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DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE
OF PAVEMENT STRUCTURES
LECTURE 12
DESIGN OF
NEW PAVEMENT
STRUCTURES
Necessary information:
Operational environment,
climatic effects
Loads
Parameters of applied materials
2010.11.30.
structural design
2010.11.30.
LOAD
the stress caused by the vehicles
passing on the road
there are different vehicles on the road with
significantly different loads
equivalent single axle load
the volume passing through during the lifetime
of the pavement should be determined
DESIGN PERIOD
in this period the pavement structure
is able to bear the expected traffic
load with suitable level of service
designed service lifetime of the
pavement structure
after this period quick failure and limited
usability could be expected
2010.11.30.
EQUIVALENT SINGLE-AXLE
CONVERSION FACTOR
ei
FACTOR
bus
heavy truck
1,3
0,6
articulated
1,7
VEHICLE CATEGORIES
Group of vehicles with similar load
characteristics
vehicles of small axle load
could be neglected
2010.11.30.
EQUIVALENT SINGLE-AXLE
VOLUME
the passing of equivalent single-axles
causes the same damages to the
pavement than all the vehicles of the
actual traffic
volume of vehicle categories multiplied by the
relating equivalent single-axle conversion factor
DV
DESIGN VOLUME
The expected number of equivalent
single-axles during the lifetime of the
pavement structure
determined by the prediction of
the expected traffic
see lecture on traffic engineering
regarding prediction
2010.11.30.
Design approaches
Romans, McAdam
Empirical
continuous monitoring of
Semi-empirical
constructed roads
Mechanical
based on the mechanical features of the
pavement courses
equivalent thickness
SEMI-EMPIRICAL DESIGN
EQUIVALENT-THICKNESS
comparison of different pavement
structures
how relates 1 cm thickness of the given
course to the thickness of the reference
course
reference is asphalt macadam
course thickness
H i = h ei
equivalent thickness
of the pavement
equivalent factor
of the course
2010.11.30.
EQUIVALENT THICKNESS OF
THE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE
the thickness of the courses should be
multiplied by the relating equivalent
factor
the sum of the products should
H e = H i = h ei
i
equivalent thickness
of the pavement
STANDARD PAVEMENT
STRUCTURE
evolved for more convenient
usability, then put into catalogue
currently catalogue system is used for
the design of flexible and component
pavements
the thicknesses of courses of the pavement
structures in the catalogue were determined by
mechanical calculation
PROCESS OF DESIGN
Choice of pavement type
Design volume
Load bearing of the earthwork
Choice of standard pavement
structure
Check of structure for frost
damages
2010.11.30.
CHOICE OF PAVEMENT
STRUCTURE TYPE
Effect
Type
expected load
environmental
factors
economical issues
needs of investor,
operator
flexible
composite
rigid
traffic
prediction
design period
traffic load
DESIGN PERIOD
Motorways, urban main roads
Side roads
0
Rigid
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2010.11.30.
ESAL = r s i =1 f i AADTi ei
average daily traffic of the
directional factor for directional
category[vpd]
distribution,
between 0,5 1,0
lane factor, depends on the
number of lane per direction,
between 0,9 1,0
volume of equivalent
single-axles
meaning
A
B
C
D
E
K
R
very light
light
medium
heavy
very heavy
exceptionally heavy
extremely heavy
Design volume
DV (F100, [106 db])
< 0.1
0.1 0.3
0.3 1.0
1.0 3.0
3.0 10.0
10.0 30.0
30.0
2010.11.30.
0.03 - 0.1
0.1 - 0.3
0.3 - 1
1-3
3 -10
10- 30
30 felett
folytonos szemeloszls
zzottk, FZKA
0.03 - 0.1
0.1 - 0.3
0.3 - 1
1-3
3 -10
10- 30
30 felett
zzottk, MZA
10
2010.11.30.
