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E-mail: geaofp@yahoo.com
Abstract
Shadows can be found easily everywhere around us, so that we rarely find it
interesting to reflect on how they work. In order to raise curiosity among
students on the optics of shadows, we can display the shadows in 3D,
particularly using a stereoscopic set-up. In this paper we describe the optics of
stereoscopic shadows using simple schematic drawings. We also describe how
to build a very simple demonstration set-up for casting and displaying
stereoscopic shadows. Moreover, we also describe a list of student activities
that can be used to further raise their curiosity.
Introduction
Shadows can be found easily everywhere around
us [1], so that we rarely reflect on the physics
behind the phenomenon. In order to raise curiosity
about the optics of shadows, we can display the
shadows in three dimensions using a stereoscopic
set-up. In this set-up, each of our two eyes gets
a different view of the same shadow and our
brain merges the two views to create a threedimensional image. Stereoscopic shadows can be
realized experimentally using two pairs of colour
filters, with one pair positioned in front of the light
sources and another pair placed in viewing glasses.
In The optics of stereoscopic shadows, we
will first describe the optics of stereoscopic shadows using simple schematic drawings. Then, we
will describe how to build a very simple set-up
of stereoscopic shadows. Moreover, we will also
describe a list of student activities that can be used
to further raise their curiosity.
PHYSICS EDUCATION
49 (3)
0031-9120/14/030314+05$33.00
www.rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/.
PHYSICS EDUCATION
315
G O F Parikesit
Figure 2. A coloured light source made from three lamps and two colour filters, (a) before and (b) after the
filters were added. The resulting coloured shadows (c) of an object were cast on the wall, along with the simulated
shadows seen with (d) a red filter, (e) a green filter and (f) a blue filter.
PHYSICS EDUCATION
Student activities
The casting of coloured shadows and stereoscopic
display of them can be a good way to raise
students curiosity on the optics of shadows.
However, we can further raise their curiosity
by engaging them in more activities. Here, we
describe two types of activities: mathematical
analysis and conceptual investigations.
Mathematical analysis of stereoscopic shadows can be performed by using the following
questions.
Casting of coloured shadows: given the
coordinates of L1 , L2 , A and B, can you
determine the coordinates of the coloured
shadows edges AL1 , AL2 , BL1 and BL2 ?
(Hint: because light rays travel in straight
May 2014
Figure 3. A better coloured light source, made using appropriate (a) light absorbers and (b) colour filters, results
in (c) a pair of coloured shadows that can be viewed stereoscopically using glasses equipped with red and cyan
filters positioned in front of the left and right eyes, respectively, such that the viewer crosses their eyes.
317
G O F Parikesit
stereoscopic shadows edges A0 and B0 ?
(Hint: due to the viewers eye-crossing, the
point A0 is formed by the intersection
between the line that connects AL2 to E2 and
the line that connects AL1 to E1 ; a similar
method holds for finding the point B0 .)
Conceptual investigations can be performed
using the following questions.
Why do we find it more difficult to obtain
stereoscopic shadows when we use
non-point-like light sources?
Can we still obtain stereoscopic shadows
when we swap the colours of the filters
positioned in front of the two eyes?
What happens if the objects dimensions are
smaller than the distance between the two
light sources?
Can we use filters of different colours (i.e.
other than red and cyan)?
While the first type of activity, which allows
students to deepen their understanding on the
observed stereoscopic shadows, is more suitable
for high-school students, the second type of activity, which can be useful to foster critical thinking
abilities among students, is probably more suitable
for first-year undergraduate students. The conceptual investigations can be performed either theoretically using schematic drawings and mathematical
analysis or experimentally using a real set-up of
stereoscopic shadows.
Conclusions
We have described a method to raise students
curiosity on how shadows work, particularly by
casting coloured shadows and displaying them
in 3D using a stereoscopic set-up. We have also
suggested a way to build a very simple set-up of
stereoscopic shadows, which is suitable for classroom demonstrations. Aiming to further raise the
students curiosity, we have also included a list of
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PHYSICS EDUCATION
References
[1] Lynch D K and Livingston W 2001 Color and
Light in Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press)
[2] Chen F P 2003 Shadow theaters of the world
Asian Folklore Studies vol 62 (Nagoya: Nanzan
University) pp 2564
[3] Foley K 2010 Dancing shadows, epic tales:
wayang kulit of Indonesia (review) Asian
Theatre J. 27 3949
[4] McIntire J P, Havig P R and Geiselman E E 2014
Stereoscopic 3D displays and human
performance: a comprehensive review Displays
35 1826
[5] http://cimimarie.com/christinemarie/
Christine Marie.html, (accessed on 15 February
2014)
[6] von Goethe J W 1810 Theory of Colors (London:
John Murray)
[7] Gregory R L 1964 Stereoscopic shadow-images
Nature 203 14078
Gea O F Parikesit joined the
Department of Engineering Physics at
the Gadjah Mada University in Indonesia
in 2009, following two years of
post-doctoral research work on
nano-particle image velocimetry at the
Delft University of Technology. He
obtained his degrees from the Delft
University of Technology in The
Netherlands (PhD in Applied Physics
with research work in the Quantitative
Imaging research group; MSc in Applied
Physics with research work in the Optics
research group) and the Bandung
Institute of Technology in Indonesia (ST
in Engineering Physics with research
work in the Optics laboratory). His
current research activities are centred on
the field of optics education.
May 2014