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Biosphere
Carbon
cycle
Nitrogen
cycle
Phosphorus
cycle
Water
cycle
Oxygen
cycle
Heat
Heat
Heat
Fig. 3-6, p. 39
Reflected by
atmosphere (34%)
Radiated by
atmosphere
as heat (66%)
UV radiation
Lower Stratosphere
(ozone layer)
Absorbed
by ozone
Visible
light
Troposphere
Greenhouse
effect
Heat
Absorbed
by the
earth
Heat radiated
by the earth
Fig. 3-7, p. 40
Major Biomes
Average annual precipitation
100125 cm (4050 in.)
75100 cm (3040 in.)
5075 cm (2030 in.)
2550 cm (1020 in.)
below 25 cm (010 in.)
Coastal mountain
ranges
Coastal chaparral
and scrub
Sierra Nevada
Mountains
Great American
Desert
Coniferous forest
Rocky
Mountains
Desert
Great
Plains
Coniferous forest
Mississippi
River Valley
Prairie grassland
Appalachian
Mountains
Deciduous forest
Fig. 3-8, p. 41
Sun
Producer
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Primary consumer
(rabbit)
Falling leaves
Precipitation
and twigs
Secondary consumer
(fox)
Producers
Soil decomposers
Water
Fig. 3-10, p. 42
Consumidores ou hetertrofos
Aerobic respiration
Detritivores
Detritus feeders
Long-horned
beetle holes
Bark beetle
engraving
Carpenter
ant
galleries
Termite and
carpenter
ant
work
Decomposers
Wood
reduced
to powder
Time progression
Mushroom
Fig. 3-12, p. 44
Abiotic chemicals
(carbon dioxide,
oxygen, nitrogen,
minerals)
Heat
Solar
energy
Heat
Producers
(plants)
Decomposers
bacteria, fungi)
Heat
Consumers
(herbivores,
carnivores)
Heat
Fig. 3-13, p. 45
Biodiversity
Fig. 3-14, p. 45
Producers
(plants)
Second Trophic
Level
Third Trophic
Level
Fourth Trophic
Level
Primary
consumers
(herbivores)
Secondary
consumers
(carnivores)
Tertiary
consumers
(top carnivores)
Heat
Heat
Heat
Solar
energy
Heat Heat
Heat
Heat
Detritivores
decomposers and detritus feeders)
Heat
Fig. 3-16, p. 47
Blue whale
Elephant
seal
Killer whale
Crabeater seal
Leopard
seal
Adlie
penguins
Petrel
Emperor
penguin
Fish
Squid
Carnivorous plankton
Herbivorous
zooplankton
Krill
Phytoplankton
Fig. 3-17, p. 48
Heat
Tertiary
consumers
(human)
Decomposers
Heat
10
100
Secondary
consumers
(perch)
Heat
1,000 kcal
10,000 kcal
Primary
consumers
(zooplankton)
Heat
Producers
(phytoplankton)
Energia
disponvel em
cada nvel trfico
Fig. 3-18, p. 49
Biomass Productivity
Diferentes ecossistemas utilizam energia solar para a
produo e apresentam diferentes taxas de uso de
biomassa
Respiration
PPB
PPL
Growth and reproduction
(energy available
to consumers)
Fig. 3-19, p. 49
Aquatic Ecosystems
Estuaries
Lakes and streams
Plataforma Continental
Open ocean*************************
800
1,600
2,400 3,200
4,000
4,800
5,600
6,400
7,200
8,000
8,800 9,600
Fig. 3-20, p. 50
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