0.03 - 0.1
0.1 - 0.3
0.3 - 1
1-3
3 -10
10- 30
30 felett
mechanikai stabilizci,
M20
mechanikai stabilizci,
M50
plyaszerkezet tpus
forgalmi terhelsi osztly
tervezsi forgalom, TF100,
milli egysgtengely
sovnybeton alaprteggel
A
0.03 - 0.1
0.1 - 0.3
0.3 - 1
1-3
3 -10
10- 30
30 felett
sovnybeton alaprteggel
0.03 - 0.1
0.1 - 0.3
0.3 - 1
1-3
3 -10
10- 30
30 felett
150 mm vastagsg
hidraulikus ktanyag
stabilizcis alaprteg
200 mm vastagsg
hidraulikus ktanyag
stabilizcis alaprteg
11
2010.11.30.
teljes aszfalt
A
0.03 - 0.1
0.1 - 0.3
0.3 - 1
1-3
3 -10
10- 30
30 felett
teljes aszfalt
plyaszerkezet
STRESS CATEGORIES
N (normal), F (increased)
ADDICTIVE STRESSES
sign
STRUCTURAL
DAMAGING
OF PAVEMENT
STRUCTURES
12
2010.11.30.
Failures of asphalt
pavements
structural problems
fatigue cracks
decay of surface factors
wheel tracks
early failures
relates to technological
problems
Surface factors
roughness
unevenness
intactness
slipping resistance
waves, deformation
cracks, disruptions
visual monitoring
curve radius
lateral stresses
3,50 m
13
2010.11.30.
CRACKS
there are different types of cracks
lateral crack
forking crack
grid crack
longitudinal
scaly cracks
14
2010.11.30.
MAINTENANCE
TECHNOLOGIES
Maintenance
temporary repair in bad weather
repair at the start
Upkeep
extends
the pavement service life, but
Preservation
generally provide no structural strength
Renewal extends the lifetime
preservation
Function of coatings
increasing permeability
increasing roughness
prevention of surface decays
repair of early damages
if there are no structural problems
15
2010.11.30.
SLURRY SEAL
spreading the slur of
aggregate of tight
gradation and
bitumen emulsion
in 0,5 1,2 cm
thickness
SEAL COATING
Surface cleaning, pot-hole
repairing
Bitumen emulsion spraying
Spreading single-layer of
uniform size aggregate
Rolling
Curing
good
sweats
uniform bitumen,
uneven size of
aggregate
sweats
good
turns out
uneven bitumen,
uniform size of
aggregate
16
2010.11.30.
STRENGTHENING OF
EXISTING PAVEMENT
STRUCTURE
17
2010.11.30.
DESIGN OF
RECONSTRUCTIONS
18
2010.11.30.
RECONSTRUCTION
strengthening and widening of the
pavement structure without
changing the alignment
DISTORTED CROSS-SECTIONS
for better delineation
MINIMAL STRENGTHENING
the thickness of strengthening at the
thinnest part equals to the minimal
thickness
for the necessary load
level relating the
minimal strengthening
bearing
19
2010.11.30.
MAXIMAL STRENGTHENING
the thickness of strengthening at the
thickest part equals to the maximal
thickness
economic efficiency
level relating the
maximal strengthening
LONGITUDINAL SECTION
design of practical strengthening
thicknesses
the final levels should be
updated in the cross-sections
maximal strengthening
possible closest to
minimal line
20
2010.11.30.
COLD REMIX
Binder could be
cement
bitumen
bitumen emulsion
foam bitumen
PROCESS OF
COLD REMIX
adding water or
foam bitumen
uncompressed
, homogenous
mix
roughening
profiling
new course after heating
profiling and new course
remix of the existing asphalt
21
2010.11.30.
TECHNOLOGY
Heating
top 5 10 cm
milling of soft asphalt
Milling
Mixing
Paving, rolling
similar to paver
before
after
REPAVE
loosening of the
pavement
new asphalt
wearing course
existing courses
are not remixed
profiling
paving of new
mix
rolling
several technologies
REMIX
new mix is added to the milled asphalt
binder and/or aggregate
22
2010.11.30.
REMIX
ADMIX
adding asphalt mix to the existing one
to create a new asphalt mix, which
satisfies the requirements
before
after
REMIX
REMIX PLUS
homogenization of the existing
asphalt pavement, then paving of a
the two layers are rolled
new course
possible to rejuvenate the aged
binder
together
before
after
remixed course
new course
technology
RESHAPE
without new mix
REPAVE
with new mix
REMIX
with supplementary mix
heating
heating
heating
loosening
loosening
loosening
adding of
supplementary mix
order of
work tasks
mixing
result
paving
paving
paving
rolling
rolling
rolling
23