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Di susun oleh:
Kelompok :6
Materi no:8 (sejarah pemikiran ekonomi Keynes)
Vivian chaniago
Dini hartini
Redi
Abdur rohman
English Paper
Article proposition
DI SUSUN OLEH :
KELOMPOK 9
MATERI NO 9 (ARTICLE PROPOSTION)
EER
TAUFIK
REDI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................................................................
..........
Table of
Contens ........................................................................................................
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.............................................................................
A.
Background...............................................................................................
........
B.
Problem
formulation...........................................................................................
C.
Purpose ....................................................................................................
........
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION...................................................................................
A.
Preposition.................................................................................................
........
B.
Type of
preposition............................................................................................
C.
Use of the preposition phrase in the
sentence......................................................
D.
Meaning
categori................................................................................................
E.
Preposition with multiple
meanings......................................................................
F.
Prepositions that are often
confused....................................................................
G.
More
preposition...............................................................................................
CHAPTER III CLOSING........................................................................................
A.
..
CONCLUSSION...........................................................................................
Daftar
Pustaka.............................................................................................................
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
In the United Kingdom, a preposition (the future of) the nickname of small words. Seen glimpses
of prepositions is just short words are not important, but in fact has a very important function.
Preposition is always followed by a noun (noun) or pronoun (pronoun). A preposition is a word
that suggests a liaison relationship between the noun that follows him and one of the basic
elements of a sentence, that is subject, verb, object or complement. A noun or pronoun that
follows the preposition is the object of a preposition. Pronouns used in this position is always an
object pronoun, like me, you, him, her, it, us and them. Prepositions plus object called a
preposition phrase (prepositional phrase).
B. Problem formulation
Based on the background of these problems then we formulate the contents of the paper are as
follows:
-
C. Purpose
Studying and understanding this paper materials namely about preposition then expected we can
understand the sense, different types, and how to use it. As for any other purpose the preparation
of this paper was to fulfill the course Structure.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Prepositions
Prepositions have been called the biggest little words in English. They are usually quite short and
signification looking, but they have very important functions. Take a look at these sentence and
notice how completely different the meaning of each sentence is
A letter was sent to peter
A letter was sent for peter
A letter was sent by peter
A letter was sent from peter
Only the prepositions change, but that is enough to change the meaning entirely. Prepositions are
always followed by nouns (or pronouns). They are connective words that show the relationship
between the nouns following them and one of the basic sentence element: subject, verb, object,
or complement. They usually indicate relationship, such as position, place, direction, time,
manner, agent, possession, and condition, between their objects and other parts of the sentence.
Prepositional phrase usually provide information asked for by the question words who, what,
where, when, why, how, and how long
The noun or pronoun following the preposition is its object. A pronoun used in this preposition is
always an object pronoun: me, you, him, her, it, us, and them. The prepositions plus its object is
called the prepositional phrase.
B. Type of Preposition
3. Compound preposition
A compound preposition is a preposition witch is formed from noun, adjective or adverb and it is
combined with preposition be (by) or a (on).
Example : He sits beside me
4. Participial preposition
The most commonly used participial preposition are : during, not withstanding, past, expect,
save, considering, touching, concerning, regarding, and owing to.
Example : It is quarter past one.
5. Phrase preposition
The most commonly used preposition phrase / phrase preposition are : Because of, by means of,
by reasons, in spite of.
Example : Ahmad doesnt enter the class because of this illness.
6. Disquised preposition.
A disguised preposition is shown in such words below :
Behind be : by hind = behind
Across on : a on cross = a cross
Example : He has gone for hunting
C. Use of the prepositional phrase in the sentence
Many prepositional phrase seem adverbial in meaning, in that they often indicate time, place,
manner, or degree, as adverbs do. However, the same prepositonal phrase may be used as an
adjective, an adverb, or a noun.
-
Prepositional phrases used as adverbs usually follow the verb, though like adverbs, they can be
moved to other prepositions in the sentence. Prepositional phrases used as adjectives usually
follow the nouns they modify. Prepositional phrases used as nouns will be subject, object, or
complement in the sentence.
D. Meaning categories
The following list illustrate the use of prepositional phrases to convey specific kinds of
information.
1.
Place, position
Example :
Across her house is across the street
-
Between his shop is between the bank and the post office
2.
Direction
Example :
Across I am going across the street to see my cousin
-
Into I saw her going into the theater a few minutes ago
3.
Time
Example :
About I think she will be away about a week
-
From...to the office will be open from nine to one every day
From...until she works from eight until two six days a week
4.
Purpose, reason
Example :
5.
Possession
Example :
Of the leader of the scout has not arrived yet
6.
Manner, instrument
Example :
By I enjoy going there by train
-
7.
Identification
Example :
At the shop at the corner sells stamps
-
8.
