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A penny washer is a at washer with a large outer diameter, in the UK. The name originally comes from the size
Plain washers, which spread a load, and prevent of the old British penny. In the UK, most industries refer
damage to the surface being xed, or provide some to all large OD washers as penny washers, even when the
1
OD is as much as twice the size of the old penny. They in debate of late, with some publications advising against
are used in the same applications as fender washers.
their use on the grounds that, when tight, the washer is at
A spherical washer is part of a self-aligning nut; it is a against the substrate and gives no more resistance to rotawasher with one radiused surface, which is designed to be tion than a normal washer at the same torque. NASA rea lockused in conjunction with a mating nut in order to correct searchers have gone as far as to say In summary,
[10][11]
washer
of
this
type
is
useless
for
locking.
Howfor up to several degrees of misalignment between parts.
ever, a spring washer will continue to hold the bolt against
An anchor plate or wall washer is a large plate or washer the substrate and maintain friction when loosened slightly,
connected to a tie rod or bolt. Anchor plates are used on whereas a plain washer will not.[lower-alpha 2]
exterior walls of masonry buildings, for structural reinalso known as a serrated
forcement. Being visible, many anchor plates are made A toothed lock washer,
[8]
washer
or
star
washer,
has
serrations that extend ra[5]
in a style that is decorative.
dially inward or outward to bite into the bearing surA torque washer is used in woodworking in combination face. This type of washer is especially eective as a
with a carriage bolt; it has a square hole in the centre into lock washer when used with a soft substrate, such as aluwhich the carriage bolt square ts. Teeth or prongs on minium or plastic,[8] and can resist rotation more than
the washer bite into the wood preventing the bolt from a plain washer on hard surfaces, as the tension between
spinning freely when a nut is being tightened.[6]
washer and the surface is applied over a much smaller
area (the teeth). There are four types: internal, external, combination, and countersunk. The internal style has
the serrations along the inner edge of the washer, which
1.2 Spring and locking washers
makes them more aesthetically pleasing.[12] The external style has the serrations around the outer edge, which
Belleville washers, also known as cupped spring washprovides better holding power, because of the greater
ers or conical washers, have a slight conical shape, which
circumference.[13] The combination style has serrations
provides an axial force when deformed.
about both edges, for maximum holding power.[14] The
A curved disc spring is similar to a Belleville, except countersunk style is designed to be used with at-head
the washer is curved in only one direction, therefore there screws.[15]
are only four points of contact. Unlike Belleville washers,
Tooth lockwashers are also used for ground bonding
they exert only light pressures.[7]
where a metal lug or object must be electrically bonded
Wave washers have a wave in the axial direction, which to a surface. The teeth of the washer cut through surprovides spring pressure when compressed. Wave wash- face oxides, paints or other nishes and provide a gasers, of comparable size, do not produce as much force as tight conductive path. In these applications the washer
Belleville washers. In Germany, they are sometimes used is not placed under the head of the screw (or under the
as lock washers, however they are less eective than other nut), it is placed between the surfaces to be bonded. In
choices.[lower-alpha 1][8]
such applications, the tooth washer does not provide any
[16]
A split washer or a spring lock washer is a ring split anti-rotation locking features.
at one point and bent into a helical shape. This causes
the washer to exert a spring force between the fasteners
head and the substrate, which maintains the washer hard
against the substrate and the bolt thread hard against the
nut or substrate thread, creating more friction and resistance to rotation. Applicable standards are ASME
B18.21.1, DIN 127B, and United States Military Standard NASM 35338 (formerly MS 35338 and AN-935).[9]
Spring washers are a left hand helix and allow the thread
to be tightened in a right hand direction only, i.e. a
clockwise direction. When a left hand turning motion
is applied, the raised edge bites into the underside of the
bolt or nut and the part that it is bolted to, thus resisting turning. Therefore spring washers are ineective on
left hand threads and hardened surfaces. Also, they are
not to be used in conjunction with a at washer under the
spring washer, as this isolates the spring washer from biting into the component that will resist turning. Where a
at washer is required to span a large hole in a component,
a nyloc nut (nylon insert) must be used.
1.3 Gaskets
The term washer is often applied to various gasket types
such as those used to seal the control valve in taps. Crush
washers are made of a soft metal such as aluminium or
copper and are used to seal uid or gas connections such
as those found in an internal combustion engine.
1.4
4 See also
Specialised types
Bit guard
A top hat washer is a shoulder washer type used in plumbing for tap tting.
Materials
Dowel
5 Notes
[1] Bowmans Fastener Technical Fast of 1999 on page 32 and
33 has SAE recommendation from 1969 that lock washers
not be used in any critical application. BMW motorycles
experienced a series of broken lock washers and BMW
then disallowed their use in U joints due to the damage of
loss of the spacer and nut loosening.
[2] Bowman Fastener (Barnes Co) in their Technical Series
Fastener Facts Circa 1999 states on pages 32 and 33 states
that lock washers are dangerous and obsolete and SAE
recommended in 1969 that they not be used in any critical application other than sheet metal or inspection plates.
BMW made them unacceptable in drive shafts as they
were found to have broken and loss of space left the Ujoint bolts loose and damage.
6 References
[1] http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1713/
whats-the-purpose-of-washers-the-round-metal-things
[2] bokers.com
[3] Paul Green (2007). The Mechanical Engineering Drawing Desk Reference: Creating and Understanding ISO
Standard Technical Drawings. Lulu.com / CreateSpace.
Washers, p.205.
[4] Nikolas Davies; Erkki Jokiniemi (2008). Dictionary
of architecture and building construction. Architectural
Press. Flat Washer, p.153.
[5] Bucher, Ward (1996). Dictionary of Building Preservation. Preservation Press. p. 576.
[6] John Holloway (2010). Illustrated Theatre Production
Guide. Focal Press. p. 202.
[7] McMaster-Carr catalog (115th ed.), McMaster-Carr, p.
1217, retrieved 2010-11-26.
[8] Smith, Carroll (1990), Carroll Smiths Nuts, Bolts, Fasteners, and Plumbing Handbook, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, p. 116, ISBN 0-87938-406-9.
[9] McMaster-Carr catalog (115th ed.), McMaster-Carr, pp.
32173218, retrieved 2010-11-25.
Further reading
Parmley, Robert. (2000). Section 11: Washers. Illustrated Sourcebook of Mechanical Components. New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0070486174
Drawings, designs and discussion of various uses of
washers.
External links
ASME Plain washer dimensions (Type A and Type
B)
Typical USA Flat Washer Dimensions USS, SAE,
Fender, and NAS washer ID & OD (mm)
American National Standard (ANSI) Type B Plain
Washers
SAE Flat Washers Type A Plain Washers
USS & SAE Combined Flat Washer Dimensions
Flat Washer Thickness Table Steel Gage Thicknesses, non-metric
Split Lockwashers: Truth vs. Myth Hill Country
Engineering
EXTERNAL LINKS
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