Beruflich Dokumente
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structures
1.Introduction
Rules of thumb have a proud history in engineering. In fact, there was a
time when they constituted almost the whole body of engineering
theory. The old master craftsmen and those who called themselves
architects etc only had their experience, and those of others, to go on,
and such experience got laid down in rules such as that a dome will be
unlikely to collapse if it is built to certain proportions. With the advent of
proper engineering theory and the power of the computer, the old rules
have been largely forgotten, although they will always survive in what is
perhaps the most powerful of all the rules of thumb:
2.Shortcut calculations
Basic assumptions:
The formulae below, are based on the following assumptions:
Formulae:
Item
Formula
If m is known:
Area of section
m
x10 3
7,85
mm2
Radius of gyration
mh
I x=
x 1 06
47000
rx 0,41h
ry 0,22b
For I-section:
rx 0,42h
For H-section:
Deflection of an I-beam at
midspan
ry 0,24b
UDL
Point load
at midspan
Simply
supporte
d
wL4
2900
mh 2
PL3
4750
mh 2
Fixed
ends
wL4
580 2
mh
PL3
1200
mh 2
Mu
mm4
mreq
65M u
h
Factored resistance
moment Mr of a laterally
unsupported I-section beam
K
L
M
r
2
/6
mh
5
4
/6
mh
5
6
/9
mh
0
/15
mh
/22
mh
Factored compressive
resistance of a compression
member of effective length
KL
C r 46m 1
H-sections
28,3KL
C r 46m 1
I-sections
KL
C r bt 0,6 16
Angles
Circular
hollow
sections
KL
C r dt 0,94 14,6
Square hollow
sections
KL
C r bt 1,15 16,1
3. General guidelines
L/h
10 to 15
Continuous purlin
35 to 45
Portal rafter
25 to 30
Floor beam
20 to 25
25 to 30
15 to 20
10 to 15
girder
10 t to 25 t crane
12
10
25 t to 75 t crane
Over 75 t crane
Assorted rules:
Estimating: