Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Energetic, Electronic and Communication Engineering Vol:1, No:3, 2007
KeywordsGenetic
algorithm,
MATLAB/SIMULINK,
modelling and simulation, power system stability, single-machine
infinite-bus power system, thyristor controlled series compensator.
NOMENCLATURE
Sm
S mo
Inertia constant
Damping coefficient
Tm
Te
E fd
T ' do
T ' qo
xd
x' d
xq
x' q
XC
XP
Compensation ratio, k =
XC / X P
I. INTRODUCTION
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Vt
Eb 0
jX L
jX TH
TCSC
Generator
jX T
jX L
Infinite-bus
d
= B (S m S mo )
dt
(1)
dS m
1
=
[ D (S m S mo ) + Tm Te ]
dt
2H
(2)
dE ' q
dt
1
T'
do
[ E' q + ( xd x' d ) id + E fd ]
(3)
(4)
) ]
dE ' d
1
=
E ' d + x q x' q i q
'
dt
T qo
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(5)
E' q + x ' d id = v q
(6)
E'
(7)
d x ' q iq = vd
v q = xe id + Eb cos
(8)
v d = xe i q Eb sin
(9)
E sin + E ' q
iq = b
xe + x' q
(11)
iC
iS
( + sin )
( XC X P )
( X C XP ) ( k2 1)
iS
T2
0 +
1
1 + sTTCSC
X TCSC ( )
Output
Min.
1 + sT3T
1 + sT4T
1 + sT1T
1 + sT2T
Two stage
lead-lag Block
4 X C2
X C2
(12)
T1
iL
XC
sTWT
1 + sTWT
KT
Washout
Block
Gain
Block
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Input
B. Problem Formulation
In the present study, a washout time constant of TWT =10s is
used. The controller gain KT and the time constants T1T , T2T ,
T3T and T4T are to be determined. During steady state
conditions and 0 are constant. During dynamic
conditions, conduction angle ( ) and hence X TCSC ( ) is
modulated to improve power system stability. The desired
value of compensation is obtained through the change in the
conduction angle ( ), according to the variation in .
The effective conduction angle during dynamic conditions
is given by:
= 0 +
(13)
No
C. Objective Function
In this paper, an Integral of Time multiplied Absolute value
of the Error (ITAE) is taken as the objective function [10].
The objective function is defined as follows:
t sim
J = t | (t )| dt
(14)
where,
Stop
Yes
Apply GA operators:
selection,crossover and mutation
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D
Damping
1
Electrical power
after fault clearence
2*pi*f
Mechanical
power input
Smo
Peo
1
s
-K-
[pe]
-K-
Switch
Pe
Tw.s
T1.s+1
T3.s+1
Tw.s+1
T2.s+1
T4.s+1
dsig
sig+dsig
Electrical power
before & during fault
xtcsc
Saturation.
sigo
sig
Kp
[delta]
Speed
1/2H
Clock
Power angle
1
s
Clock.
[Xe]
sig
sigma to xtcsc
Xtcsco
Switch.
Xe
Time
Clock'
Time
Reactance
before & after fault
[delta]
f(u)
[id]
Efd
[efd]
1/T'do
-K-
xd-xdd
Eb
E'q
1
s
[eqd]
id=(Ebcos(delta) - E'q)/(Xe+x'd)
[Xe]
Mux
xd-xd'
iq=(Ebsin(delta) + E'd)/(Xe+x'q)
[id]
xd-xd'1
(xd-x'd)id
f(u)
[iq]
xq-xqd
1/T'qo
[iq]
(xd-xx'q)id
-K-
[id]
1
s
[edd]
E'd
[delta]
Mux
[iq]
[edd]
[iq]
[Xe]
Electrical power
after fault clearence
[eqd]
[id]
f(u)
Mux
f(u)
[pe]
400
[efd]
Efd
0.025s+1
Saturation` Excitation
xdd-xqd
.
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Vref1
TABLE I
PARAMETERS USED IN GENETIC ALGORITHM
Parameter
Value/Type
Maximum generations
100
Population size
50
Type of selection
Type of crossover
Arithmetic [2]
Type of mutation
Nonuniform [2 100 3]
Termination method
Maximum generation
Convergence of J
0.013
T1T
0.1464
20
40
60
Generations
80
100
B. Simulation Results
In order to show the advantages of modelling the
synchronous generator with TCSC controller and tuning its
parameters in the way presented in this paper, simulation
studies are carried out for the example power system subjected
to various severe disturbances as well as small disturbance.
The following cases are considered:
Case-1: Three-phase Fault Disturbance
A three phase fault is applied at the generator terminal
busbar at t = 1 sec and cleared after 5 cycles. The original
system is restored upon the fault clearance. To study the
performance of TCSC controller, two cases are considered;
with and without genetically tuned TCSC controller. The
response without the controller (no control) is shown with
dotted line with legend NC; and the responses with TCSC
controller optimized using GA is shown with solid line with
legend GATCSC.
