrator should always know the circle of every process. This
will automatically smoothen the flow between the students, the top management and the
lecturers.
Administrators are the ones who guide the teachers to understand and follow the rules
and regulations of the school while making sure that the teachers are doing their best in
educating the students. Furthermore, good teachers are likely to be producing good students.
They are responsible to check and provide all educational facilities for students and teachers
in the school area such as chairs, tables, whiteboards, textbooks and many more. Are there
enough facilities provided? If the answer is no, the administrators will have to make a report
to the top management regarding the matter. They will have to calculate all the budget of the
facilities needed and report it to the top management.
As an administrator in education field, they will have to deal with the parents,
students and also the teachers. As this role applies in their work every single day, they will
have to answer the phone calls and meet the people to discuss about matters happened in the

school or any other things. Administrators also have to manage the education system in a
school or college.

C) Duties of administration
What will an administrator be doing? If you want to become an information officer
then a job as an administrator can put you on that career path. Every office or institution
needs an efficient administrator who can ensure that everything behind the scenes is running
smoothly. Without one, things can swiftly go downhill. The duties and responsibilities of
administrative positions are allocated by the president in line with law and company/college
policy.
The general duties of an administrator are:

To plan, organize and administer the activities of her department efficiently.

To keep updated to the new developments relating to her function.

To interview and recommend to the president for hire

Keep her supervisor informed of activities of the unit and seeking advice and counsel.

To promote an integrated effort in the administration of the college by cooperating

with other administrators and staff.

To maintain effective relations with faculty, students and community.

To recommend the budget for her department within limitations established by the
board or President.

To serve on communities and councils as directed by board policies and procedures.

To attend professional meetings as authorized by her supervisor.

To provide information and reports to the board as requested by the President.

To implement a plan to supervise students attending courses during the day, in the
evening or weekend and at internship dates.

To perform any other duties assigned by her supervisor.

An administrator will usually be based in an office. There are full-time and plenty
part-time working options for administrators. The salaries are depending on the area and your
duties/responsibilities.
But there are pros and cons for this particular position. The advantage of this position
is that you will get the chance to work directly with a wide range of individuals at all level;
regular staff, management, directors, external clients and suppliers which is able to make the
job interesting. Moreover if you do a good job and are trusted and wish to take a step forward
to other roles in the organisation then you are in a good place. However, sometimes your role
as an administrator can be taken for granted. There will be people who dont always
appreciate your hard work in getting the organisation to run smoothly.
The term 'administrator' in educational field refers to the school or institution's
principle, assistant principals, and other professionals such as teachers who help operating the
institutions. There are several types of administrators. Firstly, pre-school administrators.
These professionals work in childcare facilities such as pre-school and day-care centres.
Usually, they will manage the pre-school teachers, which require them to have a strong
leadership and interpersonal skills. They also help to develop relationships and interact with
both students and parents. Their job duties are, developing the institutional policies. They
ensure that the policies are in accordance with legal requirements. They also hire, train and
provide professional development for teachers and other staff. Apart from that, they also in
charge in the school's funds and budgeting.
Secondly, the duty of school (primary and secondary) administrators is helping the
teachers planning the curricula for their classes. In other words, they help teachers to arrange
their lesson plan according to the federal or state syllabus. They also ensure that the materials
used such as books are suitable with the lesson. Next, the school administrators are
responsible in managing the school's budget which is they need to make sure that each
department in school receive adequate funding. They also in charge in obtaining additional
money from fundraising programs. Besides that, the administrators will help in managing the
students' behaviour. By that, they design rules and procedures to keep the students' behaviour
under control.

The last type of administrator is, academic administrator or in other words, university
or college employees. Usually, they are responsible for the maintenance of the institutions.
The roles for this type of administrator are; they supervise academic affairs such as the
students' admission, hiring new staffs, and recruiting qualified lecturers or professors. Besides
that, they ensure the safety and security of people and property in the campus by appointing
campus guards and police. This type of administrator also supervises the institution's facilities
such as computers and networks. They will provide the students with adequate facilities.
Lastly, they act as public affairs. They handle the institution's relations with media,
community, state and federal governments. In conclusion, an institution would not be running
properly without the administrators.

REFERENCES
Lunenberg, F. C. (2008), Educational administration: concepts and practices (5th ed.) USA:
Thomson Higher Education.
Mishra, R. C. (2007), History of education administration. New Delhi: A P H Publishing
Corporation.
(1983, August 11). Retrieved June 10, 2015, from http://www.kirtland.edu/policies-andprocedures/administration-policies/pol-1-000-general-duties-andresponsibilities-of-administrators
Administrator job description. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2015, from
http://www.totaljobs.com/careers-advice/job-profile/admin-jobs/administratorjob-description
(n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2015, from http://learn.org/articles/What_are_the_Job_Duties_of_
School_Administrators.html
(n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2015, from http://study.com/articles/Preschool_Administrator_
Job_Description_Duties_and_Salary.html
Keeping Quality Teachers. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2015, from http://www.p12.nysed.gov
/specialed/publications/persprep/qualityteachers/administrator.htm