Distance
Example :
For we walked for miles and miles
9.
Agent
Example :
By this film was directed by a Czech director
10. Material
Example :
With I must fill my pen with ink
11. Quantity
Example :
By meat is sold by the pound or by kilo
Some prepositions are used to express a variety of meanings. These may be present difficulties.
Some of the common prepositions with their various meaning and their most common used are
summarized as follows for references purposes.
1.
Around
"At approximately"
The police believe the man died around six o'clock
-
2.
At
With a street address if the house number given
She lives at 18 Magnolia Street
-
He arrived at 08.00
With prices
-
3.
By
"Alone" (with a reflexive pronoun)
He lives by himself
-
4.
For
To indicate the duration of time
She played the piano for two years
-
When he was away, his neighbor did the work for him
5.
In
With cities, states, countries, continents
He lives in Cairo
-
With languages
6.
On
To indicate contact with a surface
The book is on the table
-
7.
With
To indicate association
She is with a consulting firm
-
8.
Without
To indicate the absence of something
Nothing can live without water
-
In, on, and at discussed previously, are probably the most often confused nglish prepositions.
Following are some others.
1.
Above, over
Above refers to a place higher than a certain point. Over refers to a place directly above a certain
point.
The temperature is well above freezing
-
Over also means "more than" and "in the course of" a period af time
2. Below,under
Below refers to a place lower than the a certain point. Under refers to a place directly below a
certain point
That valley is below sea level
-
Under also means "less than" and "under the supervision of"
-
3. Beneath, underneath
Beneath and underneath mean almost the same thing in many uses. Generally, both indicate a
position lower than a given point. When the meaning diverge, underneath conveys more
specifically the meaning of one object being covered up by another, and beneath may be used in
a figurative sense. It may be useful to associate underneath with under and beneath with below.
Two hundred feet beneath (below) the surface of the earth, solid rock was found
-
The official does not consider it beneath him to type his own letters
4. To, toward
To is used with verbs of motion and definite destinations. Toward means "in the general direction
of".
We walked to the station.
-
5. Beside,besides
Beside means "next to". Besides means "in addition to".
He is sitting beside his brother.
-
6. In,into
In is used with locations or conditions. Into is used with verbs that show motion (real or
metaphorical) from one place or sate to another.
The child is in the pool. The child jumped into the pool.
7. Past, beyond
Past is used with verbs of motion to indicate approaching, then passing by certain point. Beyond
refers to a location further away than some specified concrete or abstract point.
The car went past the monument at 10.00.
-
9. Through, throughout
Through refers to motion first into then out of something. Throughout used with something that
is distributed in every part of something.
Let's walk through the park.
-
G. More preposition
Now, we will dealt with some of the most troublesome prepositions in English. The ones in this
lesson are, on the whole, more straightforward in meaning and perhaps less susceptible to
varying usage, in spite of their sometimes more complex structure. Here is a list for reference.
1. According to
According to is used to cite an authority or source of information.
According to the latest census, Houston, has more than a million inhabitants.
-
2. Against
Against means "in opposite to"
Salmon swim upstream, against the current.
-
3. As far as
As far as is used to indicate a limit reached in the course of an activity.
We walked as far as the park before we got tired.
4. Before,after
Before means "earlier than the time of" after means "later than the time of".
He studied before an examination.
-
5. Despite, in spite of
Despite, like in spite of, has the meaning of "without regard to". It is often used in the expression
despite the fact that.
-
6. During
During relates an activity to a specific period of time. The activity may be constant or
intermittenent.
My cousin lived in St.Louis during the most of her childhood
-
We ate hot dogs and drink soda during the football game.
7. Inside
Inside means that something is contained by a limit or boundary.
-
8. Like,unlike
Like means "similar to". Unlike means "different from".
-
9. Near
Near means "not far away from".
10. Off
Off shows that something is removed from contact or connection with a place it occupied before.
He took the book off the shelf.
-
11. Opposite
Opposite means "directly across from".
The site opposite me in the cafetaria every day.
-
12. Until
Until indicates the continuation of an action or a step up to a specified point.
I will wait for you until five o'clock.
-
13.Upon
Upon means "on top of" or "as a result of".
-
Upon is also used with depend and verbs of similar meaning ( rely, count ).
-
14. Within
Within indicates that something is inside described limits.
The mail will arrive within an hour.
-
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
A. Conclusion
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Ahmad, Izzam, Try May Hadi. 2007. Basic English Grammer. Jakarta :
Azar, Betty Achrampfer. 2000. Understanding and Using Grammer. Jakarta : Bina Rupa Aksara
Macmillan, Collier. 1972. English 900. London : English Language Services, Inc
Swijin, Drs. 2007. Perfect English Grammer. Bandung : CV Yrama Widya
www.yrama-widya.co.id 20 November 2013, makalah preposition