NC
60
GAT CSC
50
Time constants
T2T
T3T
0.1402
0.01
32.6247
0.011
0.009
TABLE II
Gain
KT
0.012
(deg)
0.1235
T4T
30
0.1524
40
3
Time (sec)
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0.01
3.5
NC
NC
GAT CSC
GAT CSC
0.005
Efd (pu)
(pu)
2.5
0
2
1.5
-0.005
-0.01
1
0.5
0
3
Time (sec)
Pe (pu)
1.001
V t (pu)
GAT CSC
0.999
0.6
0.998
0.4
0.997
0.996
0.2
NC
0.995
3
Time (sec)
0.994
3
Time (sec)
NC
GAT CSC
-0.2
GAT CSC
-0.18
-0.2
-0.4
-0.22
Id (pu)
E'd (pu)
1.002
NC
0.8
-0.24
-0.6
-0.8
-0.26
0
3
Time (sec)
NC
GAT CSC
-1
'
0.95
3
Time (sec)
NC
GAT CSC
0.5
0.94
Iq (pu)
E'q (pu)
3
Time (sec)
0.93
0.3
0.92
0.91
0.4
NC
0.2
0
3
Time (sec)
'
GAT CSC
1
3
Time (sec)
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0.65
0.9
0.55
0.5
0.45
NC
3
Time (sec)
Fig. 17 Variation of
0.7
0.6
0.5
GAT CSC
0.4
0.4
X TCSC : Case-1
3
Time (sec)
E'd (pu)
NC
-0.21
-0.22
-0.23
3
Time (sec)
'
75
0.98
NC
E'q (pu)
GAT CSC
65
60
0.96
0.94
55
NC
0.92
50
GAT CSC
0
45
0
3
Time (sec)
x 10
3
Time (sec)
'
-3
NC
GAT CSC
NC
GAT CSC
Efd (pu)
(pu)
GAT CSC
(deg)
-0.2
70
NC
GAT CSC
0.8
Pe (pu)
XTCSC (pu)
0.6
2
1
-2
0
-4
0
3
Time (sec)
3
Time (sec)
: Case-2
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1.005
V t (pu)
45
(deg)
40
0.995
NC
NC
3
Time (sec)
GAT CSC
35
GAT CSC
0.99
0.9
NC
0.8
4
6
Time (sec)
x 10
10
: Case-3
-3
GAT CSC
(pu)
I (pu)
0.6
0.5
-1
NC
GAT CSC
0.4
0
3
Time (sec)
-2
4
6
Time (sec)
10
: Case-3
0.65
0.6
Pe (pu)
0.4
0.3
0.55
0.5
0.2
GAT CSC
GAT CSC
0
NC
0.45
NC
0.1
0
0.5
XL (pu)
0.4
6
Time (sec)
4
6
Time (sec)
10
1.0014
1.0012
1.001
1.0008
1.0006
V t (pu)
1
0.7
NC
1.0004
1.0002
GAT CSC
0
4
6
Time (sec)
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10
REFERENCES
0.65
[1]
XTCSC (pu)
[2]
0.6
[3]
[4]
NC
GAT CSC
0.55
4
6
Time (sec)
Fig. 31 Variation of
10
X TCSC : Case-3
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
VI. CONCLUSION
The MATLAB/SIMULINK model of a single-machine
infinite-bus power system with a TCSC controller presented in
the paper provides a means for carrying out power system
stability analysis and for explaining the generator dynamic
behaviour as effected by a TCSC. This model is far more
realistic compared to the model available in open literature,
since the synchronous generator with field circuit and one
equivalent damper on q-axis is considered. Further, for the
TCSC controller design problem, a parameter-constrained,
time-domain based, objective function, is developed to
improve the performance of power system subjected to a
disturbance. Then, GA is employed to search for the optimal
TCSC controller parameters. The controller is tested on
example power system subjected to various large and small
disturbances. The simulation results show that, the genetically
tuned TCSC controller improves the stability performance of
the power system and power system oscillations are
effectively damped out. Hence, it is concluded that the proposed
model is suitable for carrying out power system stability studies
in cases where the dynamic interactions of a synchronous
generator and a TCSC are the main concern.
APPENDIX
System data: All data are in pu unless specified otherwise.
Generator: H = 3.542, D = 0, Xd=1.7572, Xq=1.5845,
Xd =0.4245, Xq =1.04, Tdo = 6.66, Tqo=0.44, Ra=0, Pe=0.6,
Qe=0.02224, 0=44.370.
Exciter: KA=400, TA=0.025 s
Transmission line: R=0, XL = 0.8125, XT=0.1364,
XTH=0.13636, G=0, B=0;
TCSC Controller: TTCSC = 15 ms, 0 = 1420, XTCSC0 = 0.62629,
k=2, TW = 10 s, XMAX = 0.8 XL, XMIN = 0.
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
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