Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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forces it to bulge in one direction. This membrane is connected to a strain gauge. Changing the shape of a strain
gauge results in a change in voltage that is read by a recorder such as a PowerLab system.
When the spirometer is assembled, a subject blows into a "flow head" composed of a plastic tube through which air is
forced. Halfway down this tube is a mesh screen. As air is forced down the plastic tube a slight positive pressure is
produced on the front surface of the screen and a slight negative pressure on the back surface of the screen. Two tubes
pass the positive and negative pressure to the two sides of the sealed membrane differential pressure transducer.
AIRFLOW
+
+
+
PRESSURE
TRANSDUCER:
Flexible membrane
The greater the airflow passing through the screen, the greater the pressure difference between the front and back and
the greater between the difference in pressures carried by the two tubes. This form of the instrument allows for the
direct measurement of airflow velocity (liters/min). Volume (litres) is estimated by multiplying the flow rate
(liters/min) by the flow duration (min).
In this laboratory you will measure pulmonary function and carry out experiments on the regulation of breathing.
We will calculate all respiratory volumes and capacities except the residual volume (V r), which in a normal adult is
approximately 1.2 liters.
Materials and Methods:
Part I- Setting up spirometer
1. Connect the PowerLab, turn on the computer and start the Chart software.
2. Firmly clamp the flowhead in place. Note the tubing should be at the top. (This prevents accumulated moisture
from entering the tubing and disrupting the functioning of the spirometer pod.)
3. To the flowhead, add the blue-colored adaptor, clean-bore tubing, disposable filter and disposable mouthpiece.
Adaptor
Disposable
filter
Clean-bore
tubing
Disposable
mouthpiece
4.
5.
Firmly push the other ends of the two air flow tubes into the two outlets on the spirometer pod unit.
Connect the cable of the spirometer unit into CHANNEL 1.
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b.
c.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
7.
ResultsPart IIIa) Calculate each of the following for the resting volunteer and summarize in a Table:
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i) Tidal volume (Vt).
ii) Mean respiratory rate (breaths/minute) (f).
iii) Peak inspiratory flow (PIF)- maximum rate of air exchange (in L/min) during inspiration by noting the peak
value seen in CHANNEL 1.
iv) Peak expiratory flow (PEF)- maximum rate of air exchange during exhalation calculated in the same
manner.
v) Inspiratory reserve volume (Vi), expiratory reserve volume(Ve) and vital capacity (Vv).
vi) Respiratory minute volume (VE; multiply mean tidal volume * respiration rate).
vii) Forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV 1.0)
b) Calculate each set of values for the two males and two females of known surface area and approximate physical
condition.
c) Recalculate, and compare the values for the two volunteers laying down and compare with their values when
standing.
d) Repeat steps a)- b) for volunteers immediately after exercise.
Part IVa) Describe the course of recovery from i) hyperventilation, ii) breath holding and iii) breathing into a sack.
b) Calculate tidal volume and respiration rate for the 15 sec. period at the start of recovery.
Discussion (some suggestions)a) For standing volunteers:
i) Did tidal volume change after exertion?
ii) Did exertion influence the time taken for each breathing cycle?
iii) Did airflow rates (inhalation/exhaling) change in response to exertion?
iv) Did the respiratory minute volume change with exertion? If so, did this happen due to an increase in
respiratory rate, depth of breathing (tidal volume) or a combination of both?
v) Did exertion influence the vital capacity of individuals?
vi) Is there a consistent relationship between physical condition and vital capacity? Sex?
b) For laying volunteers (compared with their data when seated):
i) What effect does lying down have on the total volume of air moved (respiratory minute volume)?
ii) What effect does lying down have on various lung volumes and capacities?
iii) Without adding to your report, consider the following sequence of questions:
a. In a seated individual, would the blood pressure in capillaries in the base of the lung be the same as in
those at the top of the lung?
b. Which portion of the lung would have the lower blood pressure?
c. If you assume that the lower the blood pressure the more likely those pulmonary capillaries are to be
collapsed, where are there more collapsed capillaries, the base or the top?
d. If some capillaries are collapsed, what would be the effect of this on the surface area available for gas
exchange and, for a given respiration rate and depth, the amount of gas exchanged?
e. In a lying individual, there is less of a difference in blood pressure across the lung and it would be
uniformly high. What effect should this have on the number of capillaries collapsed?
f. What effect should this have on gas exchange?
g. Assuming equal oxygen demand, what effect should this have on respiratory rate and/or depth?
h. Interpret your data for sitting versus lying volunteers.
c) Interpret the data generated in Part IV in light of presumed P O2 and PCO2 and the recognition that the latter is the
most important influence on respiration.
Appendix: Table to estimate total body surface area (in m 2)
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